The authors would like to acknowledge the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, grant 17.106.329)

Hayvan deneyleri Leiden Üniversitesi Tıp Merkezi (LUMC) hayvan koruma kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır. Hücreler, Aletleri ve Fareler 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Operasyondan önce bir gün, orta hatta dördüncü meme ucundan NOD / SCID gama (NTG) fareler tıraş ve tüm fareler kabaca karşılaştırılabilir ağırlıklara sahip olduğunu doğrulamak için fareler tartmak. </li><li> İki cımbız ve iki düz sivrisinek forseps (Şekil 1A) bir makas otoklavlayın. </li><li> Işlem gününde, insan göğüs adenokarsinomu (MDA-MB-231), fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS) ile bir kez enjekte edilecek hücreler, pH değeri 7.4 yıkama ve Hücreleri tripsinize edin. Hücrelerin üzerine 10 mi, serum ihtiva eden DMEM ortamı eklenerek tripsin söndürüldü. Serumsuz PBS içinde ya da ortam içinde ya da yeniden süspansiyona alınmasıyla serumun ayrılması için oda sıcaklığında, 7 dakika için 1200 rpm&#39;de hücreleri santrifüjleyin. Tamamen serum izlerini kaldırmak için tekrar santrifüj. PBS hücrelerin tekrar ya daMedya. </li><li> Bir hemasitometre ile hücre sayımı ve hücre miktarını hesaplamak. Fazla 150 ul 500.000 hücre / fareyi kullanın. PBS veya medya İsteğe, matrigel hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon. NOT: kullanılan hücre türüne bağımlı olarak hücre miktarını belirlemek. </li><li> Steril bir mikrosantrifüj tüpleri hücreleri koyun ve buz üzerinde saklayın. </li><li> 35, PBS, pH 7.4 ml% 70 etanol ile bir 50 ml konik santrifüj tüpüne sahip bir 50 ml konik santrifüj tüpü doldurun. Her tüpe pamuk bezlerden bekletin. </li></ol> 2. Ortotopik Enjeksiyon <ol><li> Steril bir ortam sağlamak için steril bir kaput içinde ameliyat. / Kg vücut ağırlığı ila 100 mg, sırasıyla 10 mg / kg, arasında bir dozda Xylazin / Ketamin karışımı enjekte deri altından ile fare anestezisi. Bir ısıtma yastığı üzerinde fare Fix. Ayak tutam tepki eksikliği anestezi başarısını onaylayın. NOT: Bir cerrahi girişimler ile çok aşina değilse, cerrahi daha uzun sürebilir. Düzenlemekanestezi buna göre doz. </li><li> Kurumasını önlemek için gözleri, farelerin gözleri oftalmik merhem sürün. </li><li> Adım 1.6 hazırlanan etanol içine batırılmış pamuklu çubukla kullanarak traş alanı temizleyin. Planlanan kesi uzak dönen dairesel bir şekilde betadin ve alkol üç kez kullanarak scrubs Alternatif yapılmalıdır. Alternatif olarak, bir dezenfektan olarak iyonoforu kullanın. </li><li> Bir makas ile dördüncü meme başı ve orta hatta arasında küçük bir kesi yapmak ve PBS pH 7.4 ile nemlendirilmiş pamuklu çubukla takarak bir cep yapmak. </li><li> Meme yağ yastığı ortaya çıkarmak için bir cımbız kullanın. Beyaz renk ile yağ yastığı gözlemleyin. </li><li> Kendi tabanından diğer cımbız ile yağ yastığı sıkıştırın; Bu yaparak, tam kolayca enjeksiyonları gerçekleştirmek için yağ yastığı (Şekil 1B) maruz kalmaktadır. </li><li> Yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme hücre homojen bir karışım. Yavaşça bir insülin şırınga içine hücre süspansiyonu 50 ul aspire ve içine enjekteyatay iğne tutarak meme yağ yastığı. Yağ yastığı şişme kontrol ederek başarılı bir enjeksiyon onaylayın. </li><li> Yavaşça yağ yastığı bırakın. </li><li> Bir iğne sürücüsünü kullanarak kesi sütür. Üç saat yönünde, saat yönünün tersine ve saat yönünde iğne sürücü etrafında dikiş çevirerek atar olun. Dikiş