This work is funded by NIH RO1 NS 40433 (K.J.J.).

Idam tüm işlemler Tıp Kurumsal Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi Indiana Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmış ve Sağlık kılavuzların Ulusal Enstitüsü takip edilmektedir. 1. Cerrahi Tekniği <ol><li> Steril eldiven, aletler ve NIH kurallarına 25 göre steril cerrahi alanını kullanarak bu işlem sırasında aseptik teknik koruyun. Onları otoklav ile ameliyat başlamadan önce araçları sterilize (tam liste için özel Reaktifler / Ekipman Tablo). Operasyon sırasında araçları sterilize etmek için bir cam boncuk sterilizatör kullanın. </li></ol> 2. Anestezi ve Hazırlık <ol><li> Bir veteriner izofluran buharlaştırıcı sistemi kullanılarak 0.9 L / dk oksijen ve% 2.5 izofluran karışımı ile anestezi kutusuna fare anestezisi. Fare kutusundan çıkarmadan önce vücut pozisyonunda değişikliklere yanıt vermez emin olun. </li><li> Mou oftalmik merhem sürünSE gözleri kurumasını onları korumak için. </li><li> Burun konisi kutuya gaz akışını geçin. Koni içinde kendi burun ve ağız ile cerrahi ped ve emici tezgah kağıdı ile kaplı bir ısıtılmış pad üzerinde sol tarafta kare fare yerleştirin. Sürekli farenin solunum ritmi ve hızı izlemek ve gerektiğinde izofluran seviyelerini ayarlamak - anestezi yeterli düzeyde tutmak için (2,5 ila% 3 izofluran), toplam sedasyon onaylamak için ayak tutam refleksini kullanın. </li></ol> 3. Cerrahi Yaklaşım <ol><li> Hizalayın ve cerrahi alan ile stereoskopla odak. Burun konisi ayarlayın ve görme alanının kenarında konumlandırılmış böylece aşağı bantlayın. </li><li> Fare sol tarafta yalan, kesi yapılacaktır kulağın arkasındaki alanı açığa burun konisi sağ kulak kenarına bantlayın. Posterior aurikular ven kulağa boyunca yatay hareket emin olun. Not t doğru yerleştirmeO hayvan ve kulak bantlama hızlı yüz siniri bulmak için çok önemlidir. </li><li> Ve% 70 etanol ile kulak arkasında kürk ıslatın ve bir jilet veya neşter bıçak kullanarak cerrahi siteyi tıraş. Ön ıslatma kürk, bu anatomik konumda kolay tıraş sağlar. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile ve ardından bu Betadinede cerrahi fırçalama (% 7.5 povidon-iyot) gibi bir iyot çözeltisi ile deri temizleyin. Iyice bölgeyi dezenfekte bu temizlik iki kez daha tekrarlayın. </li><li> , Kesi yapmak kulak çıkıntı için alan posterior kaudal kulak arka aurikular ven iz yeri belirlemek için. Çıkıntı 3 mm posterior - yaylı makas kullanarak, 4 mm&#39;lik kesi 2 yapmak. </li><li> Künt diseksiyon kullanarak deri altı yağ ve fasya ile ayır. Kan damarları veya kas dokusu kolayca zarar görebilir, çünkü makas ile doğrudan kesme kaçının. </li><li> Kanama oluşursa, steril bir pamuklu çubukla cerrahi bölgeye baskı uygulamaken az 30 saniye boyunca karıştırılmıştır. Belirgin sıvı kaybı meydana gelmesi durumunda, fazla 25 ya da 27 G iğne kullanılarak steril% 0.9 tuzlu su çözeltisi 0.5 ml ile periton içine fare enjekte edilir. </li><li> Yüz siniri bulmak için, birkaç anahtar yerler, spinal aksesuar sinir, kulak kanalına kullanın ve (aşağıda açıklanmıştır) digastrik kas anterior. Fasiyal sinirin dalları görüntülenmiştir kadar bu yerler etrafında ayır. o zaman ortaya sinir önemli bir beyaz katı bir yapı olarak görünür ve fasya tabakası altında yatan yapılara bunu yapışır. <ol><li> Deri altı yağ ve fasya disseke edilmiş bir kez, trapez kasını innerve kafatası kaudal kısmından geçecek spinal aksesuar sinir, bulun. fasial sinir, spinal aksesuar sinir derin. </li><li> Inci beyazı görünüyor ve fasiyal