This study was supported by a Merit Award from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and an NIH grant R01CA1385282522717 to RW.

Materyaller ve Reaktifler 1. hazırlanması <ol><li> Etiket, bir doku kültürü içinde her bir oyuğa her bir hücre hattı veya bir durum için uygun bir 6-yuvalı plaka tedavi araştırılmaktadır. </li><li> Toz ortamın 1 g ve 50 ml lik bir son hacme kadar deiyonize su içinde bir sodyum bikarbonat, 0.2 g çözülmesiyle 2x hücre kültürü ortamı hazırlayın. </li><li> Sterilize etmek için bir 0.2 mikron filtre içinden bu orta geçirin. </li><li> Ilgi konusu hücre çizgisinin normal kültür için gerekli ek bileşenler ekleyin. Örneğin,% 10 FBS ve% 1 penisilin / streptomisin solüsyonu ile takviye edilmiş RPMI 1640 ortamı içinde CMT 167 hücre çizgisi büyür. Kullanmak için sıcak su banyosu içinde 37 ° C&#39;ye ısınmaya orta önce. </li><li> Eğer söz konusu hücre çizgisinin, normal hücre kültürü için olduğu gibi ayrı ayrı 1x hücre kültür ortamı hazırlayın. </li><li> Deiyonize su asil agar 100 ml 1 g ekleyerek% 1 asil agar hazırlayın. NOT: Noble Agar yalnız ajitasyon tamamen çözülür olmaz. </li><li> Hazırlamak% 0.6 deiyonize edilmiş su, 100 ml ağarla 0.6 g eklenerek ağarla. Her iki agar solüsyonları, uzun süreli depolama için kapatılabilir bir kapak 100 ml bir cam şişe içinde yapılabilir. </li><li> Sterilize etmek asil agar karışımları otoklavlayın. Bu karışımlar, önceden yapılmış ve 4 ° C&#39;de saklandı, ancak, agar tamamen çözülene kadar Deney zamanında yeniden ısıtılması gerekmektedir edilebilir. </li><li> 1000 ml nihai hacme kadar H2O PO 4 HPO 4 1x PBS (8 gr NaCl, 0.2 g KCI, 1.44 g 2 Na 1 mg / ml&#39;lik bir stok solüsyonu yaparak nitro mavi tetrazolyum klorür çözeltisi hazırlanmakta ve 0.24 g KH 2 ). Bu, örneğin koloni boyamak için deney sonunda kullanılacaktır. </li></ol> Agar Alt Katmanı 2. Kaplama <ol><li> Yaklaşık 1-2 dakika boyunca% 1 asil agar ve mikrodalga şişesinin kapağını gevşetin. Bir mikrodalga ısıtırken, üzerine kaynar önlemek için yakından çözümünün takipçisi. Aralıklı karıştırma sırasında, ısıtma, Devamagar tamamen çözülene ve kadar çözelti açıktır. NOT: ısıttıktan sonra şişeyi işlemek için ısıya dayanıklı eldiven kullanın. Aksi takdirde yanığına veya ciddi yaralanmalara neden olabilir. </li><li> Sıcak musluk suyu (42 ° C) ile dolu bir buz kovası erimiş agar çözeltisi ve önceden ısıtılmış 2x kültür ortamı yerleştirin. Ayrıca sıcak su ile buz kovası bir tüp tutucu bir 50 ml konik tüp yerleştirin. Sonraki adımlar için hücre kültürü kaputu kova aktarın. </li><li> Agar alt tabaka için, bir 6-yuvalı plaka içinde çukur başına bir agar karışımı, orta, 1.5 ml gerekir. </li><li> Karışımının yeterli bir miktarını temin etmek üzere, her bir 6-yuvalı plaka için 12 ml &#39;lik bir toplam hazırlar. </li><li> 50 ml&#39;lik konik tüpe kültür ortamı 6 ml ve% 1 asal ağar çözeltisi daha sonra 6 ml ekleyerek başlayın. </li><li> Karıştırmak için konik tüpü birkaç kez ters çevirin. Tempolu bir tempoda çalışan yumuşak ağar erken sertleşmesine engel olacaktır. </li><li> 5 ml serolojik pi karışımın içine yaklaşık 5.5 ml çizinPette. </li><li> Hava kabarcıkları her kuyuya, bu karışımın 1.5 ml kaplanmasından önce pipet sütunun üstüne yükselmesine izin verir. Plaka kuyuların içine herhangi bir hava kabarcığı birikmesini önlemek için dikkatli kullanın. </li><li> Plakaları kapak ve ağar karışım 30 dakika için, hücre kültürü kaputu, oda sıcaklığında katılaşacağı için olanak sağlar. </li></ol> 3. Kaplama Agar İçeren Hücreleri Üst Katman <ol><li> Agar alt tabaka katılaştıktan sonra, üst tabakanın hazırlanmasını başlar. </li><li> (Tripsin 1 ml örneğin orta 4 ml) kültür ortamı içinde 5, 15 ml konik bir tüp içinde: İlk olarak, tripsinizasyon ile hasat hücreleri ve onları: 1 seyreltin. </li><li> Hücre sayımı ve bu süre zarfında, bir nihai hücre süspansiyonunu hazırlamak için oyuk başına gerekli olan hücre sayısını hesaplayın. Bu sayı, hücre tipine bağlı olarak değişecektir. 