başına iki düğüm kullanılmalıdır. NOT: knot aksi fareler sütür açabilirsiniz sıkı olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Ameliyattan sonra, ağrıyı dindirmek amacıyla 0.05-0.1 mg / kg vücut ağırlığı, deri altından böyle Temgesic gibi, bir analjezik enjekte. </li><li> Onlar bilinci kazanmak ve sternum recumbence korumak kadar sahipsiz hayvanlar bırakmayın. Onlar tamamen iyileşti kadar farklı kafeslere içine tüm hayvanları yerleştirin. </li><li> , Sterilite korumak Otoklavlanmış kafesleri ve su kullanın. Temiz bir atmosfer tutmak için her üç günde kafesleri değiştirin. </li></ol> Analiz için 3. Hasat Organları <ol><li> AtHasat gün, 8 hafta hücrelerinin implante edilmesinden sonra, her bir fare için 3 mi Bouin çözeltisi ile 15 ml konik santrifüj tüpleri doldurun. Buna ek olarak, fare başına 5 ml formalin çözeltisi ile doldurulmuş iki adet 15 ml tüpler kullanmaktadır. </li><li> 10 mg&#39;lık bir dozda, Xylazin /, ketamin enjekte edilerek hayvanlar anestezi / 100 mg / kg vücut ağırlığı deri altına kg. Hayvan ayak tutam çekilme refleksi kaybeder kadar bekleyin. </li><li> Bir baz iğne ile hayvan Fix. Makasla uzun, dikey orta hat kesi olun. Sağ ön bacak altında ve arka bacak üzerinde iki yatay kesiler yapmak. Tabanına cilt iğneleyerek tümörü Açığa. Bir kumpas kullanarak tümör hacmini ölçün. </li><li> Makas kullanılarak cilt tümörü ayırmak. Ek Bileşen RNA izolasyonu için sıvı azot içinde bir tümör parçası dondurma. Parafine aşağıdaki immunohistokimyasal gerçekleştirmek için formalin ile dolu konik santrifüj tüpüne, diğer kısmı koyun. </li><li> Yavaşça akciğerleri çıkar. YerleştirinBouin solüsyonu içine akciğer bıraktı. 3 gün boyunca çözelti içinde akciğer tutun. Çıplak gözle açıkça yüzeysel metastatik odaklar gözlemleyin. İsteğe bağlı olarak, hematoksilen ve eozin (H &amp; E) boyama kullanarak Mikrometastaz doğrulamak için formalin içine doğru akciğer yerleştirin. NOT: Akciğer metastazı meme kanseri sık görülen rağmen, bir de metastaz analiz etmek kemik, karaciğer, beyin ve dalak toplamak isteyebilirsiniz. metastatik alanda hücreler yoğun ve morfolojik olarak farklı olan ve bu nedenle, akciğer dokusundan kolayca ayırt edilebilir. </li><li> Bir gün hasattan sonra, 15 ml tüpler gelen formalin solüsyonu aspire ve% 70 etanol ile değiştirin. Parafin dokuları embed ve immunohistokimyasal çalışmalar yapmak. </li><li> Kan analizi için, makasla göğüs boşluğuna açılır. Kalp delinerek 450 ul kan çekiniz. % 3.2 sodyum sitrat 50 ul ihtiva eden bir mikrosantrifüj tüpü içinde kan örneği yerleştirin. Kan toplandıktan sonra, 10 mi 2,000 xg&#39;de uydurmayın. Bir sonraki kullanıma kadar -20 ° C &#39;de plazma numuneleri saklayın. NOT: Orada yaygın uygulamada 20 kullanılan birçok diğer kan toplama teknikleri ve kullanılması gereken tekniği deney düzeneği ve bilim seçimine bağlıdır. Kan örneği gerekli değilse, hayvan protokolü veya kurum kurallarına göre göre hayvan euthanize. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Meme kanseri hücrelerinin Ortotopik enjeksiyon kanser büyüme tüm yönleriyle incelemek için güçlü bir modeldir. Farelerin meme yağ tabanına bu hücrelerin implantasyonu dikkatli bir şekilde tümör büyümesi değişimi önlemek için gerçekleştirilmelidir. En önemlisi, her bir fare için hücreler ile aynı miktarda enjekte önemlidir. Bunu yapmak için, bir titizlikle hücrelerin canlılığını etkileyen hücrelere trypsinize gerekir. Cansız hücreler canlı hücre sayısının belirlenmesi için yara...

