Anti-Giantin antikoru, M. Labouesse Lab bize sağlamış L. Brino (IGBMC Yüksek İçerik Tarama tesisi, Illkirch, Fransa) kabul. C. elegans (IGBMC) ve B. Séraphin Lab. maya (IGBMC), fisyon maya hücreleri için floresan HeLa hücrelerinden (MPI-CBG, Dresden), J. Moseley (Dartmouth Tıp Okulu) ve JQ Wu (The Ohio State University) E. Paluch ve A. Hyman tomurcuklanan için; A. Hoel ve deneysel yardım için F. EVENOU, teknik yardım için C. Rick (IBMC, Strazburg, Fransa), ve mikrofabrikasyon yardım için JC Jeannot (Femto-st, Fransa). Bu çalışma CNRS, Strasbourg Üniversitesi&#39;nde, Conectus fonları tarafından desteklenen, La Fondation la Recherche MEDICALE ve Strasbourg ci-FRC dökün.

<ol>
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I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotically+Synchronized+Mammalian+Cells:+a+Simple+Method+for+Obtaining+Large+Populations.">Mitotically Synchronized Mammalian Cells: a Simple Method for Obtaining Large Populations.</a> Science. 144, (1964).</li><li>Whitfield, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem-loop+binding+protein,+the+protein+that+binds+the+3&amp;#34;+end+of+histone+mRNA,+is+cell+cycle+regulated+by+both+translational+and+posttranslational+mechanisms.">Stem-loop binding protein, the protein that binds the 3&amp;#34; end of histone mRNA, is cell cycle regulated by both translational and posttranslational mechanisms.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20, (2000).</li><li>Straight, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+Temporal+and+Spatial+Control+of+Cytokinesis+with+a+Myosin+II+Inhibitor.">Dissecting Temporal and Spatial Control of Cytokinesis with a Myosin II Inhibitor.</a> Science. 299, 1743-1747 (2003).</li><li>Tang, J., Erikson, R. 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Biz ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Replika döküm &#39;eggcups&#39; imal etmek amacıyla kullanılmıştır. üretim süreci bir temiz oda ihtiyacı yoktur; Bazı uygulama gerekebilir rağmen, kolay ve basittir. Özellikle, PDMS damga serbest yüksek kalite &#39;eggcups&#39; geniş bir alana üretmek için en kritik adımdır. Bu nedenle, özel bir dikkat bu adımda alınması gerekir. Bu adımı tekrar tekrar başarısız olursa, silanizasyon ve plazma bağlayıcı önce plazma temizleyici parametrelerini optimize etmek düşünün. Yetersiz silanizasy...