sinirin rostralinde görülebilir kıkırdak kulak kanalı bulun. </li><li> Üst ve c yatıyor ön digastrik kas kas karın bulfasiyal sinirin için audal. </li></ol></li><li> Fasial sinirin ana dalları görüntülenmiştir zaman, Stylomastoid foramende kendi kökenini bulmak için dorsal onları iz. , Açık cerrahi siteyi tutun sinirin yolu takip bahar makas ipuçlarını ilerlemek, daha sonra açık yeni gelişmiş alan tutmak için dorsal forseps taşımak için ince uçlu Dumont forseps # 5/45 kullanma. </li><li> Bu noktada elmacık, yanak ile fasiyal sinirin gövdesini ve marjinal mandibular dalı gözünüzde canlandırın. NOT: Temporal dal foramen yakın bulunacaktır. üst ve alt bölüme marjinal mandibular sinir dalları yakın çene, böylece bu sinir dalları bu düzeyde görünür olmayacaktır. <ol><li> Bir sinir transeksiyonu performans ise, ince uçlu forseps ile yavaşça sinir stabilize ve yaylı makas ile sinir kesti. Beyin sapından sinir avulsing önlemek için forseps ile sinire çok çekiş uygulamaktan kaçının. İtBirbirlerinden uzakta, ya da kesilmiş ve distal sinir bir kısmını çıkarmadan kütükleri hiçbir yeniden bağlanma oluşabilir sağlamak için. </li><li> Bir ezilme yaralanması gerçekleştirmek, sonra, tüm aksonlar sever ilk ezilme sitesine dik ikinci bir açıyla bu ezmek tekrarlamak için sabit basınç kullanarak 30 saniye boyunca sinir sıkıştırmak için Dumont # 5/45 forseps kullanabilir. Aksi takdirde yaralanma hayvanlar arasında tutarsız olacaktır, 30 sn ezmek sırasında basınç değişken miktarlarda uygulamaktan kaçının. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Kapanış ve Kurtarma <ol><li> Altta yatan yapıları üzerinde yağ ve kas yerleştirin. </li><li> Kesi kenarlarını yaklaştığı ve 7,5 mm yara klibi kullanarak yara kapatın. Dikişler ya da yapıştırıcı aynı zamanda yara kapatma için kabul edilebilir. Ameliyat sonrası analjezikler, şu anda temin edilebilir. </li><li> Farenin kulağına bandı çıkarın. Izofluran akışını kapatın ve fare 1 dakika 30 saniye için saf oksijen solumak için izin verir. Planestezi kurtarmak için hiçbir yatak ile boş bir kafes içinde fare ace. </li><li> Fare kurtarıldı zaman, yüz felci doğrulayıcı belirtileri için davranışlarını incelemek. bıyıkları felç ve sırt yanak doğru açılı olacak, burun sapma olacak, ve göz hava puf yanıt yanıp olmaz. </li><li> Ev hayvanlar ortaklaşa ameliyattan sonra onlar kadın iseniz. Daha agresif ve zorla enfeksiyona yol açar onların cagemate yara klipleri, kaldırmak eğilimindedir çünkü ortaklaşa erkek fareler konut kaçının. Gerekirse, şu anda cerrahi sonrası analjezik sağlayın. </li><li> Hiçbir enfeksiyon ya da diğer bir komplikasyon postoperatif meydana sağlamak için ameliyattan sonra birkaç gün günde bir defa fareler izleyin. Kendi üzerinde düşmüş değil varsa ameliyattan sonra 10 gün - yara klipleri 7 çıkarın. </li><li> Göz kırpma refleksi yeniden ya kadar günlük kornea komplikasyonları önlemek için etkilenen göze göz merhemi yağlama Uygulaörtülü veya ötenazi kadar. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical step for this protocol is positioning the mouse properly before surgery is begun. If the mouse is not lying flat on its side, the ear is not taped at the correct angle, or the incision is made in an incorrect location, then finding the facial nerve becomes much more difficult. When this technique is mastered, surgeries will take only minutes per mouse. 
Either sutures, glue, or wound clips can be used to close the wound. Wound clips are preferred because of the small size of incis...

