Yaşlanma Temel Biyoloji VA Puget Sound Sağlık Sisteminin, Mükemmeliyet Washington Nathan Şok Merkezi Üniversitesi Transgenik Kaynak Çekirdeği Liyakat İnceleme # Gazi İşleri Bakanlığı (EKK) den BX001026 ve kaynakların ve tesislerin kullanımı ile desteklenen (NIA # 5P30AG-013280) ve Washington Diyabet Endokrinoloji Araştırma Merkezi&#39;nin Üniversitesi (NIH # P30 DK-17047). Biz Cynthia Pekow DVM ve Kari L. Koszdin DVM, VA Puget Sound, yazının yararlı yorum sağlanan teşekkür ederim.

Burada açıklanan prosedür VA Puget Sound Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi tarafından onaylanmış, ve Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bakımı ve Kullanımı ILAR Kılavuzu ile uyumludur edildi. 1. Deneysel Hazırlık <ol><li> Kan ya da eğer öyleyse egzersiz gerekli ve kısa bir süre sonra doku toplama, bu prosedürlerin iletimi için egzersiz sonrası aralığını belirlemek önceden karar verin. Örnekler dolaşım (kan toplama gerektiren) içine egzersiz kaynaklı hormon ya da sitokin salınımının belirlenmesi bulunur, ilgi (gerektiren doku toplama ardından ötenazi) mRNA türlerinin egzersiz kaynaklı ifade belirlenmesi. Hemen sonrasında egzersiz kan veya doku toplama belirtiliyorsa, prosedür odasında taraftan bu işlemler için malzeme var. Kurumsal inceleme kurulu onayı alma ve düzenleyici kurallara göre gerçekleştirmek. Tüm deneyler egzersiz sonrası kan ya da doku Collecti gerektirmezile; çalışan dayanıklılık basit bir karşılaştırma gerekli tüm olabilir. </li><li> Fareler için deney grupları ve egzersiz sonrası prosedürleri hakkında önceden karar (yukarıdaki açıklamaya bakınız). </li><li> Bu prosedüre çalışan denemeler sırasında adanmış bir sessiz bir odada sağlam bir masanın üzerine koşu bandı yerleştirin. </li><li> Fare ölçekli şeritleri ve protokole uygun bir eğimle koşu bandını ayarlayın. 5 o eğimi yokuş aşağı çalışma esnasında meydana gelir (daralma olarak, aynı zamanda, kas uzatma) eksantrik egzersize bağlı kas hasarı engellemek için kullanılmaktadır. </li><li> Dışkı yakalamak için koşu bandı kemer altına emici bir yastık yerleştirin. </li></ol> Koşu Bandı ile Fareler 2. Acclimation Farelerin bir &quot;sedanter&quot; (hayır egzersiz) grubu gerekli olup olmadığına karar ve adımları 2.1 belirtildiği gibi çalışan olmadan koşu bandı sedanter fareler maruz - 2.5. 2 veya 4 deney grupları gerekli olup olmadığını belirlemek,. örneğin, Sedanter / Egzersiz (2 grup); Tedavi Tutardaki icra Kontrolleri / (2 grup, hiçbir sedanter hayvanlar); ya da, sedanter / Tutardaki x Kumanda / Arıtma (4 grup). &quot;Tedavi&quot; bir transgenik veya nakavt genotip, bir farmakolojik rejimi, özel bir diyet veya diğer deneysel müdahale olabilir. <ol><li> 2 saat - fare 1, kafes arkadaşları ile onun taşınan evde kafes içinde prosedür odasına gelmesini bekleyin. </li><li> Tek bir fare ve rekor etiket numarasını seçin; fare ve kayıt ağırlığını tartın. </li><li> Motorsuz koşu bandı yerleştirin fare, iklimlendirme için yaklaşık 5 dakika döndü. Koşu bandı kemer çalışmazken, Açma ve fare başka bir 5 dakika boyunca makine gürültüsü gelmesini sağlar. </li><li> (Bkz Not 2) bu noktada koşu bandı ve kafes onları geri dönmek veya deneysel tasarım başına egzersiz sonrası işlemleri yürütmek; (Not 1 kullandıysanız) &quot;sedanter&quot; gruplarında fareler kaldırmak. </li></ol><ol><li> Alışmadan sonra, platform üzerinde düşük bir hızda (10 m / dak) hayvan kemerini keşfetmek zaman ve değil kemerini açın. </li><li> Yavaşça dokunun veya koşu bandı ve kaçak kalmak için isteksiz hayvanları teşvik etmek için bir dil basacağı, bir-üç kez, birlikte fare kıç kaldırın. NOT: Çoğu farenin kolayca çalışacaktır, ama bazen kısa sürelerle durdurmak. Bu durumda, yumuşak dokunun veya akan yeniden başlamasını teşvik etmek için hayvanın arka kaldırma basacağı dil kullan. Genellikle, farenin dil basacağı ile dokundu olmak gerekmez; dil ile eli fark basacağı kendilerine doğru gelen farenin biraz daha çalışmasına neden olur. </li><li> Fare 10 m / dak hızında çalışan ilk kez laboratuar zaman ölçeri başlat. </li><li> Fare bandın üst (yokuş yukarı ucunda) olduğu zaman, 1 m / dakika, yaklaşık her 2 dakika artışlarla, yavaş yavaş hız çevirin. </li><li> Için hızını kısınÖnceki ayar fare defalarca öbekler halinde değil, sabit bir hızda çalışıyorsa. </li><li> Maksimal belirleyin, her fare hızından sürekli (genellikle 14 - 17 m / dak C57BL / 6 fareler için) hızını ayarlayarak ve fareyi izleyerek. Bu hızı kaydedin. NOT: koşu bandı üzerinde hayvanın konumu daha yüksek bir hızda çalıştırmak için hayvanın istekli olarak araştırmacı işaret eder. Fare kadar (yokuş yukarı) sonunda ve duvar çalıştırmak üzere ise, daha yüksek bir hızda çalıştırmak için hazırdır. Fare bandı ortasında sabit bir hızda çalışıyorsa maksimal hızda olabilir veya kaçak kalitesine bağlı olarak, daha fazla ayarlanması gerekebilir. </li></ol> 4. Uç noktalar ve Fareler Durdur <ol><li> Dilini kullanmak basacağı hafifçe dokunun veya çalışan yeniden başlamasını teşvik etmek, durdurmak hayvanların kıç kaldırmaya (bkz 3.2 Not). Çalışan geçici kesintiler için zamanlayıcı bitmiyor. </li><li> Belirleyin ve removçalıştırmak reddediyorum e farenin. Veri tablosunda bu unutmayın. Sizin deneysel tasarım bağlı, çöp farenin farklı bir gün yeniden test edilebilir NOT: Bazı farenin tamamen çalışma reddeder. Bu tür farenin sonra damat ya da &quot;pedal&quot;, yani, platform üzerinde oturmak ve bant üzerinde ön ayaklarını kullanmayı durdurun, öbekler halinde çalışacaktır. Hayvanın altında dikilmiş dört ayak dil basacağı ile koşu bandı üzerine geri itilmesini engellemek için bu farelerin duruş, kambur olduğunu. Bazen bir fare dil ısırma basacağı bir kaçış yolu olarak tırmanırken, basacağı çalıştırmak için isteksiz dil karşı saldırgan olur. Bu fare ya da olmaz, aday olup davanın ilk 5 dakika içinde açıktır. Analizinden çalıştırmak reddediyorum, ama &quot;sedanter&quot; fareler gibi onları sayılmaz fareler kaldırmak. </li><li> Bitkin fareler belirlenmesi ve Sayacı durdurmak. NOT: Yorgunluk, birbirini izleyen üç durak ve yeniden ret ile tanımlanırSume nazik teşviki, artı, zor nefes alma ve yayvan duruş olarak tüketilmesi fiziksel belirtilerine karşın çalışıyor. Fareler 30 dakika 60 içinde yorgunluğunu. </li><li> Zaman toplam miktarını kaydedin tüm hızlarda çalışan geçirdi. </li><li> Deneysel tasarım bağlı olarak, ya fare kafesine için dönmek, ya da kurumsal kurallarına göre kan veya doku toplama gibi acil egzersiz sonrası işlemleri yürütmek. </li><li> Önceki fare kokusu test sonraki farelerin davranışını etkilemez böylece her fare test ettikten sonra bir antiseptik mendil temiz kemer silin. </li><li> Bir sonraki fare sınayın. Taze bir dil kullanın basacağı her fare için. Aynı kafes içinde bulunan fareler prosedür odasının ilave ortama alıştırma olmadan aynı günde ardışık olarak test edilebilir. </li></ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa etmek Çıkar çatışması var.

Burada tarif edilen bir şok ızgara kullanılmadan motorlu bir koşu bandı kullanılarak deney farelerinde gönüllü çalışan dayanıklılığı değerlendirmek için bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntem da egzersiz dayanıklılık 16,17 altında yatan faktörler ifade farka neden olur ve sitokin IL-15 ekspresyonunda farklı C57BL / 6 farelerinin alt hatları arasındaki farklılıkları ortaya çıkarabilir. Ilkelerine uygun olarak &quot;Üç R &#39;&quot; laboratuar hayvanları bilim, bu yöntem bir şok ızgara...

Obezite, insülin direnci ve tip 2 diyabet ABD ve dünya çapında nüfus 1-4 hem sağlığı üzerinde derin etkilere neden birbiriyle metabolik bozukluklar vardır. Dayanıklılık önleyebilir idman, yanı sıra tedavi, bu şartlar, 5,6. Ayrıca, yürüme hızı ve dayanıklılık değerlendirilmesi insan denekler 7 klinik olarak tanı Düşkünlük, sarkopeni testleri ve kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı gibi diğer hastalıkların sonuçlarını kullanılmaktadır. Vücut kompozisyonu ve insülin duyarlılığına dayanıklılık egzersiz yararlı etkileri altında yatan biyokimyasal yollar gelişmiş veya egzersiz kapasitesi 8-11 azaltılabilir görüntüleyebilen genetik veya farmakolojik değiştirilmiş fareleri kullanarak, aydınlatılamamıştır başlıyor. Ancak, birçok tür çalışmalar 8-11 çalıştırmak için fareler zorlamak için şok ızgara ile donatılmıştır motorlu koşu bandı kullanmıştır. Çalışan çıkın Hayvanlar itilirBir elektrik ayak şoku, bir ızgara üzerinde hareket eden kayış bandı; Negatif uyaran kaçmak için, fareler, kayış üzerinde çalışan döner. Bu tür prosedürler deneysel parametreleri 12 etkileyen faktörler olarak psikolojik stres ve kaçınma davranışlarını tanıtmak olabilir. In kafes tekerlek çalışan bir ışın kırılma cihazı veya kantitatif kullanılarak bu ayaktan etkinliğinin miktarının belirlenmesi ve ölçüm dayanıklılık için diğer yöntemler, sirkadyen sikluslarda, anksiyete, istenmeyen eğitim veya yiyecek davranış 12-16 arayan modülasyonu ile şaşırtıcı olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, bu işlemler tek konut, fareler için psikolojik stres başka bir kaynak gerektirir. Bu nedenle, stres tarafından eleştirilmiştir, egzersiz dayanıklılık doğrudan ölçüm gereklidir. Bu endişeleri gidermek için, bizim laboratuvar geliştirdik ve maksimal koşu kapasitesini değerlendirmek için bir yöntem valide ve equi bir motorlu koşu bandı kullanarak eğitimsiz, naif farelerde hız çalışan korumuşturBir şok ızgara ile pped. Şok ızgara olarak ikamet çalışan kayış, sonunda alanı, daha sonra geri kalan fareler için bir platform olur ve aparat uzaklaştırılana kadar oturmak çalıştırmak için çöp fareler için bir yer sağlar. Fareler nazik vurma kullanarak veya fare bölümünde çalıştırmak için gönüllü istekli hassasiyet ile birleştiğinde bir dil basacağı, dokunmanın insan bir gözlemci tarafından çalıştırmak için teşvik edilmektedir. Bu yöntem, kas kaynaklı sitokin interlökin-15 (IL-15) 16,17 ekspresyonu açısından farklılık genetik olarak modifiye edilmiş ve kontrol C57BL / 6 fareleri arasındaki egzersiz dayanıklılık farkları değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem bir şok ızgara kullanımından kaynaklanan negatif takviye karıştırıcı etkilerini azaltan bir insani arıtma olduğunu.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

Laboratuvar fare modelleri kullanarak, dayanıklılık egzersiz metabolik yararları sorumlu moleküler yollar tanımlanabilir başlıyor. Farelerde egzersiz dayanıklılık değerlendirmek için en yaygın yöntem bir şok ızgara ile donatılmış motorlu bir koşu bandı üzerinde çalışan zorla kullanmaktadır. Çalışan çıkın Hayvanlar bir elektrikli ayak şoku bir ızgara üzerine hareketli koşu bandı kemer tarafından itilir; Negatif uyaran kaçmak için, fareler, kayış üzerinde çalışan döner. Ancak, şok cihazının kullanımı kaçınma ve psikolojik stres çalışan dayanıklılık nicelendirilmesi, hem de egzersiz sonrası serum hormon ve sitokin seviyeleri ölçümleri etkilemesi engelleyebilir. Burada, göstermek ve bir şok ızgara kullanan olmadan bir motorlu koşu bandı üzerinde naif C57BL / 6 laboratuvar fareleri çalışan dayanıklılığı ölçmek için zarif bir yöntem doğrulamak. Farenin koşu bandı için preacclimated, bunlar yürüyüşü ile gönüllü çalışacak her mous özgü hızlarıör. Şok ızgara kullanımı fare bölümünde çalıştırmak için gönüllü istekli hassasiyet ile birleştiğinde bir dil basacağı, kullanan bir operatör tarafından nazik teşviki ile değiştirilir. Zaman-to-tüketilmesi, her fare için çalışan ölçülmesi için net uç noktaları tanımlanır ve bu yayvan duruş ve zor nefes alma gibi yorgunluktan davranışsal belirtileri yansıtılır. Bu yöntem aynı zamanda deneysel parametrelerin stres karıştırıcı etkilerini azaltır insani bir arıtma olduğunu.

Egzersiz dayanıklılığını ölçmek için olan bu işlem tam olarak sitokin IL-15 16,17 ekspresyonunda farklı C57BL / 6 farelerinin farklı ırklarının moleküler ve metabolik profil yansıtır. IL-15 (IL-15 Tg fareleri) bileşimleri belirgin yavru kontroller ile karşılaştırıldığında çalışma için tüketilmemiş kat arttı ifade eden transjenik farenin, IL-15 (IL-15 KO fareleri) sergi yoksun farenin büyük çapta ulaşmak için çalışma süresi azalırken tükenme (Şekil 1A).</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Bir Şok Grid Kullanımı olmadan Kemirgen Egzersiz Endurance Değerlendirilmesi: Zorla Egzersiz Alternatif Bir

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

assessment-murine-exercise-endurance-without-use-shock-grid-an

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K Görüntüleme.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Video: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

Nosiseptif Davranış değişiklikler Tedbir Edimsel Orofasiyal Ağrı Değerlendirme Ölçeği (OPAD) kullanımı

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Davranış

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

Geleneksel Soğuk Pres Testine Bir Alternatif: Soğuk Presör Kol Sargısı

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

Kemirgenler Zorla Egzersiz Uyum Başlarken: Eleştirel Bir Standart Yaşlanma ile ilgili Bozukluklar ve Hastalığında Egzersiz Impact değerlendirin

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Depresif gibi Davranış Modeli olarak Zorla Swim Testi

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

Gıda Seçicilik Adres Kaçış Extinction olmadan Tedavi Paketi

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

Transkraniyal Manyetik Uyarım, Elektromiyografi, Hareket Yakalama ve Sanal Gerçeklik kullanma İnsan Motor Kontrol incelenmesi için çok fonksiyonlu Kur

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

Koşu Bandı Yorulma Testi: Mouse Yorgunluk gibi Davranış Basit, Yüksek verim Deneyi

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

Supramaximal yoğunluğu hipoksik egzersiz ve farelerde vasküler işlevi değerlendirme

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

Stabil Kronik Obstrüktif Akciğer Hastalığı Olan Hastalarda Ev Tabanlı Reçeteli Akciğer Egzersizi

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Eğitimin Erken Evresinde Yüksek Yoğunluklu Aralıkegzersizve Orta Yoğunluklu Sürekli Egzersizin Kardiyak Troponin T Düzeyine Etkisi

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...