5,000 hücre / sıra bir başlangıç ​​noktası kullanmak ve gerektiği gibi ayarlayın. Bu hücre sayısı için, örneğin, her bir wel (6667 hücre / ml&#39;lik bir hücre süspansiyonunu hazırlamakL Bu süspansiyonun 0.75 ml ve 1.5 ml toplam hacim için agar 0.75 ml alır; 5,000 olan bir nihai toplam hücre sayısı) 2: hücrelerin konsantrasyonu da 1 seyreltilir. </li><li> 6 gözlü bir plakanın her bir kuyucuğu başına gerekli olan hücre süspansiyonu hacmi tekrar 1,5 ml olacaktır. 6 plaka başına 12 ml toplam ek hücre süspansiyonu hazırlayın. </li><li> Yukarıdaki gibi, bir mikrodalga% 0.6 agar çözeltisi eritin ve bir tüp tutucuya 50 ml konik bir tüp ve Adım 3,3 nihai hücre süspansiyonu ile birlikte sıcak su ihtiva eden buz kovası içine koyun. </li><li> Sonraki adımlar için hücre kültürü kaputu erimiş% 0.6 agar ile buz kovası aktarın. </li><li> 6-çukurlu plaka başına 12 ml&#39;lik toplam hacim hazırlanması, 1: 1 oranında% 0.6 agar ve hücre süspansiyonu karıştırılır. 1.5 mi oyuk başına gerekli olacak, fakat ek olarak, yukarıda yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Pipet 50 ml konik bir tüp içine hücre süspansiyonu 6 ml. </li><li> Sonra, tüpe% 0.6 agar, 6 ml ilave ediniz. NOT: Bu karışımın sıcaklığı olmalıdırerken sertleşmesine önlemek ve hücre canlılığını maksimize etrafında 42 ° C tuttu. </li><li> Pipet hücreleri dağıtmak için bu karışımı 2-3x, hızlı çalışma, daha sonra 5 ml serolojik pipet karışımın içine 5.5 ml kadar çizin. </li><li> Herhangi bir hava kabarcığı her kuyuya, bu karışımın 1.5 ml kaplanmasından önce pipet sütunun üstüne yükselmesine izin verir. Plaka kuyuların içine herhangi bir hava kabarcığı birikmesini önlemek için dikkatli kullanın. </li><li> Hücre / agar karışımı, 37 ° C sıcaklıkta nemlendirilmiş bir hücre kültürü inkübatöründe yerleştirmeden önce, 30 dakika süre ile, hücre kültürü kaputu, oda sıcaklığında katılaşacağı için izin verin. </li><li> Yeterli koloni oluşumu için gereken süre, yaklaşık 21 gün, tipik olarak, her bir hücre hattı için değişir. </li><li> Büyüme ortamının bir tabaka kuruma önlemek için üst agar tabakası üzerine muhafaza edilmelidir. Haftada iki kez ortam ilave 100 ul bu amaç için yeterlidir. </li></ol> 4. Plakaları Boyama ve Sayma Kolonileri <ol><li> 200 eklenerek Leke hücreleri _6; ve 37 ° C&#39;de gece boyunca plakalar kuluçkaya nitro mavi tetrazolyum klorür solüsyonu ilave edin. </li><li> Koloniler lekeli sonra, bir görüntüleme kullanılarak kuyuların fotoğraflarını çekmek ve görüntü analiz yazılımı kullanarak kolonileri saymayın. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Sinyal gönderme proteinleri, tümör baskılayıcı fonksiyonu in vitro teyit de zordur. Bu özelliği araştırmak için mevcut en sıkı deneylerden biri yumuşak agar koloni formasyonu testtir. Burada, stabil bir şekilde, parental CMT167 hücre hattına göre Wnt7a ve Fzd9 aşırı ifade eden bir murin akciğer karsinoma hücre soyu kullanılarak, yumuşak agar koloni formasyon deneyi gösterdik. Yumuşak agar tahlil ilgili dikkate alınması gereken birkaç önemli no...