İn vitro hücre-esaslı deneyler mevcut (2B), iki boyutludur. Bu yapılandırma, memeli hücreleri için doğal olmayan ve bu nedenle 1 fizyolojik olarak ilgili değildir; Hücreler şekil, boyut ve heterojen fenotip bir çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Böyle düzlemde ve hücresel organellerin aşırı fenotipleri (özellikle stres lifleri) içinde düzensiz dağılım olarak, tarama uygulamaları uygulandığında Onlar ek ciddi sınırlamalar mevcut. Bu yüksek bütçeler her yıl harcanan uyuşturucu testi için klinik çalışmalarda özellikle önemlidir. çünkü ilaç taraması erken dönemlerinde yapay 2B kültür durumun hayvan modellerinde uygulandığında bu ilaçların pek çoğu da başarısız olur. Buna ek olarak, bu yaklaşım ile, özel hücre organelleri doğru genellikle gözlem düzlemine dik bir düzlemde gelişen yapılar, hücre mitoz sırasında cytokinetic aktomiyosin halkası gibi, görsel ve edilemez. Birazyeni 2D deneyleri hücre iskeleti organizasyonu yukarıda belirtilen sakıncaları ve önemli anlayışlar 2,3 gözlenmiştir aşmak için öne sürülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, bu deneyler, hala mevcut ciddi bir sınırlaması hücreleri hücreler 3B yapıların varlığı, in vivo olarak gözlemlenen bir tezat çok yayılmış bir fenotip göstermektedir. Kültür yöntemi ile ilişkili Bu eserler gibi gelişmiş stres lifleri 1,4,5 olmayan fizyolojik özellikleri tetikleyebilir. 2D 6,7 ortamlarda göre üç boyutlu hücre kültürü deneyleri, çok sayıda avantaj sağlar. Onlar fizyolojik daha alakalı ve sonuçlar bu nedenle anlamlıdır. Bir örnek olarak, hidrojeller gömülü hücrelerin 3D-benzeri yapılar gösterir ancak morfolojileri bir 8,9 bir hücreden diğerine farklılık göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bunların morfolojileri tarama uygulamaları komplike bir hücreden, farklıdır. Alternatif bir strateji tek gömmektirmicrofabricated boşlukların 10,11 hücreleri. Hücre pozisyon, şekil, polarizasyon ve hücre içi organizasyonu daha sonra normalize olabilir. Hücrelere 3D benzeri mimari sağlamanın yanı sıra, mikro boşluklara da yüksek içerik tarama çalışmaları 10,12-14 için izin verir; tek hücre mikrodiziler ve hücresel organellerine sipariş edilebilir ve değerlendirmelerin paralel gözlenebilir. Bu düzenlilik hücrelerinin sayısının az ve daha iyi uzaysal / zamansal çözünürlükte iyi istatistikler sağlar. Yararlı bileşikler güvenilir tespit etmek daha kolaydır. Bu çalışmada, yüksek içerik tarama uygulamaları 10,12,13 için imalat ve yeni bir 3D benzeri tek hücre kültür sisteminin uygulanmasını göstermektedir. Cihaz elastomerik mikro boşluklara (10 5 boşluklar / cm 2), icat &#39;eggcups&#39; (AK) bir dizi oluşur. Bu çalışmada Ölçüler ve AT toplam hacmi bireysel NIH3T3 ve HeLa hücrelerinde tipik hacmi optimize edilmiştirhücre bölünmesi sırasında. silindirik - - boşlukların Morfoloji etkin işlemlerin görüntülenmesi için gerektiği gibi yönlendirmek hücre şekli seçilir. 15,16 lamel çoğaltma kalıp bir cam üzerine yapıştırılmış ince bir polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS) tabaka üzerine desen AT&#39;nin bir dizi kullanılır. Hücreler santrifüj ile EC tanıtıldı. Biz 2D aynı hücrelerle karşılaştırıldığında burada gözlem ve 3D (EC) hücresel organellere (aktin stres lifleri, golgi aygıtı ve çekirdek) normalleşmesini rapor (düz) uygulanabilir. Biz de böyle bir hücre mitoz 17 sırasında cytokinetic actomyosin halka kapatılması gibi aktif dinamik süreçlerin gözlem raporu. Son olarak, biz böyle tomurcuklanan maya, fisyon maya ve C gibi katı duvarlar, diğer sistemlerde bu yöntemin sonuçlarını göstermek model sistemlerinde geniş bir yelpazede bizim metodoloji uygulanabilirliğini teyit elegans embriyolar. Önümüzdeki ayrıntılı ve kapsamlı p sunmaksırayla rotocol imal ve 3D mikrofabrikasyon için &#39;eggcups&#39; uygulamak. Bizim yaklaşım basittir ve bir temiz oda ihtiyacı yoktur. Biz bu yeni metodoloji Petri yerine de, ilaç tarama deneyleri ve kişiselleştirilmiş tıp için özellikle ilginç olacağını tahmin ediyoruz. Son olarak, cihaz, kanser 18 veya temel araştırma 19, örneğin, dış uyarılara karşı hücre yanıtlarının dağılımı çalışmaları için yararlıdır.

ordering single cells and single embryos in 3d confinement: a new device for high content screening