Kanser yüzyıllar boyunca için çalışmalara konu olmuştur çok karmaşık bir hastalıktır. Meme kanseri en sık görülen kanser türüdür; kadınlarda görülür, ancak düzensiz de erkeklerde 27 oluşabilir. hastalığın başlıca olarak vücuttaki hücrelerin sonsuz büyümesine yol açar kontrol mekanizması yönetim hücre bölünmesi kaybına neden olur. Bu arızalar çeşitli mekanizmalarla neden olabilir: Birincisi, sağlıklı hücreler kanser hücrelerinin kendi büyüme faktörlerini yapmak ve böylece daha yüksek bir çoğalma hızı 1 elde büyüme faktörü reseptörlerinin ifadesini artırmak ise çoğalmaya için çevredeki hücrelerden büyüme sinyalleri gerekir; ikinci olarak, kanser hücreleri, anti-proliferatif sinyaller 8 daha az duyarlı olan; üçüncü olarak, aynı zamanda gerekli olan vücut hücre ölümü, hücre sayısını dengelemeye; Bununla birlikte, kanser hücreleri, programlanmış hücre ölümü kaçmak apoptoz 14 olarak adlandırılan; Dördüncü, hücreler, hücre dışı matrislerin bağlısırayla hayatta ama tümör hücreleri bağlanma ihtiyacı olmadan büyüme ve anoikis 19 direnç gösterebilir; Beşinci, telomeraz aktivasyonu telomer kısalması circumvents ve replikatif yaşlılıkla 21 önler; son ama en az değil, değişmiş genetik içeriği 15,16 mitoz sonuçları takiben DNA kalite kontrol atlama. Bu deregüle çoğalmasında bir rol oynar onkojenlerinin veya tümör bastırıcıları tespit etmek amacıyla, farelerde tümör büyümesi deneyler çok önemlidir. Primer tümör büyümesi genellikle ana ölüm nedeni değildir. Bir ikincil site birincil siteden kanser hücrelerinin göçü, metastaz denir, çoğu kanser hastalarında 22 önde gelen ölüm nedenidir. Metastaz ikincil site bağışıklık saldırı, ekstravazasyon ve büyümeyi kaçınarak, dolaşımı yoluyla seyahat, tümör hücresi istilasını, intravasation gerektirir. Mezenkimal geçiş (EMT) epitel önemli bir süreç olduğunumetastaz ve metastaz hücresinin 12 için ön koşul olan yüksek motilite ve invaziv hücreleri, verimli gen ifadesi profilleri bir anahtar içerir. Kanserli süreci kanser hücreleri, stromal hücreler ve pro- ve anti-enflamatuar hücreler arasında karşılıklı etkileşimler de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli işlemlerden oluşan bir kombinasyonun elde edilen gibi, kanser için bir in vitro yaklaşım, genellikle, kanserli süreci içine tam fikir vermez. Benzer şekilde, tümör damar sistemini etkileyen anti-kanser tedavileri, genellikle bu şekilde in vivo kullanımı yaklaşımları kaçınılmazdır, in vitro incelenmiştir edilemez. Meme kanseri ilerlemesini incelemek için, farklı deneysel yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. En yaygın olarak kullanılan model, farelerde 5 içine, göğüs kanseri hücrelerinin deri altına enjeksiyondur. Bu deney düzeneğinde, araştırmacı, in vitro olarak bir seçim hücre hattına değişiklikler geniş bir katabilmektedir (örnuyarılması, proteinlerin aşağı doğru düzenleme) ile deri altına hücreleri enjekte edilir. Bu yöntem basittir ve enjeksiyon işlemi fareler üzerinde ameliyat gerek kalmadan basit olmasına rağmen, tümör enjekte edildiği de site meme kanseri gelişimi ile sonuçlanabilir yerel meme tümörü çevre ve bu ortamda olmadığını temsil etmez insan patolojisinde gözlenenden farklıdır. İkincisi, genetiği fareler meme kanseri ilerlemesini incelemek için bir in vivo aracı olarak sıkça kullanılır. Bu modelde, Oncogene (yani PyMT, Neu) sentezleme spontan meme tümör s oluşumuna yol açan, bir göğüs doku spesifik promotör ile tahrik edilir. Bu deneysel kurulum süresi 3 tümör boyutu kontrol ederken uyuşturucu veya antikorlar enjekte ederek hastalığın tedavi yönünü incelemek için yararlıdır. Ancak, eksik veya ayrıca ins verebilir ilgi bir gen mutasyona diğer fare suşları ile bu farelerin üremememe tümör büyümesi 24 farklı proteinlerin rolünü içine ights. Bu modelin olumsuz tümör boyutu ve sayısının varyasyon eğilimli olmasıdır. Ayrıca, transgen ekspresyonu seviyesi, genomu içinde entegre yeri değişir ve başka bir 4 bir fare suşundan değiştirebilir. Insan hastalıklarında, hücrelerinin sadece bir alt popülasyonu onkojenini ifade eden tümör baskılayıcı seviyeleri 26 üretimini azalttığı ise, bu modelde, transgenin ifadesi epitelyal kökenli tüm hücreler tarafından elde edilebilir. Metastazı araştırmak için göğüs kanseri hücreleri de damar içine enjekte edilebilir 25 (model deneysel metastaz olarak da adlandırılır). Ancak, bu yaklaşım sadece kısmen metastatik süreci özetlediği; Bu tümör hücreleri istila eder ve intravasate için gereksinimi önlediği, ve tümör hücreleri hali hazırda dolaşımda mevcut olduğu noktadan başlar. Bizim çalışmamızda, biz ortotopik Inject kullanıniyon modeli meme kanseri ilerlemesinde 13 ilgi genleri çalışma. İnsan meme kanseri hücrelerinde protein aşırı ifade eden ve NOD / SCID y (NTG) farelerin meme yağ pedi içine enjekte edilir. Enjekte hücre hattında çok hızlı ve farklı genetik değişiklikler, bu patolojik ilgili sitelere de metastaz birincil tümör büyümesi meme kanseri ilerlemesinde tüm süreci kapsayan izin verir, ve aynı zamanda iyi bir deneysel model sunar: Bu yöntem birçok yönden avantajlıdır Hastalığın erken ya da geç aşamalarında terapötik tedavilerin etkisini incelemek için. Ayrıca, bu model birini kullanarak genetiği değiştirilmiş fareler veya hücreleri kullanılarak hastalığın ilerlemesinde kanser hücresi kaynaklı proteinlerin karşı stromal rolünü araştırmak. Deri altı enjeksiyonlar, uygulaması daha kolay olmakla birlikte, ortotopik modeller daha tümörijenik daha metastatik kanser hücre popülasyonuna neden olmaktadır. Böylece sonuçlar, deri altına enjeksiyon vasıtasıyla eldes yalancı negatif ya da tümör büyümesini incelemek için ortotopik modellerin kullanımını teşvik 6,17 yalancı pozitif ya olabilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1093">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:185px;">Name of material/equipment</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:641px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bouin&#39;s solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HT10132</td>
			<td>Used for investigating the metastasis on lungs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Formalin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HT501128</td>
			<td>Used to fix the tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Matrigel, growth factor reduced</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356230</td>
			<td>Cells can be resuspended in matrigel for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Mosquito forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13008-12</td>
			<td>Used for stiching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Angled forceps</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy sciences</td>
			<td>72991-4c</td>
			<td>These make the exposure of mammary fat pad easier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Scissors</td>
			<td>B Braun Medicals</td>
			<td>BC056R</td>
			<td>Used to cut open the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Straight forceps</td>
			<td>B Braun Medicals</td>
			<td>BD025R</td>
			<td>This is used to open up the skin to expose mammary fat pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">NOD scid gamma mice</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>005557</td>
			<td>Experimental animal used for experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MDA-MB-231</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>92020424</td>
			<td>Experimental cells used for injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Oculentum simplex</td>
			<td>Teva Pharmachemie</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Opthalmic ointment used to prevent drying out of eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Betadine</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>19-898-859</td>
			<td>Ionophore, used to disinfect the surgical area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Xylazin/Ketamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X1251, K2753</td>
			<td>Use injected anesthesia as 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg body weight respectively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Temgesic</td>
			<td>Schering-Plough</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use the painkiller as 0,05-0,1mg/kg body weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Life sciences</td>
			<td>11995</td>
			<td>For trypsin neutralization,use media with serum(FBS:media 1:10 volume); for injection, use media with no serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Buffered sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Aniara</td>
			<td>A12-8480-10</td>
			<td>Use the volume ratio as citrate:blood; 1:9</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