Yumuşak Agar koloni formasyon deneyi yaygın in vitro hücresel dönüşümü değerlendirmek için kullanılan bir tekniktir. Tarihsel olarak, Puck ve diğ., 1956 yılında bir deney, klonojenik analiz, koloniler 1 oluşturmak için hücre yeteneğini değerlendirmek için kullanıldı. Bu teknikte, hücreler, kültür plakası üzerine dağıtılmıştır ve gerektiğinde büyüme faktörleri temin etmek üzere &quot;besleyici&quot; hücreler ya da şartlandırılmış ortam varlığında yetiştirilir. Bu tekniğin sınırlama sadece koloni oluşumu ile ilgili bilgi verdi oldu. Normal hücreler nedeniyle anoikis 2 olarak apoptotik ölümden belirli bir tür için, ankrajdan bağımsız büyüme engellenir. Bununla birlikte, dönüştürülmüş hücreler, bir alt-tabakaya bağlanma olmaksızın, büyüme yeteneği ve bölme vardır. Bu kavram yararlanmak için, araştırmacılar yumuşak agar koloni formasyonu testi geliştirdi. Yumuşak Agar koloni formasyon deneyi yana sp gidermek için, daha yakın yıllarda, değiştirilmişecific ihtiyaçları. Bir varyasyon yüksek verimli koloni sayımı için izin florometrık boya dahil edilmesini içerir. Başka bir varyasyon proteini ya da DNA numuneleri gerekli olduğunda koloni oluşumu ile işaretlemeden sonra yaşayabilir hücreler bulunmaya izin vermek için özel bir agar çözeltisi kullanılmasını içerir. Geleneksel yumuşak agar koloni formasyon deneyi, hücreler, hücre kültür ortamı ile karıştırılmış yumuşak agar, bir başka tabaka üzerinde bulunur, hücre kültür ortamı ile karıştırılmış, yumuşak bir agar tabakası içinde yetiştirilen ama agar daha yüksek bir konsantrasyonunu ihtiva eden edilir. Bu kültür plakasına yapışmasını hücreleri engeller, ama görünür koloniler oluşturmak üzere hücrelerin transforme sağlar. Bu tekniğin arkasındaki mantık, normal hücrelerin büyümesine ve bölmek mümkün hücre dışı matris temas hücreye bağlı olmasıdır. Tersine, dönüştürülmüş hücrelerin büyümesine ve ne olursa olsun, çevresini bölmek yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu nedenle, bir ankrajdan bağımsız bir şekilde bunların koloni oluşturabilme özelliklerini hücreleri ° C,onsidered dönüştürülmüş ve kanserojen olması. Bu yöntemin genel amacı, bir yarı-niceliksel ve sıkı şekilde hücreler, bu yeteneği ölçmektir. Wnt sinyal yolu embriyogenezin kritik ve genellikle tumorigenezden 3-6&#39;da de-regüle olduğunu. Wnt sinyal ile ilişkili birden fazla yol vardır. Kanonik yolu transkripsiyonel koaktivatör beta-katenin üzerindeki etkileri aracılığıyla Wnt sinyalizasyon ve aşağı gen transkripsiyonu düzenlenmesini içerir. Wnts aynı zamanda, örneğin, bir kaç kurallı olmayan yollar aracılığıyla sinyal, endoplazmik retikulum 8 kalsiyum salınımını regüle iskelet yapısı 7 içinde yer alan elemanları düzenleyen düzlemsel hücre kutup yolu, ve Wnt-kalsiyum yolağı. Wnt ligandlar Frizzled reseptörlere bağlanma yoluyla faaliyetlerini gösterirler. Birkaç Wnts akciğer kanserinde yukarı-regüle edilmesi gösterilmiş olmasına rağmen, Wnt7a olmayan Smal aşağı-regüle edilmesi gösterilmiştirpromotör metilasyonu ile 9 l hücreli akciğer kanseri. Wnt7a olmayan bir kurallı yolu aracılığıyla bir tümör baskılayıcı olarak Fzd9 ve eylemleri bağlar. Wnt-7a ve FZD-9 restorasyonu küçük hücreli olmayan akciğer kanseri hücreleri 10 büyümesini inhibe eder. Wnt7a / Fzd9 etkileri ERK-5, sırayla, peroksizom proliferatörünün aktive ettiği reseptör γ yi (PPARy), 11,12 aktivasyonu ile aracılık eder. Burada, Wnt7a ve Fzd9 fazla sentezlenmesi bir murin akciğer karsinoma hücre çizgisinin