Biyolojik hücreler genellikle daire (2D) yüzeylerinde görülür. Bu durum fizyolojik değildir ve fenotipleri ve şekiller oldukça değişkendir. Bu tür ortamlarda hücreler dayalı tarama bu nedenle ciddi sınırlamaları vardır: hücre organelleri heterojen ve / veya belirli bir hücre organelleri düzgün görüntülenmiştir olamaz olan aşırı fenotipleri, hücre morfolojileri ve boyutları göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak, in vivo olarak hücreler, bir 3 boyutlu bir ortamda yer alır; Bu durumda, hücreler, esas olarak doku çevreleyen hücre dışı matris ile etkileşimi farklı fenotipleri göstermektedir. Standartlaştırmak ve hücre tabanlı tahlillerde için fizyolojik olarak ilgili 3 boyutlu bir ortamda tek hücre sırasını oluşturmak için, burada in vitro olarak 3D hücre kültürü için bir cihazın mikroüretim ve uygulamalar sunulmaktadır. Bu cihaz, mikro boşlukların üst 2B dizi (tipik olarak 10 5 oyuklar / cm2), tek hücreler ya da embriyolar ile doldurulmuş, her oluşur. hücre poziyon, şekil, polarite ve iç hücre organizasyonu 3D mimarisini gösteren sonra normalize olur. Biz bir lamel üzerine yapıştırılmış ince bir polidimetilsiloksan üzerine &#39;eggcups&#39; (PDMS) katman deseni mikro boşlukların bir dizi çoğaltma kalıp kullanılır. Boşluklar yapışmayı kolaylaştırmak için fibronektin ile örtülmüştür. Hücreler, santrifüj ile sokulmuştur. Dolum yüzdesi% 80&#39;e kadar izin her bir sistem için optimize edilmiştir. Hücreler ve embriyolar canlılığı teyit edildi. Biz çekirdek ve Golgi gibi hücresel organellere, görüntülenmesi için bu yöntemi uygulanır ve bu tür hücre mitoz sırasında cytokinetic halka kapatılması gibi aktif süreçleri incelemek için. Bu cihaz, Golgi ve çekirdek hizalama için cytokinetic halka kapanması ve sıkıştırılmış fenotipleri sırasında bu tür periyodik birikimleri ve miyozin ve aktin homojensizliklerin gibi yeni özellikler, belirlenmesini sağladı. Biz memeli hücrelerinin, fisyon maya, tomurcuklanan maya, C yöntemi ile karakterize elegans wher durumda i&#39;inci özel adaptasyon. Son olarak, bu cihazın özellikleri ilaç tarama tahlillerine ve kişiselleştirilmiş ilaç için özellikle ilginç hale getirir.

&#39;Eggcups&#39; (AK) 3 boyutlu bir ortamda odaklı hücrelerin ve embriyoların görselleştirme sağlayan bir roman içeriği yüksek-tarama yöntemi vardır. Buna ek olarak, standart 2D (düz) kültürlerde gözlemlemek zor olan bazı hücresel süreçler, bu yeni yöntem ile gözlenebilir. Şekil 1a (Bölüm 1, yukarıda tarif edilen protokol da bakınız AT mikrofabrikasyon için prosedürün bir özetini gösterir ). Yöntem 1b Şekil., Basit, hızlı, verimli ve özel ekipman he...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening at JoVE.com

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Biz hücreleri ve embriyolar incelemek için bir cihaz ve yeni bir yöntem sunulmuştur. Tek hücreler tam microcavity dizileri sıralanır. Onların 3D hapsi fizyolojik koşullarda karşılaşılan 3D ortamlarda yolunda atılmış bir adımdır ve organel yönünü verir. Hücre şekli kontrol ederek, bu kurulum standart deneylerde bildirilen değişkenlik en aza indirir.

Tek Hücreleri ve 3D Sınırlaması Tek Embriyolar Sipariş: Yüksek İçerik Tarama için Yeni Bir Cihaz

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

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Research

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Bioengineering

8.5K Görüntüleme.  Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS and Université de Strasbourg.  Biz hücreleri ve embriyolar incelemek için bir cihaz ve yeni bir yöntem sunulmuştur. Tek hücreler tam microcavity dizileri sıralanır. Onların 3D hapsi fizyolojik koşullarda karşılaşılan 3D ortamlarda yolunda atılmış bir adımdır ve organel yönünü verir. Hücre şekli kontrol ederek, bu kurulum standart deneylerde bildirilen değişkenlik en aza indirir. 