Birçok periferik sinir yaralanması modelleri var, ama motor nöronlar çalışma için göze çarpan bir fasiyal sinir aksotomi modelidir. Ayrıca kranial sinir VII olarak bilinen fasial sinir, pons kaynaklanır ve yüz ifadesi 1,2 kasları innerve eder. Bu cerrahi protokolde, fasial sinir Stylomastoid foramende onun çıkışında maruz kalan ve kesilmiş veya ezilmiş ya edilir. Sinir hasarı şiddeti sırayla akson demetleri etrafına sarın bağ dokusu katmanları olan aksonlar, endoneurium, perinörium ve epinörium devamlılığı dayalı yaralanma ayıran Sunderland 3 sınıflandırmaları, aşağıdaki sınıflandırılabilir. Ezilme yaralanması (aksonotmezis) olarak, aksonlar kopmuş, ancak perinevre ve epinöriyuma korunur. Sağlam sinir kılıfı aksonlar 4,5 regrow, içinde bir kanal olarak hizmet vermektedir, çünkü yüz siniri ezmek Komple fonksiyonel iyileşme yaklaşık 11 gün içinde gerçekleşir. ÜzerindeÖte yandan, kesme yaralanması (nöromezis) içinde, aksonlar ve 3 bağ dokusu katmanları kopmuş olup, tüm distal sinir kas innervasyon geri regrow gerekir. Epinörium Cerrahi yeniden bağlanma genellikle sinirin yaralanması yaralanması olan insan hastalarda yapılır, ancak kurtarma sonuçları nadiren uygun bulunmaktadır. Daha fazla çalışma sinir hedefine regrow başarısız ve hangi tedaviler geliştirmek ve rejeneratif sürecini hızlandırmak için istihdam edilebilir anlamak için gereklidir. Fasial sinir aksotomi modeli kullanılarak sinir yaralanması okuyan birçok avantajı vardır. İlk olarak, fasial sinir aksotomi prosedürü, hızlı, kolay ve son derece tekrarlanabilir; ve yüz kaslarının felci hayati fonksiyonları etkilemez ve iyi hayvan tarafından tolere edilir. Bu motor nöronlar th nispeten homojen nüfus ikamet çünkü basitleştirilmiş motonöron hücre gövdeleri okuyan bir kranial sinir hasarı modeli olduğundan,pons e fasiyal motor çekirdeği. Yedi subnuclei kasların belirli bir grup innerve her özel olarak orada nüfus, yüz motorlu çekirdeğinin içinde subnuclear desen dayalı farklılık yok, bu yüzden axotomy yanıt olarak subnuclear farklılıklar sonuçları 2,6,7 etkileyebilir. Fasial sinir yaralanması modelinde önemli bir yararı sinir innervasyon son derece simetrik ve yüz motorlu çekirdekleri 8 arasında çapraz olduğundan unaxotomized tarafı eşleştirilmiş iç kontrol olarak hizmet verebilir olmasıdır. Bu cerrahi yöntemi kullanmanın bir diğer avantajı, doğrudan merkezi sinir sistemine travma ya da kan-beyin engeli 9. bozulması eksikliğidir. Aşırı kanama ve enfeksiyon gibi komplikasyonlar bu prosedür ile nadirdir. Analiz, çeşitli sinir yaralanmasına bağlı fizyolojik tepkisini tayin etmek için gerçekleştirilebilir. göz kırpma refleksinin ve visker etkinlik geri kazanımı davranışsal olarak kullanılabilirFonksiyonel iyileşme 10,11 ölçüsü. Burun kılı aktivite video kayıt şu anda yüz sinir innervasyon 12,13 kurtarma tespit için en güçlü yöntemdir. Ötenazi sonra, beyin sapı histolojik analiz yüz motorlu çekirdeğin içinde motonöron hücre gövdeleri üzerinde yapılabilir. fasiyal motor çekirdeği yaralanmasına 2,6 yanıtları diferansiyel inceleme için izin, yedi subnuclei, belirli yüz kasları her özel bölünmüştür. Yüz motor nöronlar hücre yaşamını ölçmek için sayılabilir ya da immünohistokimya, biyolojik göstergeleri ve özel hücre popülasyonlarının 14 tanımlamak için kullanılabilir. fasiyal motor çekirdeği doğru sinir hasarı 15,16 hücresel yanıtın moleküler analiz için lazer yakalama kullanılarak microdissected edilebilir. Fasial sinir aksotomisi etkileri motor korteks 17,18 analiz edilebilir. Ayrıca, sinir Wallerian dejenerasyon çalışma çıkarılmasına olanak 19 ya daakson rejenerasyonu 20, ve kaslar kas kavşakları 21 çalışma çıkarılabilir. fasial sinir aksotomi da kas 21, ve bağışıklık sistemini yanıtı 23, ilişikteki santral ve periferik glial hücreleri 22 çalışma hedef için kullanılabilir. Çok fasial sinir aksotomi modeli 24 okuyan başarılı olmasına rağmen sinir hasarı hastaları için önemli bir sorundur ve güncel tedaviler iyi sonuçlar üretmek için başarısız çünkü, periferik sinir hasarı daha fazla çalışma gereklidir. Bu model sinir yaralanması fizyolojik yanıtı inceleyerek ve sinir rejenerasyonu tedavilerin etkinliğini analiz etmek için güçlü bir araçtır.