ankrajdan bağımsız büyümenin bastırılması ile sonuçlandığı göstermektedir. Murin CMT167 hücreleri, C57BL / lcrf farelerde 13 bir akciğer karsinomu elde edilmiştir ve kalıcı bir şekilde Wnt7A ve Fzd9 ile transfekte edilmiştir. Wnt7A ve Fzd9 aşırı ekspresyonu nicel PCR (Q-PCR) ile Wnt7A ve Fzd9 aşırı ifadesinin işlevselliği ile teyit edildi PPARy alt baş aktivasyonu sureti ile teyit edilmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Cancer Cell Line of Interest</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10032302</td>
			<td>CMT-167 Cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Powdered RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31800-089</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to prepare 2X cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Liquid RPMI 1650 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-040-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Referred to as 1X cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30910.03</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to supplement cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">CellGro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-002-Cl</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used in cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Difco Noble Agar</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">214230</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to prepare 1.0% and 0.6% Agar.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP-328-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used in 2X cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-050-Cl</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Sterile Bottle-Top Filters</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-761-126</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to sterile filter 2X medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Lipofectamine Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18324-020</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used in PPAR-RE luciferase assay.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">6-well Plates Tissue-culture Treated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">37 degree C/5% CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Chemi-Doc Imager</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to take pictures of colonies.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Quantity One Software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to count cell colonies.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">15mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">50mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">250mL Erlenmeyer Flasks</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Microwave</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">5mL Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Pipette Aid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Hemacytometer w/ cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Pipette Tips</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Inverted Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Heat-Resistant Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Saran Wrap</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ice Bucket</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the soft agar colony formation assay