Video: Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1 While microcontact printing can be employed to directly print a large number of molecules, including proteins,2 DNA,3 and silanes,4 the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from long chain alkane thiols on gold provides a simple way to confine proteins and cells to specific patterns containing adhesive and resistant regions. This confinement can be used to control cell morphology and is useful for examining a variety of questions in protein and cell biology. Here, we describe a general method for the creation of well-defined protein patterns for cellular studies.5 This process involves three steps: the production of a patterned master using photolithography, the creation of a PDMS stamp, and microcontact printing of a gold-coated substrate. Once patterned, these cell culture substrates are capable of confining proteins and/or cells (primary cells or cell lines) to the pattern.
The use of self-assembled monolayer chemistry allows for precise control over the patterned protein/cell adhesive regions and non-adhesive regions; this cannot be achieved using direct protein stamping. Hexadecanethiol, the long chain alkane thiol used in the microcontact printing step, produces a hydrophobic surface that readily adsorbs protein from solution. The glycol-terminated thiol, used for backfilling the non-printed regions of the substrate, creates a monolayer that is resistant to protein adsorption and therefore cell growth.6 These thiol monomers produce highly structured monolayers that precisely define regions of the substrate that can support protein adsorption and cell growth. As a result, these substrates are useful for a wide variety of applications from the study of intercellular behavior7 to the creation of microelectronics.8
While other types of monolayer chemistry have been used for cell culture studies, including work from our group using trichlorosilanes to create patterns directly on glass substrates,9 patterned monolayers formed from alkane thiols on gold are straight-forward to prepare. Moreover, the monomers used for monolayer preparation are commercially available, stable, and do not require storage or handling under inert atmosphere. Patterned substrates prepared from alkane thiols can also be recycled and reused several times, maintaining cell confinement.10

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from long chain alkane thiols on gold provide well-defined substrates for the formation of protein patterns and cell confinement. Microcontact printing of hexadecanethiol using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp followed by backfilling with a glycol-terminated alkane thiol monomer produces a pattern where protein and cells adsorb only to the stamped hexadecanethiol region.

Protein ve hücre Etrafının İki Boyutlu Desenli Yüzeyler Oluşturma

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1  While microcontact printing ...

Biyomühendislik

High Throughput Single-cell and Multiple-cell Micro-encapsulation

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement from a bulk fluid environment with applications in high throughput screening, cytometry, and mass spectrometry. We describe a method to not only encapsulate single cells, but to repeatedly capture a set number of cells (here we demonstrate one- and two-cell encapsulation) to study both isolation and the interactions between cells in groups of controlled sizes. By combining drop generation techniques with cell and particle ordering, we demonstrate controlled encapsulation of cell-sized particles for efficient, continuous encapsulation. Using an aqueous particle suspension and immiscible fluorocarbon oil, we generate aqueous drops in oil with a flow focusing nozzle. The aqueous flow rate is sufficiently high to create ordering of particles which reach the nozzle at integer multiple frequencies of the drop generation frequency, encapsulating a controlled number of cells in each drop. For representative results, 9.9 &mu;m polystyrene particles are used as cell surrogates. This study shows a single-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=1 of 83.7% and a double-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=2 of 79.5% as compared to their respective Poisson efficiencies of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively. The effect of consistent cell and particle concentration is demonstrated to be of major importance for efficient encapsulation, and dripping to jetting transitions are also addressed. 
Introduction 
Continuous media aqueous cell suspensions share a common fluid environment which allows cells to interact in parallel and also homogenizes the effects of specific cells in measurements from the media. High-throughput encapsulation of cells into picoliter-scale drops confines the samples to protect drops from cross-contamination, enable a measure of cellular diversity within samples, prevent dilution of reagents and expressed biomarkers, and amplify signals from bioreactor products. Drops also provide the ability to re-merge drops into larger aqueous samples or with other drops for intercellular signaling studies.1,2 The reduction in dilution implies stronger detection signals for higher accuracy measurements as well as the ability to reduce potentially costly sample and reagent volumes.3 Encapsulation of cells in drops has been utilized to improve detection of protein expression,4 antibodies,5,6 enzymes,7 and metabolic activity8 for high throughput screening, and could be used to improve high throughput cytometry.9 Additional studies present applications in bio-electrospraying of cell containing drops for mass spectrometry10 and targeted surface cell coatings.11 Some applications, however, have been limited by the lack of ability to control the number of cells encapsulated in drops. Here we present a method of ordered encapsulation12 which increases the demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies for one and two cells and may be extrapolated for encapsulation of a larger number of cells.
To achieve monodisperse drop generation, microfluidic "flow focusing" enables the creation of controllable-size drops of one fluid (an aqueous cell mixture) within another (a continuous oil phase) by using a nozzle at which the streams converge.13 For a given nozzle geometry, the drop generation frequency f and drop size can be altered by adjusting oil and aqueous flow rates Qoil and Qaq. As the flow rates increase, the flows may transition from drop generation to unstable jetting of aqueous fluid from the nozzle.14 
When the aqueous solution contains suspended particles, particles become encapsulated and isolated from one another at the nozzle. For drop generation using a randomly distributed aqueous cell suspension, the average fraction of drops Dk containing k cells is dictated by Poisson statistics, where Dk = &lambda;k exp(-&lambda;)/(k!) and &lambda; is the average number of cells per drop. The fraction of cells which end up in the "correctly" encapsulated drops is calculated using Pk = (k x Dk)/&Sigma;(k' x Dk'). The subtle difference between the two metrics is that Dk relates to the utilization of aqueous fluid and the amount of drop sorting that must be completed following encapsulation, and Pk relates to the utilization of the cell sample. As an example, one could use a dilute cell suspension (low &lambda;) to encapsulate drops where most drops containing cells would contain just one cell. While the efficiency metric Pk would be high, the majority of drops would be empty (low Dk), thus requiring a sorting mechanism to remove empty drops, also reducing throughput.15
Combining drop generation with inertial ordering provides the ability to encapsulate drops with more predictable numbers of cells per drop and higher throughputs than random encapsulation. Inertial focusing was first discovered by Segre and Silberberg16 and refers to the tendency of finite-sized particles to migrate to lateral equilibrium positions in channel flow. Inertial ordering refers to the tendency of the particles and cells to passively organize into equally spaced, staggered, constant velocity trains. Both focusing and ordering require sufficiently high flow rates (high Reynolds number) and particle sizes (high Particle Reynolds number).17,18 Here, the Reynolds number Re =uDh/&nu; and particle Reynolds number Rep =Re(a/Dh)2, where u is a characteristic flow velocity, Dh [=2wh/(w+h)] is the hydraulic diameter, &nu; is the kinematic viscosity, a is the particle diameter, w is the channel width, and h is the channel height. Empirically, the length required to achieve fully ordered trains decreases as Re and Rep increase. Note that the high Re and Rep requirements (for this study on the order of 5 and 0.5, respectively) may conflict with the need to keep aqueous flow rates low to avoid jetting at the drop generation nozzle. Additionally, high flow rates lead to higher shear stresses on cells, which are not addressed in this protocol. The previous ordered encapsulation study demonstrated that over 90% of singly encapsulated HL60 cells under similar flow conditions to those in this study maintained cell membrane integrity.12 However, the effect of the magnitude and time scales of shear stresses will need to be carefully considered when extrapolating to different cell types and flow parameters. The overlapping of the cell ordering, drop generation, and cell viability aqueous flow rate constraints provides an ideal operational regime for controlled encapsulation of single and multiple cells.
Because very few studies address inter-particle train spacing,19,20 determining the spacing is most easily done empirically and will depend on channel geometry, flow rate, particle size, and particle concentration. Nonetheless, the equal lateral spacing between trains implies that cells arrive at predictable, consistent time intervals. When drop generation occurs at the same rate at which ordered cells arrive at the nozzle, the cells become encapsulated within the drop in a controlled manner. This technique has been utilized to encapsulate single cells with throughputs on the order of 15 kHz,12 a significant improvement over previous studies reporting encapsulation rates on the order of 60-160 Hz.4,15 In the controlled encapsulation work, over 80% of drops contained one and only one cell, a significant efficiency improvement over Poisson (random) statistics, which predicts less than 40% efficiency on average.12
In previous controlled encapsulation work,12 the average number of particles per drop &lambda; was tuned to provide single-cell encapsulation. We hypothesize that through tuning of flow rates, we can efficiently encapsulate any number of cells per drop when &lambda; is equal or close to the number of desired cells per drop. While single-cell encapsulation is valuable in determining individual cell responses from stimuli, multiple-cell encapsulation provides information relating to the interaction of controlled numbers and types of cells. Here we present a protocol, representative results using polystyrene microspheres, and discussion for controlled encapsulation of multiple cells using a passive inertial ordering channel and drop generation nozzle.

Combining monodisperse drop generation with inertial ordering of cells and particles, we describe a method to encapsulate a desired number of cells or particles in a single drop at kHz rates. We demonstrate efficiencies twice exceeding those of unordered encapsulation for single- and double-particle drops.

Yüksek Verim Micro-encapsulation Tek hücreli ve Çoklu-hücre

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

Tek Hücrelerinin yönlü Kimyasal Analiz için mikroakışkan Chip

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

A large portion of the human genome is transcribed but not translated. In this post genomic era, regulatory functions of RNA have been shown to be increasingly important. As RNA function often depends on its ability to adopt alternative structures, it is difficult to predict RNA three-dimensional structures directly from sequence. Single-molecule approaches show potentials to solve the problem of RNA structural polymorphism by monitoring molecular structures one molecule at a time. This work presents a method to precisely manipulate the folding and structure of single RNA molecules using optical tweezers. First, methods to synthesize molecules suitable for single-molecule mechanical work are described. Next, various calibration procedures to ensure the proper operations of the optical tweezers are discussed. Next, various experiments are explained. To demonstrate the utility of the technique, results of mechanically unfolding RNA hairpins and a single RNA kissing complex are used as evidence. In these examples, the nanomanipulation technique was used to study folding of each structural domain, including secondary and tertiary, independently. Lastly, the limitations and future applications of the method are discussed.

Optical tweezers have been used to study RNA folding by stretching individual molecules from their 5&#8217; and 3&#8217; ends. Here common procedures are described to synthesize RNA molecules for tweezing, calibration of the instrument, and methods to manipulate single molecules.

Optik cımbız ile Tek RNA Moleküllerin Nanomanipulation

A large portion of the human genome is transcribed but not translated. In this post genomic era, regulatory functions of RNA have been shown to be ...

Cultivation of Mammalian Cells Using a Single-use Pneumatic Bioreactor System

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized medicine innovations. However, translating these advances into therapeutic applications will require in vitro systems that allow for robust, flexible, and cost effective bioreactor systems. There are several bioreactor systems currently utilized in research and commercial settings; however, many of these systems are not optimal for establishing, expanding, and monitoring the growth of different cell types. The culture parameters most challenging to control in these systems include, minimizing hydrodynamic shear, preventing nutrient gradient formation, establishing uniform culture medium aeration, preventing microbial contamination, and monitoring and adjusting culture conditions in real-time. Using a pneumatic single-use bioreactor system, we demonstrate the assembly and operation of this novel bioreactor for mammalian cells grown on micro-carriers. This bioreactor system eliminates many of the challenges associated with currently available systems by minimizing hydrodynamic shear and nutrient gradient formation, and allowing for uniform culture medium aeration. Moreover, the bioreactor&#8217;s software allows for remote real-time monitoring and adjusting of the bioreactor run parameters. This bioreactor system also has tremendous potential for scale-up of adherent and suspension mammalian cells for production of a variety therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, biosimilars, and vaccines.

Using a pneumatic bioreactor, we demonstrate the assembly, operation, and performance of this single-use bioreactor system for the growth of mammalian cells.

Tek kullanımlık Pnömatik Biyoreaktör Sistemi kullanılarak memeli hücrelerinde yetiştirme

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

Yüksek verim Tek hücreli İzolasyonu ve Kültür mikroakışkan Platformu

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous microscale cryogels (microcryogels), which can be loaded with a variety of cell types to form 3D microtissues. Herein, we present the protocol to fabricate versatile 3D microtissues and their applications in regenerative therapy and drug screening. Size and shape-controllable microcryogels can be fabricated on an array chip, which can be harvested off-chip as individual cell-loaded carriers for injectable regenerative therapy or be further assembled on-chip into 3D microtissue arrays for high-throughput drug screening. Due to the high elastic nature of these microscale cryogels, the 3D microtissues exhibit great injectability for minimally invasive cell therapy by protecting cells from mechanical shear force during injection. This ensures enhanced cell survival and therapeutic effect in the mouse limb ischemia model. Meanwhile, assembly of 3D microtissue arrays in a standard 384-multi-well format facilitates the use of common laboratory facilities and equipment, enabling high-throughput drug screening on this versatile 3D cell culture platform.

This protocol describes the fabrication of elastic 3D macroporous microcryogels by integrating microfabrication with cryogelation technology. Upon loading with cells, 3D microtissues are generated, which can be readily injected in vivo to facilitate regenerative therapy or assembled into arrays for in vitro high-throughput drug screening.

Enjekte edilebilir rejeneratif terapi ve yüksek-den geçerek uyuşturucu tarama için 3D Microtissues

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous ...