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			<td>Used to apply wound clip, sterilize before use</td>
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facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury

Bu cerrahi protokolün amacı Stylomastoid foramende onun çıkışında yüz kasları innerve yüz siniri, ortaya çıkarmak ve ya kesme veya periferik sinir hasarı neden onu ezmek için. Bu ameliyatın avantajları böylece diğer sinir yaralanması modellere kıyasla nispeten hafif cerrahi sonuç sonuçlanan sadeliği, yüksek tekrarlanabilirlik ve sonraki yüz felci hayati fonksiyonları veya hareketlilik üzerindeki etkisinin olmamasıdır. Kranial sinir yaralanması modelini kullanarak önemli bir avantajı motor nöronlar motor nöron hücre gövdeleri çalışma basitleştirilmesi, pons yüz motorlu çekirdeğinde nispeten homojen nüfus ikamet olduğunu. Çünkü yüz sinir innervasyon simetrik yapısı ve yüz motorlu çekirdekleri arasındaki karışma eksikliği, çalışma unaxotomized tarafı eşleştirilmiş iç kontrol olarak hizmet veren tek taraflı yapılabilir. Analiz çeşitli eşek postoperatif yapılabilirBu makalenin kapsamı dışındadır ayrıntıları fizyolojik tepki, s. Örneğin, kas fonksiyonunun geri kazanılması; innervasyonun bir davranış markör olarak görev yapabilir veya motor nöronlar hücre yaşamını ölçmek için sayısal olarak belirlenebilir. Ayrıca, motor nöronlar doğru moleküler analiz için lazer mikrodiseksiyon kullanılarak yakalanabilir. Yüz siniri axotomy minimal invaziv ve iyi tolere edilir, çünkü bu genetik olarak tadil edilmiş farelerin çok çeşitli kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, bu ameliyat modeli periferik sinir yaralanması tedavilerinin etkinliğini analiz etmek için kullanılabilir. Yüz sinir hasarı sadece motor nöronlar araştırılması için bir araç sağlar, ancak merkezi ve çevresel glial mikro-bağışıklık sistemi ve hedef kas da yanıtlar. fasial sinir hasarı modeli sinir hasarı ve yenilenme eğitim için güçlü bir araç olarak hizmet yaygın olarak kabul gören periferik sinir yaralanması modelidir.

Fasial sinir aksotomi gerçekleştirildikten sonra, motor nöron kaybı yaralanma sonucu ortaya çıkar. Yaralanma sonrası motonöron sağkalım gibi hem motonöron sağkalım verileri özetlemek cinsiyet, ameliyat sırasında hayvan yaş ve motonöron sayımları yapılır hangi timepoint ve Moran ve Graeber&#39;in inceleme 24 ve Jinno ve Yamada inceleme 22 gibi birçok değişkene bağlıdır. Tipik olarak, motor nöronlar yaklaşık% 86 sonrası aksotomi 14,15,26 28 gün hayatta. Mot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury at JoVE.com

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

Farelerde Yüz Sinir Aksotomi: Sakatlık Motonöron Yanıtı Eğitim için Bir Model

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K Görüntüleme.  Indiana University School of Medicine. We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques. 