Anchorage-independent growth is the ability of transformed cells to grow independently of a solid surface, and is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. The soft agar colony formation assay is a well-established method for characterizing this capability in vitro and is considered to be one of the most stringent tests for malignant transformation in cells. This assay also allows for semi-quantitative evaluation of this capability in response to various treatment conditions. Here, we will demonstrate the soft agar colony formation assay using a murine lung carcinoma cell line, CMT167, to demonstrate the tumor suppressive effects of two members of the Wnt signaling pathway, Wnt7A and Frizzled-9 (Fzd-9). Concurrent overexpression of Wnt7a and Fzd-9 caused an inhibition of colony formation in CMT167 cells. This shows that expression of Wnt7a ligand and its Frizzled-9 receptor is sufficient to suppress tumor growth in a murine lung carcinoma model.

Bizim yumuşak agar koloni formasyon deneyi ile gösterildiği gibi CMT167 hücrelerinde Wnt7A ve Fzd9 ekspresyonu tümör bastırılmasında etkindir. Başlangıçta, biz Wnt7A ve Fzd9 mRNA CMT167 hücrelerinde düşük seviyelerde eksprese olduğunu göstermek üzere, Q-PCR kullanılmıştır. MLE-12 hücreleri, bir SV40 ile dönüştürülmüş faregiller akciğer epitelyal hücre hattı (Şekil 1) ile karşılaştırıldığında CMT167 hücreleri, endojen Wnt7A ve Fzd9 düşük seviyeleri göstermi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay at JoVE.com

The Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay

The soft agar colony formation assay is a method used to confirm cellular anchorage-independent growth in vitro. The goal of this protocol is to illustrate a stringent method for the detection of the tumorigenic potential of transformed cells and the tumor suppressive effects of proteins on transformed cells.

Yumuşak Agar koloni formasyon deneyi

Anchorage-independent growth is the ability of transformed cells to grow independently of a solid surface, and is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. The soft ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

110.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Illinois at Chicago. The soft agar colony formation assay is a method used to confirm cellular anchorage-independent growth in vitro. The goal of this protocol is to illustrate a stringent method for the detection of the tumorigenic potential of transformed cells and the tumor suppressive effects of proteins on transformed cells.

Video: The Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

S. cerevisiae yapışma ve Agar Invasion için Testi

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Biyoloji

Supported Planar Bilayers for the Formation of Study of Immunological Synapses and Kinapse

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse.   To mimic the interactions between lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, we use Ni2+-chelating lipids to anchor recombinant cell adhesion and MHC proteins to the upper leaflet of a bilayer with poly-histidine tags. Planar bilayers are generated by preparing lipid, treating the glass surfaces where the bilayer will form, and then forming the bilayer in a specialized chamber containing a flow-cell where the lymphocytes will be added.  Then, bilayers are charged with Ni and his-tagged recombinant proteins are added.  Finally,  lymphocytes are injected into the flow cell and TIRF microscopy can be used to image synapse formation and the mechanisms that control T cell locomotion, sites of receptor sorting,  and sites of receptor degradation.

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse. Here, we show methods for anchoring cell adhesion proteins known to modulate synapse formation to the upper leaflet of the lipid bilyer and visualize synapse formation using TIRF microscopy.

İmmünolojik Sinapslar ve Kinapse Eğitim Oluşumu için desteklenen Düzlemsel Bilayers

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse.   To mimic the interactions ...

Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of excitement for treating injured and diseased tissues due to their impressive capabilities to undergo multi-lineage cell differentiation and their self-renewal ability. Most importantly, these qualities have made them advantageous for use in autologous cell transplantation therapies. The current protocol will introduce the readers to the modified preplate technique where soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system, e.g. tendon and muscle, are 1st enzymatically dissociated and then placed in collagen coated flasks with medium. The supernatant, which is composed of medium and the remaining floating cells, is serially transferred daily to new flasks. The stem cells are the slowest to adhere to the flasks which is usually takes 5-7 days (serial transfers or preplates) . By using this technique, adult stem cells present in these tissues can be easily harvested through fairly non-invasive procedures.

Isolating adult stem cells from musculoskeletal soft tissues based on the cell's adherence speed to flask.

Yumuşak Kas-iskelet Dokular Kök Hücre Yalıtımlı

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of ...

Agar-Block Microcosms for Controlled Plant Tissue Decomposition by Aerobic Fungi

The two principal methods for studying fungal biodegradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues were developed for wood preservative testing (soil-block; agar-block). It is well-accepted that soil-block microcosms yield higher decay rates, fewer moisture issues, lower variability among studies, and higher thresholds of preservative toxicity. Soil-block testing is thus the more utilized technique and has been standardized by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (method D 1413-07). The soil-block design has drawbacks, however, using locally-variable soil sources and in limiting the control of nutrients external (exogenous) to the decaying tissues. These drawbacks have emerged as a problem in applying this method to other, increasingly popular research aims. These modern aims include degrading lignocellulosics for bioenergy research, testing bioremediation of co-metabolized toxics, evaluating oxidative mechanisms, and tracking translocated elements along hyphal networks. Soil-blocks do not lend enough control in these applications. A refined agar-block approach is necessary.
Here, we use the brown rot wood-degrading fungus Serpula lacrymans to degrade wood in agar-block microcosms, using deep Petri dishes with low-calcium agar. We test the role of exogenous gypsum on decay in a time-series, to demonstrate the utility and expected variability. Blocks from a single board rip (longitudinal cut) are conditioned, weighed, autoclaved, and introduced aseptically atop plastic mesh. Fungal inoculations are at each block face, with exogenous gypsum added at interfaces. Harvests are aseptic until the final destructive harvest. These microcosms are designed to avoid block contact with agar or Petri dish walls. Condensation is minimized during plate pours and during incubation. Finally, inoculum/gypsum/wood spacing is minimized but without allowing contact. These less technical aspects of agar-block design are also the most common causes of failure and the key source of variability among studies. Video publication is therefore useful in this case, and we demonstrate low-variability, high-quality results.

This video demonstrates a controlled environment approach to study degradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues by aerobic fungi. The ability to control nutrient sources and moisture is a key advantage of agar-block microcosms, but the approach often yields mixed success. We address critical pitfalls to yield reproducible, low-variability results.

Aerobik Mantarlar Kontrollü Bitki Doku Ayrışma Agar-Blok Microcosms

The two principal methods for studying fungal biodegradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues were developed for wood preservative testing (soil-block; ...

Yeast Colony Embedding Method

Patterning of different cell types in embryos is a key mechanism in metazoan development. Communities of microorganisms, such as colonies and biofilms also display patterns of cell types. For example, in the yeast S. cerevisiae, sporulated cells and pseudohyphal cells are not uniformly distributed in colonies. The functional importance of patterning and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these patterns are still poorly understood.
One challenge with respect to investigating patterns of cell types in fungal colonies is that unlike metazoan tissue, cells in colonies are relatively weakly attached to one another. In particular, fungal colonies do not contain the same extensive level of extracellular matrix found in most tissues . Here we report on a method for embedding and sectioning yeast colonies that reveals the interior patterns of cell types in these colonies. The method can be used to prepare thick sections (0.5 &mu;) useful for light microscopy and thin sections (0.1 &mu;) suitable for transmission electron microscopy. Asci and pseudohyphal cells can easily be distinguished from ovoid yeast cells by light microscopy , while the interior structure of these cells can be visualized by EM.
The method is based on surrounding colonies with agar, infiltrating them with Spurr's medium, and then sectioning. Colonies with a diameter in the range of 1-2 mm are suitable for this protocol. In addition to visualizing the interior of colonies, the method allows visualization of the region of the colony that invades the underlying agar.

A method for embedding yeast colonies allowing sectioning for light and electron microscopy. This protocol allows determination of the distribution of sporulated cells and pseudohyphal cells within colonies providing a new tool toward understanding the organization of cell types within a fungal community.

Maya Colony Gömme Yöntemi

Patterning of  different cell types in embryos is a key mechanism in metazoan development. Communities of microorganisms, such as colonies and biofilms ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Clonogenic Testi: yapışkan Hücreler

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

A Matrigel-Based Tube Formation Assay to Assess the Vasculogenic Activity of Tumor Cells

Over the past several decades, a tube formation assay using growth factor-reduced Matrigel has been typically employed to demonstrate the angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial cells in vitro1-5. However, recently growing evidence has shown that this assay is not limited to test vascular behavior for endothelial cells. Instead, it also has been used to test the ability of a number of tumor cells to develop a vascular phenotype6-8. This capability was consistent with their vasculogenic behavior identified in xenotransplanted animals, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM)9. There is a multitude of evidence demonstrating that tumor cell-mediated VM plays a vital role in the tumor development, independent of endothelial cell angiogenesis6, 10-13. For example, tumor cells were found to participate in the blood perfused, vascular channel formation in tissue samples from melanoma and glioblastoma patients8, 10, 11. Here, we described this tubular network assay as a useful tool in evaluation of vasculogenic activity of tumor cells. We found that some tumor cell lines such as melanoma B16F1 cells, glioblastoma U87 cells, and breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells are able to form vascular tubules; but some do not such as colon cancer HCT116 cells. Furthermore, this vascular phenotype is dependent on cell numbers plated on the Matrigel. Therefore, this assay may serve as powerful utility to screen the vascular potential of a variety of cell types including vascular cells, tumor cells as well as other cells.

A tube formation assay is used to evaluate vascular activity of tumor cells.

Tümör Hücrelerinin vaskülojenik Faaliyet değerlendirin bir Matrigel Tabanlı Tüp Oluşumu Testi

Over the past several decades, a tube formation assay using growth factor-reduced Matrigel has been typically employed to demonstrate the angiogenic ...

A Quantitative Assay for Insulin-expressing Colony-forming Progenitors

The field of pancreatic stem and progenitor cell biology has been hampered by a lack of in vitro functional and quantitative assays that allow for the analysis of the single cell. Analyses of single progenitors are of critical importance because they provide definitive ways to unequivocally demonstrate the lineage potential of individual progenitors. Although methods have been devised to generate "pancreatospheres" in suspension culture from single cells, several limitations exist. First, it is time-consuming to perform single cell deposition for a large number of cells, which in turn commands large volumes of culture media and space. Second, numeration of the resulting pancreatospheres is labor-intensive, especially when the frequency of the pancreatosphere-initiating progenitors is low. Third, the pancreatosphere assay is not an efficient method to allow both the proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitors in the same culture well, restricting the usefulness of the assay.
To overcome these limitations, a semi-solid media based colony assay for pancreatic progenitors has been developed and is presented in this report. This method takes advantage of an existing concept from the hematopoietic colony assay, in which methylcellulose is used to provide viscosity to the media, allowing the progenitor cells to stay in three-dimensional space as they undergo proliferation as well as differentiation. To enrich insulin-expressing colony-forming progenitors from a heterogeneous population, we utilized cells that express neurogenin (Ngn) 3, a pancreatic endocrine progenitor cell marker. Murine embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived Ngn3 expressing cells tagged with the enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter were sorted and as many as 25,000 cells per well were plated into low-attachment 24-well culture dishes. Each well contained 500 &mu;L of semi-solid media with the following major components: methylcellulose, Matrigel, nicotinamide, exendin-4, activin &beta;B, and conditioned media collected from murine ES cell-derived pancreatic-like cells. After 8 to 12 days of culture, insulin-expressing colonies with distinctive morphology were formed and could be further analyzed for pancreatic gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoflourescent staining to determine the lineage composition of each colony.
In summary, our colony assay allows easy detection and quantification of functional progenitors within a heterogeneous population of cells. In addition, the semi-solid media format allows uniform presentation of extracellular matrix components and growth factors to cells, enabling progenitors to proliferate and differentiate in vitro. This colony assay provides unique opportunities for mechanistic studies of pancreatic progenitor cells at the single cell level.

A three-dimensional clonogenic assay that allows pancreatic-like progenitors to differentiate into insulin-expressing colonies is described. This method takes advantage of semi-solid media containing methylcellulose, Matrigel and growth factors, in which single progenitors proliferate and differentiate in vitro, permitting quantification of the number of functional progenitors in a population.

İnsülin ifade Koloni oluşturan atalarıdır için Kantitatif Testi

The field of pancreatic stem and progenitor cell biology has been hampered by a lack of in vitro functional and quantitative assays that allow for the ...