orthotopic injection of breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad of mice to study tumor growth.

<html> Meme kanseri büyüme modelini bir bolluk kullanılarak farelerde incelenebilir. Meme kanseri hücrelerinin genetik manipülasyon yeni tümör bastırıcılarının keşfetmek için onkojenik ilerlemesi veya yardım katılan proteinlerin fonksiyonları içgörüler sağlayabilir. Buna ek olarak, farklı genotipleri olan farelere kanser hücreleri enjekte stromal bölmesinde öneminin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayabilir. Birçok model hastalığın ilerlemesi bazı yönlerini araştırmak için yararlı olabilir ama tüm kanser sürecini özetlemek yok. Buna karşılık, meme kanseri hücrelerinin daha iyi farelerin meme yağ tabanına kadar engraftmınt hastalığı ve uygun stromal bölmesinde varlığı ve bu nedenle daha iyi taklit eden, insan kanser hastalığı yerini tartışıldı. Bu makalede, biz orthotopically farelere meme kanseri hücrelerini implante ve analiz etmek dokuları toplamak için nasıl açıklamak için nasıl açıklamak: 14px; line-height:. 28px; &quot;&gt; tümör çevre ve uzak organlara metastaz bu modeli kullanarak, birçok kanser yönleri (büyüme, anjiyogenez ve metastaz) tümör hücrelerinin büyümesi için uygun bir ortam sağlayarak basit incelenebilir.