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although various RT-3D-SPT methods have been put forward in recent years, tracking high speed 3D diffusing particles at low photon count rates remains a challenge. Moreover, RT-3D-SPT setups are generally complex and difficult to implement, limiting their widespread application to biological problems. This protocol presents a RT-3D-SPT system named 3D Dynamic Photon Localization Tracking (3D-DyPLoT), which can track particles with high diffusive speed (up to 20 &#181;m2/s) at low photon count rates (down to 10 kHz). 3D-DyPLoT employs a 2D electro-optic deflector (2D-EOD) and a tunable acoustic gradient (TAG) lens to drive a single focused laser spot dynamically in 3D. Combined with an optimized position estimation algorithm, 3D-DyPLoT can lock onto single particles with high tracking speed and high localization precision. Owing to the single excitation and single detection path layout, 3D-DyPLoT is robust and easy to set up. This protocol discusses how to build 3D-DyPLoT step by step. First, the optical layout is described. Next, the system is calibrated and optimized by raster scanning a 190 nm fluorescent bead with the piezoelectric nanopositioner. Finally, to demonstrate real-time 3D tracking ability, 110 nm fluorescent beads are tracked in water.

This protocol details the construction and operation of a real-time 3D single particle tracking microscope capable of tracking nanoscale fluorescent probes at high diffusive speeds and low photon count rates.

Gerçek zamanlı 3D tek parçacık izleme için bir iletişim kuralı

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although ...

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and size by low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) because cancer cells have an increased need for cholesterol to proliferate, and this has been exploited as a mechanism for delivering anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Moreover, depending on drug chemistry, encapsulating the drug can be advantageous to avoid degradation of the drug during circulation in vivo. Therefore, in this&#160;study, this design is used to fabricate lipid-coated nanoparticles of the anticancer drug falcarindiol, providing a potential new delivery system of falcarindiol in order to stabilize its chemical structure against degradation and improve its uptake by tumors. Falcarindiol nanoparticles, with a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer encapsulating the purified drug core of the particle, were designed. The lipid monolayer coating consists of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE PEG 2000) along with the fluorescent label DiI (molar ratios of 43:50:5:2). The nanoparticles are fabricated using the rapid injection method, which is a fast and simple technique to precipitate nanoparticles by good-solvent for anti-solvent exchange. It consists of a rapid injection of an ethanol solution containing the nanoparticle components into an aqueous phase. The size of the fluorescent nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 74.1 &#177; 6.7 nm. The uptake of the nanoparticles is tested in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and imaged using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The uptake of the nanoparticles is observed in hMSCs, suggesting the potential for such a stable drug delivery system for falcarindiol.

This article describes the encapsulation of falcarindiol in lipid-coated 74 nm nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles&#160;by human stem cells into lipid droplets is monitored by fluorescent and confocal imaging. Nanoparticles are fabricated by the rapid injection method of solvent shifting, and their size is measured with the dynamic light scattering technique.

Falcarindiol tarafından insan mezenkimal kök hücre içeren yeni Lipid kaplı nano tanecikleri alımını

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and ...

Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy

In single molecule fluorescence enzymology, background fluorescence from labeled substrates in solution often limits fluorophore concentration to pico- to nanomolar ranges, several orders of magnitude less than many physiological ligand concentrations. Optical nanostructures called zero mode waveguides (ZMWs), which are 100&#8722;200 nm in diameter apertures fabricated in a thin conducting metal such as aluminum or gold, allow imaging of individual molecules at micromolar concentrations of fluorophores by confining visible light excitation to zeptoliter effective volumes. However, the need for expensive and specialized nanofabrication equipment has precluded the widespread use of ZMWs. Typically, nanostructures such as ZMWs are obtained by direct writing using electron beam lithography, which is sequential and slow. Here, colloidal, or nanosphere, lithography is used as an alternative strategy to create nanometer-scale masks for waveguide fabrication. This report describes the approach in detail, with practical considerations for each phase. The method allows thousands of aluminum or gold ZMWs to be made in parallel, with final waveguide diameters and depths of 100&#8722;200 nm. Only common lab equipment and a thermal evaporator for metal deposition are required. By making ZMWs more accessible to the biochemical community, this method can facilitate the study of molecular processes at cellular concentrations and rates.

Described here is a nanosphere lithography method for parallel fabrication of zero mode waveguides, which are arrays of nanoapertures in a metal-clad glass microscopy coverslip for single molecule imaging at nano- to micromolar concentrations of fluorophores. The method takes advantage of colloidal crystal self-assembly to create a waveguide template.

Yüksek Konsantrasyonlı Tek Moleküllü Mikroskopi için Sıfır Mod Dalga Kılavuzlarının İmalatı

In single molecule fluorescence enzymology, background fluorescence from labeled substrates in solution often limits fluorophore concentration to pico- to ...