A Semi-quantitative Approach to Assess Biofilm Formation Using Wrinkled Colony Development

Biofilms, or surface-attached communities of cells encapsulated in an extracellular matrix, represent a common lifestyle for many bacteria. Within a biofilm, bacterial cells often exhibit altered physiology, including enhanced resistance to antibiotics and other environmental stresses 1. Additionally, biofilms can play important roles in host-microbe interactions. Biofilms develop when bacteria transition from individual, planktonic cells to form complex, multi-cellular communities 2. In the laboratory, biofilms are studied by assessing the development of specific biofilm phenotypes. A common biofilm phenotype involves the formation of wrinkled or rugose bacterial colonies on solid agar media 3. Wrinkled colony formation provides a particularly simple and useful means to identify and characterize bacterial strains exhibiting altered biofilm phenotypes, and to investigate environmental conditions that impact biofilm formation. Wrinkled colony formation serves as an indicator of biofilm formation in a variety of bacteria, including both Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis 4, and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae 5, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 6, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7, and Vibrio fischeri 8.
The marine bacterium V. fischeri has become a model for biofilm formation due to the critical role of biofilms during host colonization: biofilms produced by V. fischeri promote its colonization of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes 8-10. Importantly, biofilm phenotypes observed in vitro correlate with the ability of V. fischeri cells to effectively colonize host animals: strains impaired for biofilm formation in vitro possess a colonization defect 9,11, while strains exhibiting increased biofilm phenotypes are enhanced for colonization 8,12. V. fischeri therefore provides a simple model system to assess the mechanisms by which bacteria regulate biofilm formation and how biofilms impact host colonization.
In this report, we describe a semi-quantitative method to assess biofilm formation using V. fischeri as a model system. This method involves the careful spotting of bacterial cultures at defined concentrations and volumes onto solid agar media; a spotted culture is synonymous to a single bacterial colony. This 'spotted culture' technique can be utilized to compare gross biofilm phenotypes at single, specified time-points (end-point assays), or to identify and characterize subtle biofilm phenotypes through time-course assays of biofilm development and measurements of the colony diameter, which is influenced by biofilm formation. Thus, this technique provides a semi-quantitative analysis of biofilm formation, permitting evaluation of the timing and patterning of wrinkled colony development and the relative size of the developing structure, characteristics that extend beyond the simple overall morphology.

We provide a simple, semi-quantitative method to investigate biofilm formation in vitro. This method takes advantage of the Zeiss stemi 2000-C Dissecting Microscope (with camera attachment) to monitor both the timing and pattern of biofilm formation, as assessed by the development of wrinkled colonies.

Buruşuk Koloni Gelişimi kullanarak Biyofilm Oluşumu değerlendirin Bir Yarı-kantitatif Yaklaşım

Biofilms, or surface-attached communities of cells encapsulated in an extracellular matrix, represent a common lifestyle for many bacteria. Within a ...

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using this protocol, angiogenesis may be measured in vitro in a fast, quantifiable manner. Primary or immortalized endothelial cells are mixed with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane matrix. The endothelial cells form capillary like structures in response to angiogenic signals found in conditioned media. The tube formation occurs quickly with endothelial cells beginning to align themselves within 1&#160;hr and lumen-containing tubules beginning to appear within 2 hr. Tubes can be visualized using a phase contrast inverted microscope, or the cells can be treated with calcein AM prior to the assay and tubes visualized through fluorescence or confocal microscopy. The number of branch sites/nodes, loops/meshes, or number or length of tubes formed can be easily quantified as a measure of in vitro angiogenesis. In summary, this assay can be used to identify genes and pathways that are involved in the promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in a rapid, reproducible, and quantitative manner.

Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay for the In Vitro Study of Angiogenesis

The tube formation assay is a fast, quantifiable method for measuring in vitro angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are combined with conditioned media and plated on basement membrane extract. Tube formation occurs within hours and newly formed tubules easily quantified.

Endotel Hücre için Tüp Deneyi birleşimi<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Anjiyogenezin Çalışması

Angiogenesis is a vital process for normal tissue development and wound healing, but is also associated with a variety of pathological conditions. Using ...