&quot;Ortotopik meme kanseri modeli&quot; başarılı bir şekilde uygulanması, memenin yağlı pedine hücrelerin uygun enjeksiyon dayanmaktadır. Bu tür hücreler ya da sızıntı kesin aşılama gibi deneysel hatalar tümör boyutu veya kontrol tamponu (Şekil 2A) ile enjekte edilmiş bir meme yağ tabanına benzeyen bir yapının oluşumuna yol açar, bir tümörün da yokluğunda varyasyonlara neden olabilir. Tümör büyüme oranı enjekte edilen hücre çizgisinin doğasına bağlı olduğu, ve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth. at JoVE.com

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Kanser tümörü çevreleyen dokunun hem de yerel pro- ve anti-inflamatuar aracılar tarafından etkilenir kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bu nedenle, daha çok deri altı modellere göre ortotrop enjeksiyon modelleri, bir şekilde daha iyi taklit eden insan patoloji kanser ilerlemesinin incelemek için yararlı olabilir.

Farelerin Meme Fat Pad içine Meme Kanseri Hücreleri Ortotopik Enjeksiyon Tümör Büyüme Eğitim için.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

orthotopic-injection-breast-cancer-cells-into-mammary-fat-pad-mice-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

78.7K Görüntüleme.  Leiden University Medical Center.  Kanser tümörü çevreleyen dokunun hem de yerel pro- ve anti-inflamatuar aracılar tarafından etkilenir kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bu nedenle, daha çok deri altı modellere göre ortotrop enjeksiyon modelleri, bir şekilde daha iyi taklit eden insan patoloji kanser ilerlemesinin incelemek için yararlı olabilir. 

Video: Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Performing and Processing FNA of Anterior Fat Pad for Amyloid

Historically, heart, liver, and kidney biopsies were performed to demonstrate amyloid deposits in amyloidosis. Since the clinical presentation of this disease is so variable and non-specific, the associated risks of these biopsies are too great for the diagnostic yield. Other sites that have a lower biopsy risk, such as skin or gingival, are also relatively invasive and expensive. In addition, these biopsies may not always have sufficient amyloid deposits to establish a diagnosis. Fat pad aspiration has demonstrated good clinical correlation with low cost and minimal morbidity. However, there are no standardized protocols for performing this procedure or processing the aspirated specimen, which leads to variable and nonreproducible results. The most frequently utilized modality for detecting amyloid in tissue is an apple-green birefringence on Congo red stained sections using a polarizing microscope. This technique requires cell block preparation of aspirated material. Unfortunately, patients presenting in early stage of amyloidosis have minimal amounts of amyloid which greatly reduces the sensitivity of Congo red stained cell block sections of fat pad aspirates. Therefore, ultrastructural evaluation of fat pad aspirates by electron microscopy should be utilized, given its increased sensitivity for amyloid detection. This article demonstrates a simple and reproducible procedure for performing anterior fat pad aspiration for the detection of amyloid utilizing both Congo red staining of cell block sections and electron microscopy for ultrastructural identification.

Fat pad aspiration is a preferred, minimally invasive, and low cost approach as compared to other methods to detect amyloid for diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. This video article demonstrates a procedural outline for performing fat pad aspiration with appropriate processing of the specimen for the optimal diagnostic outcome.

Amiloid için Anterior Fat Pad FNA Sahne ve İşleme

Historically, heart, liver, and kidney biopsies were performed to demonstrate amyloid deposits in amyloidosis.  Since the clinical presentation of this ...

Tıp

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

Bir In Vitro</emMetastatik Büyüme Tümör Dormansi ve Switch Eğitim> Sistem

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

İnsan Nöroendokrin Tümör Terapi Çalışmaları Üç Boyutlu Model İnsan nöroendokrin tümör hücre hatlarında

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Damar Hastalığı Çalışmaları Farelerde Ortotopik Aort Nakli

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Birincil Preneoplastic Meme Epitel Hücrelerinin Time-lapse görüntüleme Meme Kanseri Genetik Fare Modelleri türetilen

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

Yeni Bir Yüksek çözünürlüklü<em&gt; In vivo</emTümör Büyüme ve Tedavi için İntrakranial Yapıların Dinamik Tepki Eğitim&gt; Görüntüleme Tekniği

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

Üç Boyutlu Kültürler: Meme hücrelerinin malign Dönüşüm vs Normal Asiner Mimari Eğitim için Bir Aracı

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of breast cancer patients. In this paper a new approach for the detection of breast cancer is described, based on tracking the mammary architectural elements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 
The paper focuses on the scanning protocols and image processing algorithms and software that were designed to fit the diffusion properties of the mammary fibroglandular tissue and its changes during malignant transformation. The final output yields pixel by pixel vector maps that track the architecture of the entire mammary ductal glandular trees and parametric maps of the diffusion tensor coefficients and anisotropy indices. 
The efficiency of the method to detect breast cancer was tested by scanning women volunteers including 68 patients with breast cancer confirmed by histopathology findings. Regions with cancer cells exhibited a marked reduction in the diffusion coefficients and in the maximal anisotropy index as compared to the normal breast tissue, providing an intrinsic contrast for delineating the boundaries of malignant growth. Overall, the sensitivity of the DTI parameters to detect breast cancer was found to be high, particularly in dense breasts, and comparable to the current standard breast MRI method that requires injection of a contrast agent. Thus, this method offers a completely non-invasive, safe and sensitive tool for breast cancer detection.

We describe how to obtain parametric and vector maps of the diffusion tensor of the breast using magnetic resonance imaging. The protocol and final output following imaging processing are tailored for tracking breast architectural features and detecting breast malignancy.

Manyetik Rezonans Difüzyon Tensor Görüntüleme ile Meme Mimari Özellikleri İzleme ve algılama Meme Kanseri

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

Assessment of Viability of Human Fat Injection into Nude Mice with Micro-Computed Tomography

Lipotransfer is a vital tool in the surgeon&#8217;s armamentarium for the treatment of soft tissue deficits of throughout the body. Fat is the ideal soft tissue filler as it is readily available, easily obtained, inexpensive, and inherently biocompatible.1 However, despite its burgeoning popularity, fat grafting is hampered by unpredictable results and variable graft survival, with published retention rates ranging anywhere from 10-80%. 1-3
To facilitate investigations on fat grafting, we have therefore developed an animal model that allows for real-time analysis of injected fat volume retention. Briefly, a small cut is made in the scalp of a CD-1 nude mouse and 200-400 &#181;l&#160;of processed lipoaspirate is placed over the skull. The scalp is chosen as the recipient site because of its absence of native subcutaneous fat, and because of the excellent background contrast provided by the calvarium, which aids in the analysis process. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is used to scan the graft at baseline and every two weeks thereafter. The CT images are reconstructed, and an imaging software is used to quantify graft volumes.
Traditionally, techniques to assess fat graft volume have necessitated euthanizing the study animal to provide just a single assessment of graft weight and volume by physical measurement ex vivo. Biochemical and histological comparisons have likewise required the study animal to be euthanized. This described imaging technique offers the advantage of visualizing and objectively quantifying volume at multiple time points after initial grafting without having to sacrifice the study animal. The technique is limited by the size of the graft able to be injected as larger grafts risk skin and fat necrosis. This method has utility for all studies evaluating fat graft viability and volume retention. It is particularly well-suited to providing a visual representation of fat grafts and following changes in volume over time.

Fat grafting is an essential technique for reconstructing soft tissue deficits. However, it remains an unpredictable procedure characterized by variable graft survival. Our goal was to devise a mouse model that utilizes a novel imaging method to compare volume retention between differing techniques of fat graft preparation and delivery.

Mikro-Bilgisayarlı Tomografi ile Çıplak Fareler içine İnsan Yağ Enjeksiyonu Canlılığına Değerlendirilmesi

Lipotransfer is a vital tool in the surgeon&#8217;s armamentarium for the treatment of soft tissue deficits of throughout the body. Fat is the ideal soft ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

Bir<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Model İnsan Meme Hormon Eylem Eğitim için

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...