Video: Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Farelerde Akut Akciğer Hasarı tetikleyebilecek Basınç Kontrollü Havalandırma

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

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The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia i.e. pain due to tactile stimuli that do not normally provoke a painful response [1]. 
The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact [2]. The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. The non-operated side of the mouse can be used as a control. The advantages of the SNI model are the robustness of the response and that it doesn&#x2019;t require expert microsurgical skills.
The threshold for mechanical pain response is determined by testing with von Frey filaments of increasing bending force, which are repetitively pressed against the lateral area of the paw [3], [4]. A positive pain reaction is defined as sudden paw withdrawal, flinching and/or paw licking induced by the filament. A positive response in three out of five repetitive stimuli is defined as the pain threshold. 
As demonstrated in the video protocol, C57BL/6 mice experience profound allodynia as early as the day following surgery and maintain this for several weeks.

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury animal model is described here as a mouse model of peripheral neuropathic pain following partial denervation of the sciatic nerve by lesioning the tibial and common peroneal nerve branches, leaving the remaining sural nerve intact. Behavioral modification resulting from mechanical allodynia is quantified by von Frey filaments.

Fare İndüklenmiş Mekanik allodini ayrılan sinir hasarı (SNI) Model

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

Post-lezyonlu Solunum nöroplastisite Eğitim için Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir fare modeli

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve (IoN-CCI) to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral procedures to study trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. To meet the specificity of trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, the infraorbital nerve (IoN) is subjected to a chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the nerve. An intra-orbital approach is presented here to expose and ligate the IoN in the orbital cavity. After IoN ligation, rats exhibit changes in spontaneous behavior and in response to von Frey hair stimulation that are indicative of persistent pain and mechanical allodynia. Two phases can be defined in the development of the behavioral changes. During the first week following IoN-CCI (phase 1), rats show an increased and asymmetric face grooming activity, i.e., with face wash strokes primarily directed to the nerve-injured IoN territory. A distinction is made between face grooming behavior that is part of a more general body grooming behavior, which remains largely unaffected by IoN-CCI, and face grooming that is neither preceded nor followed by body grooming, which is significantly increased after IoN-CCI. During this period, responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the IoN territory is reduced. This hyporesponsiveness is abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness whereby even very weak stimulus intensities provoke nocifensive behavior (phase 2). The phenomenological similarities between these behavioral alterations and reported signs of facial pain (i.e., responses to noxious stimulation of the face) suggest the presence of dysesthesia/paresthesia and mechanical allodynia in the ligated IoN territory.

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat&#039;s Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

This manuscript describes a rodent model to study trigeminal neuropathic pain. The methods described include surgical procedures to perform a chronic constriction injury of the rat&#8217;s infraorbital nerve and the post-surgical behavioral tests to measure the changes in spontaneous and evoked behavior that are indicative of persistent pain and allodynia.

Trigeminal Nöropatik Ağrı Eğitim için Rat adlı infraorbital Sinir (ION-CCI) kronik Daralma Yaralanma

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

Farelerde Bir Tekrarlanan Concussive Kafa Travması Modeli

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Farelerde Hızlandırılmış Ateroskleroz Indüksiyonu: "Tel-Yaralanma" Modeli

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

Farelerde Doku Yerinden Olma Esaslı Taşan Spinal Kord Yaralanması Modeli

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

İzometrik Contractility ölçüm tel Myography kullanarak fare mezenterik arter

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

Farelerde kapalı femur kırığı nesil: kemik şifa çalışması için bir Model

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) does not prevent reperfusion injury. There is still no ideal animal model for MIRI. This study aims to improve the MIRI model in rats to make surgery easier and more feasible. A unique method for establishing MIRI is developed by using a soft tube during a key step of the ischemic period. To explore this method, thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n = 10); experimental model group (n = 10); and existing model group (n = 10). Findings of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, electrocardiography, and percent survival are compared to determine the accuracies and survival rates of the operations. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that the improved surgery method is associated with a higher survival rate, elevated ST-T segment, and larger infarct size, which is expected to mimic the pathology of MIRI better.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

Miyokard İskemisi ve Reperfüzyon Hasarının Geliştirilmiş Kemirgen Modeli

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence ...