Bu araştırma Küresel Sağlık Girişimi Grand Zorluklar ile Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Vakfı hibe ile finanse edildi.

<ol>
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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

İstendiğinde MATLAB algoritması kullanarak anlamlı ölçüm verileri elde etmek için, kullanıcı uygun giriş değerlerini seçmeniz gerekir. Bölüm 5 ve 6 her komut başlatılması sonra, tüm giriş değişkenleri otomatik olarak komut penceresinde İstenen ve çıkışlar otomatik olarak oluşturulur. Bölüm 5.7 kullanıcı bir yamaç eşiğini seçmesi istenir. yamaç eşik değeri uyum korelasyon katsayısı (r 2) karesini etkiler. Bir termal döngü ihraç ham floresan verileri kullanırken, 2.0...

Kantitatif nükleik asit amplifikasyon çevre, gıda kaynaklı ve su patojenlere tespiti için hem de klinik teşhis için önemli bir tekniktir. Gerçek zamanlı nicel polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (qPCR), HİV-1 virüs yük testi, bakteriyel patojenlerin saptanması, ve bir çok diğer organizmalar 1 taranması için, örneğin nükleik asitlerin, duyarlı, spesifik, ve nicel tespiti için altın standart yöntemdir - 3. Gerçek zamanlı qPCR sırasında primerler döngülerinde patojen DNA&#39;yı çoğaltmak ve bir flüoresan sinyal her bir döngüde numunede büyütülmüş DNA miktarı ile orantılı olduğundan oluşturulur. Patojen DNA&#39;ya ait, bilinmeyen bir konsantrasyonunu ihtiva eden bir numune standart örneklerinin ilk DNA konsantrasyonuna ve flüoresan sinyal belirli bir eşiğe ulaştığı zaman (yani, çevrim eşiği, veya C, T) ile ilgilidir, bir standart eğri kullanılarak ölçülebilir. <p class=Gerçek zamanlı qPCR bu rekombinaz polimeraz amplifikasyonu (ECP) olarak sonuçlar, alternatif izotermal amplifikasyon teknikleri almak için pahalı termal döngü cihaz ve birkaç saat gerektirirken, çünkü &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; 4 geliştirilmiştir. Bu platformlar genellikle daha hızlı sonuç sağlar ve daha az pahalı, basit ekipmanla gerçekleştirilebilir bir alt, bir sıcaklık, bir nükleik asitleri amplifiye. Nokta-bakım uygulamaları için özellikle çekici dakika içinde DNA güçlendirir RPA, düşük büyütme sıcaklığı (37 ° C) gerektirir, ve kirliliklerin 5,6 varlığında aktif kalır. 12 - RPA tahlilleri biothreat maddeler 7&#39;nin gıda maddesi analizi, patojenin tespit edilmesi, kanser ilaç tarama ve saptama da dahil olmak üzere, geniş bir uygulama yelpazesi için geliştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, nükleik asitlerin ölçümü için RPA kullanımı 13,14 sınırlıdır. Bir önceki çalışmada, bu sho olduwn gerçek-zamanlı kantitatif RPA (qRPA) 15 mümkündür. Burada daha ayrıntılı bir protokol bir standart eğri, QPCR kullanılarak miktar tayini için benzer bir yöntemi kullanarak bilinmeyen örnekleri ölçmek için gerçek zamanlı kantitatif RPA ile sağlanır. Bu protokol düzgün çalışıp sistemi sağlamak için bir iç pozitif kontrol (IPC) geliştirmek için nasıl yanı sıra, bir proof-of-concept olarak, HIV-1 DNA tespiti için termal döngü bir RPA reaksiyonu gerçekleştirmek açıklamaktadır. Eğitim verileri kullanarak standart bir eğri oluşturmak için bir termal döngü veya mikroskop ve veri analizi kullanılarak veri toplama da ayrıntılı. Son olarak, özel bir komut dosyası ile standart eğri kullanılarak bilinmeyen örnekleri ölçülmesi için bir yöntem gösterilmiştir. Bu qRPA tekniği bilinmeyen konsantrasyonları ile numunelerin miktarının sağlayan ve geleneksel gerçek zamanlı qPCR üzerinden pek çok avantajı vardır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1426">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">qRPA Assay</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Supply</td>
			<td>Vendor</td>
			<td>Part number</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HIV-1 forward primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>custom DNA oligos</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">5&#8217;-TGG CAG TAT TCA TTC ACA ATT TTA AAA GAA AAG G-3&#8217;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HIV-1 reverse primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>custom DNA oligos</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">5&#8217;-CCC GAA AAT TTT GAA TTT TTG TAA TTT GTT TTT G-3&#8217;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">HIV-1 probe</td>
			<td>BioSearch Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>custom DNA oligos</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">5&#8217;- TGC TAT TAT GTC TAC TAT TCT TTC CCC [SIMA/HEX] GC [THF] C [dT-BHQ1] GTA CCC CCC AAT CCC C -3&#8217;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">IPC probe</td>
			<td>BioSearch Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>custom DNA oligos</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">5&#8217;-AGG TAG TGA CAA GAA ATA ACA ATA CAG GAC [FAM] T [THF] T [dT-BHQ1] GGT TTT GTA ATT GGA A -3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPA exo reagents (pellets, rehydration buffer, magnesium acetate</td>
			<td>TwistDx</td>
			<td>TwistAmp exo</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PCR tube strips</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>TLS0801</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PCR flat cap tube strips</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>TCS0803</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micro-seal adhesive</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>558/MJ&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">HIV-1 target (pHIV-IRES- eYFP&#916;Env&#916;Vif&#916;Vpr)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;">custom plasmid, see: Segall, H. I., Yoo, E. &#38; Sutton, R. E. Characterization and detection of artificial replication-competent lentivirus of altered host range. Molecular Therapy 8, 118&#8211;129, doi:10.1016/S1525-0016(03)00134-5 (2003).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Human male genomic DNA</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>360486</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 well cold-block</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-36700-48</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermal cycler</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>CFX96</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MiniFuge</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>93000-196</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Vortex</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>58816-121</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris buffer 1.0 M, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>648314</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EDTA 0.5 M, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V4321</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nuclease free water</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9937</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IPC Development</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Supply</td>
			<td>Vendor</td>
			<td>Part number</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">Cryptosporidium parvum IPC template</td>
			<td>Waterborne Inc</td>
			<td>P102C</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">It is also possible to order a double stranded synthetic target from IDT if the user is unequipped to work with C. parvum (a BSL-2 infectious agent). PCR and RPA primers for C. parvum were designed using GenBank accession number AF115377.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PCR long forward primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>custom DNA oligos</td>
			<td>5&#8217;-TGG CAG TAT TCA TTC ACA ATT TTA AAA GAA AAG G/ ATC TAA GGA AGG CAG CAG GC-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PCR long reverse primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>custom DNA oligos</td>
			<td>5&#8217;- CCC GAA AAT TTT GAA TTT TTG TAA TTT GTT TTT G/ TGC TGG AGT ATT CAA GGC ATA -3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phusion High-Fidelty DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TAE 10X buffer</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>574797</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9539</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microscope Experiments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Supply</td>
			<td>Vendor</td>
			<td>Part number</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Upright fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Zeiss Imager.J1</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stage heater</td>
			<td>Bioscience Tools</td>
			<td>TC-GSH</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1-Channel Precision High Stability Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>Bioscience Tools</td>
			<td>TC-1100S</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FAM/GFP filter cube</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>filter set 38 (000000-1031-346)</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">excitation BP 470/40 nm, emission BP 520/50 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEX filter cube</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>49014</td>
			<td style="width:589px;">excitation BP 530/30 nm, emission BP 575/40 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td>Engraver&#39;s Network</td>
			<td>VLS3.60</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1/8&#34; black acrylic</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr</td>
			<td>8505K113</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 mm clear acrylic</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr</td>
			<td>PD-72268940&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Super glue</td>
			<td>Office Depot</td>
			<td>Duro super glue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PCR grade mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8662-5VL</td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Data Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Software</td>
			<td>Vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MATLAB script: &#34;JoVE_qRPA_standard_curve.m&#8221;</td>
			<td>Included in SI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MATLAB script: &#34;JoVE_qRPA_validation_and_quantification.m&#8221;</td>
			<td>Included in SI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MATLAB script: &#34;JoVE_real_time_intensity_to_excel.m&#8221;</td>
			<td>Included in SI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adobe Illustrator</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">JoVE_qRPA_well.ai</td>
			<td>Included in SI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">JoVE_qRPA_base.ai</td>
			<td>Included in SI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">AxioVision software</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">JoVE_AxioVision_Script.ziscript</td>
			<td>Included in SI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:589px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of a quantitative recombinase polymerase amplification assay with an internal positive control

It was recently demonstrated that recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification platform for pathogen detection, may be used to quantify DNA sample concentration using a standard curve. In this manuscript, a detailed protocol for developing and implementing a real-time quantitative recombinase polymerase amplification assay (qRPA assay) is provided. Using HIV-1 DNA quantification as an example, the assembly of real-time RPA reactions, the design of an internal positive control (IPC) sequence, and co-amplification of the IPC and target of interest are all described. Instructions and data processing scripts for the construction of a standard curve using data from multiple experiments are provided, which may be used to predict the concentration of unknown samples or assess the performance of the assay. Finally, an alternative method for collecting real-time fluorescence data with a microscope and a stage heater as a step towards developing a point-of-care qRPA assay is described. The protocol and scripts provided may be used for the development of a qRPA assay for any DNA target of interest.

Hedefle qRPA deneylerde IPC olarak hizmet etmek üzere bir dizi seçmeden önce (HIV-1), DNA, dahili pozitif kontrol (IPC) adayları yukarıda anlatıldığı ve HIV-1 DNA mevcut olmadan qRPA reaksiyonlarda amplifiye etme kabiliyetleri açısından tarandı. IPC aday hedef (HİV-1) üzerinden rekabet eden HIV-1 amplikon oluşumunu IPC oluşumunu önlemek için, DNA daha uzundur. Şekil 2A, iki C nesil gösterildiği gibi Parvum IPC aday jel elektroforezi kullanılarak 415 ve 435 bp&#39...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Quantitative Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay with an Internal Positive Control at JoVE.com

Development of a Quantitative Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay with an Internal Positive Control

Provided is a protocol for developing a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay to quantify initial concentration of DNA samples using either a thermal cycler or a microscope and stage heater. Also described is the development of an internal positive control. Scripts are provided for processing raw real-time fluorescence data.

İç Pozitif Kontrol ile Kantitatif Recombinase Polimeraz Amplifikasyon Testi Geliştirme

It was recently demonstrated that recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification platform for pathogen detection, may be used to ...

development-quantitative-recombinase-polymerase-amplification-assay

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.4K Görüntüleme.  Rice University. Provided is a protocol for developing a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay to quantify initial concentration of DNA samples using either a thermal cycler or a microscope and stage heater. Also described is the development of an internal positive control. Scripts are provided for processing raw real-time fluorescence data.

Video: Development of a Quantitative Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay with an Internal Positive Control

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase (SSR) Technology

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular biology. Site-specific recombinases are proteins that bind to distinct DNA target sequences. The Cre/lox system was first described in bacteriophages during the 1980's. Cre recombinase is a Type I topoisomerase that catalyzes site-specific recombination of DNA between two loxP (locus of X-over P1) sites. The Cre/lox system does not require any cofactors. LoxP sequences contain distinct binding sites for Cre recombinases that surround a directional core sequence where recombination and rearrangement takes place. When cells contain loxP sites and express the Cre recombinase, a recombination event occurs. Double-stranded DNA is cut at both loxP sites by the Cre recombinase, rearranged, and ligated ("scissors and glue"). Products of the recombination event depend on the relative orientation of the asymmetric sequences.
SSR technology is frequently used as a tool to explore gene function. Here the gene of interest is flanked with Cre target sites loxP ("floxed"). Animals are then crossed with animals expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of a tissue-specific promoter. In tissues that express the Cre recombinase it binds to target sequences and excises the floxed gene. Controlled gene deletion allows the investigation of gene function in specific tissues and at distinct time points. Analysis of gene function employing SSR technology --- conditional mutagenesis -- has significant advantages over traditional knock-outs where gene deletion is frequently lethal.

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase SSR Technology

The advent of site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology and the Cre/lox system has led to numerous advances in molecular biology, and has proven itself as a valuable tool for assessing gene function in transgenic animals. This interview discusses the mechanism of site specific recombination by Cyclization recombinase (Cre) and how the use of this enzyme has led to the development of conditional mutagenesis, which has significant advantages over traditional knock out strategies.

Site Özel Recombinase (SSR) Teknoloji İlkeleri

Site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology allows the manipulation of gene structure to explore gene function and has become an integral tool of molecular ...

Biyoloji

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Here we report the generation of Tre recombinase through directed, molecular evolution. Tre recombinase recognizes a pre-defined target sequence within the LTR sequences of the HIV-1 provirus, resulting in the excision and eradication of the provirus from infected human cells. 
We started with Cre, a 38-kDa recombinase, that recognizes a 34-bp double-stranded DNA sequence known as loxP. Because Cre can effectively eliminate genomic sequences, we set out to tailor a recombinase that could remove the sequence between the 5'-LTR and 3'-LTR of an integrated HIV-1 provirus. As a first step we identified sequences within the LTR sites that were similar to loxP and tested for recombination activity. Initially Cre and mutagenized Cre libraries failed to recombine the chosen loxLTR sites of the HIV-1 provirus. As the start of any directed molecular evolution process requires at least residual activity, the original asymmetric loxLTR sequences were split into subsets and tested again for recombination activity. Acting as intermediates, recombination activity was shown with the subsets. Next, recombinase libraries were enriched through reiterative evolution cycles. Subsequently, enriched libraries were shuffled and recombined. The combination of different mutations proved synergistic and recombinases were created that were able to recombine loxLTR1 and loxLTR2. This was evidence that an evolutionary strategy through intermediates can be successful. After a total of 126 evolution cycles individual recombinases were functionally and structurally analyzed. The most active recombinase -- Tre -- had 19 amino acid changes as compared to Cre. Tre recombinase was able to excise the HIV-1 provirus from the genome HIV-1 infected HeLa cells (see "HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase", Hauber J., Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany). While still in its infancy, directed molecular evolution will allow the creation of custom enzymes that will serve as tools of "molecular surgery" and molecular medicine.

Here we report the generation of Tre recombinase through directed, molecular evolution. Tre recombinase recognizes a pre-defined target sequence within the LTR sequences of the HIV-1 provirus, resulting in the excision and eradication of the provirus from infected human cells. While still in its infancy, directed molecular evolution will allow the creation of custom enzymes that will serve as tools of molecular surgery and molecular medicine.

Tre Recombinase Moleküler Evrim

Here we report the generation of Tre recombinase through directed, molecular evolution. Tre recombinase recognizes a pre-defined target sequence within ...

Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase

HIV-1 integrates into the host chromosome of infected cells and persists as a provirus flanked by long terminal repeats. Current treatment strategies primarily target virus enzymes or virus-cell fusion, suppressing the viral life cycle without eradicating the infection. Since the integrated provirus is not targeted by these approaches, new resistant strains of HIV-1 may emerge. Here, we report that the engineered recombinase Tre (see Molecular evolution of the Tre recombinase , Buchholz, F., Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden) efficiently excises integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA from the genome of infected cells. We produced loxLTR containing viral pseudotypes and infected HeLa cells to examine whether Tre recombinase can excise the provirus from the genome of HIV-1 infected human cells. A virus particle-releasing cell line was cloned and transfected with a plasmid expressing Tre or with a parental control vector. Recombinase activity and virus production were monitored. All assays demonstrated the efficient deletion of the provirus from infected cells without visible cytotoxic effects. These results serve as proof of principle that it is possible to evolve a recombinase to specifically target an HIV-1 LTR and that this recombinase is capable of excising the HIV-1 provirus from the genome of HIV-1-infected human cells.
Before an engineered recombinase could enter the therapeutic arena, however, significant obstacles need to be overcome. Among the most critical issues, that we face, are an efficient and safe delivery to targeted cells and the absence of side effects.

Current HIV-1 strategies act to suppress the viral life cycle but do not effectively eradicate infection. Here, we demonstrate that an engineered recombinase can efficiently excise integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA from the genome of infected cells.

Röportaj: Evolved Recombinase kullanarak HIV-1 Proviral DNA eksizyonu

HIV-1 integrates into the host chromosome of infected cells and persists as a provirus flanked by long terminal repeats. Current treatment strategies ...

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Nörotoksisite Yüksek İçerik Analizi Nöronal ve Astrosit Hücre Co-Kültür Testi

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

A Quantitative Assay for Insulin-expressing Colony-forming Progenitors

The field of pancreatic stem and progenitor cell biology has been hampered by a lack of in vitro functional and quantitative assays that allow for the analysis of the single cell. Analyses of single progenitors are of critical importance because they provide definitive ways to unequivocally demonstrate the lineage potential of individual progenitors. Although methods have been devised to generate "pancreatospheres" in suspension culture from single cells, several limitations exist. First, it is time-consuming to perform single cell deposition for a large number of cells, which in turn commands large volumes of culture media and space. Second, numeration of the resulting pancreatospheres is labor-intensive, especially when the frequency of the pancreatosphere-initiating progenitors is low. Third, the pancreatosphere assay is not an efficient method to allow both the proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitors in the same culture well, restricting the usefulness of the assay.
To overcome these limitations, a semi-solid media based colony assay for pancreatic progenitors has been developed and is presented in this report. This method takes advantage of an existing concept from the hematopoietic colony assay, in which methylcellulose is used to provide viscosity to the media, allowing the progenitor cells to stay in three-dimensional space as they undergo proliferation as well as differentiation. To enrich insulin-expressing colony-forming progenitors from a heterogeneous population, we utilized cells that express neurogenin (Ngn) 3, a pancreatic endocrine progenitor cell marker. Murine embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived Ngn3 expressing cells tagged with the enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter were sorted and as many as 25,000 cells per well were plated into low-attachment 24-well culture dishes. Each well contained 500 &mu;L of semi-solid media with the following major components: methylcellulose, Matrigel, nicotinamide, exendin-4, activin &beta;B, and conditioned media collected from murine ES cell-derived pancreatic-like cells. After 8 to 12 days of culture, insulin-expressing colonies with distinctive morphology were formed and could be further analyzed for pancreatic gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoflourescent staining to determine the lineage composition of each colony.
In summary, our colony assay allows easy detection and quantification of functional progenitors within a heterogeneous population of cells. In addition, the semi-solid media format allows uniform presentation of extracellular matrix components and growth factors to cells, enabling progenitors to proliferate and differentiate in vitro. This colony assay provides unique opportunities for mechanistic studies of pancreatic progenitor cells at the single cell level.

A three-dimensional clonogenic assay that allows pancreatic-like progenitors to differentiate into insulin-expressing colonies is described. This method takes advantage of semi-solid media containing methylcellulose, Matrigel and growth factors, in which single progenitors proliferate and differentiate in vitro, permitting quantification of the number of functional progenitors in a population.

İnsülin ifade Koloni oluşturan atalarıdır için Kantitatif Testi

The field of pancreatic stem and progenitor cell biology has been hampered by a lack of in vitro functional and quantitative assays that allow for the ...

A Semi-quantitative Approach to Assess Biofilm Formation Using Wrinkled Colony Development

Biofilms, or surface-attached communities of cells encapsulated in an extracellular matrix, represent a common lifestyle for many bacteria. Within a biofilm, bacterial cells often exhibit altered physiology, including enhanced resistance to antibiotics and other environmental stresses 1. Additionally, biofilms can play important roles in host-microbe interactions. Biofilms develop when bacteria transition from individual, planktonic cells to form complex, multi-cellular communities 2. In the laboratory, biofilms are studied by assessing the development of specific biofilm phenotypes. A common biofilm phenotype involves the formation of wrinkled or rugose bacterial colonies on solid agar media 3. Wrinkled colony formation provides a particularly simple and useful means to identify and characterize bacterial strains exhibiting altered biofilm phenotypes, and to investigate environmental conditions that impact biofilm formation. Wrinkled colony formation serves as an indicator of biofilm formation in a variety of bacteria, including both Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis 4, and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae 5, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 6, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7, and Vibrio fischeri 8.
The marine bacterium V. fischeri has become a model for biofilm formation due to the critical role of biofilms during host colonization: biofilms produced by V. fischeri promote its colonization of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes 8-10. Importantly, biofilm phenotypes observed in vitro correlate with the ability of V. fischeri cells to effectively colonize host animals: strains impaired for biofilm formation in vitro possess a colonization defect 9,11, while strains exhibiting increased biofilm phenotypes are enhanced for colonization 8,12. V. fischeri therefore provides a simple model system to assess the mechanisms by which bacteria regulate biofilm formation and how biofilms impact host colonization.
In this report, we describe a semi-quantitative method to assess biofilm formation using V. fischeri as a model system. This method involves the careful spotting of bacterial cultures at defined concentrations and volumes onto solid agar media; a spotted culture is synonymous to a single bacterial colony. This 'spotted culture' technique can be utilized to compare gross biofilm phenotypes at single, specified time-points (end-point assays), or to identify and characterize subtle biofilm phenotypes through time-course assays of biofilm development and measurements of the colony diameter, which is influenced by biofilm formation. Thus, this technique provides a semi-quantitative analysis of biofilm formation, permitting evaluation of the timing and patterning of wrinkled colony development and the relative size of the developing structure, characteristics that extend beyond the simple overall morphology.

We provide a simple, semi-quantitative method to investigate biofilm formation in vitro. This method takes advantage of the Zeiss stemi 2000-C Dissecting Microscope (with camera attachment) to monitor both the timing and pattern of biofilm formation, as assessed by the development of wrinkled colonies.

Buruşuk Koloni Gelişimi kullanarak Biyofilm Oluşumu değerlendirin Bir Yarı-kantitatif Yaklaşım

Biofilms, or surface-attached communities of cells encapsulated in an extracellular matrix, represent a common lifestyle for many bacteria. Within a ...

Conversion of a Capture ELISA to a Luminex xMAP Assay using a Multiplex Antibody Screening Method

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life science research and clinical diagnostics. However, ELISA has limitations. It is typically performed in a 96-well microplate, and the wells are coated with capture antibody, requiring a relatively large amount of sample to capture an antigen of interest . The large surface area of the wells and the hydrophobic binding of capture antibody can also lead to non-specific binding and increased background. Additionally, most ELISAs rely upon enzyme-mediated amplification of signal in order to achieve reasonable sensitivity. Such amplification is not always linear and can thus skew results.
In the past 15 years, a new technology has emerged that offers the benefits of the ELISA, but also enables higher throughput, increased flexibility, reduced sample volume, and lower cost, with a similar workflow 1, 2. Luminex xMAP Technology is a microsphere (bead) array platform enabling both monoplex and multiplex assays that can be applied to both protein and nucleic acid applications 3-5. The beads have the capture antibody covalently immobilized on a smaller surface area, requiring less capture antibody and smaller sample volumes, compared to ELISA, and non-specific binding is significantly reduced. Smaller sample volumes are important when working with limiting samples such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, etc. 6. Multiplexing the assay further reduces sample volume requirements, enabling multiple results from a single sample.
Recent improvements by Luminex include: the new MAGPIX system, a smaller, less expensive, easier-to-use analyzer; Low-Concentration Magnetic MagPlex Microspheres which eliminate the need for expensive filter plates and come in a working concentration better suited for assay development and low-throughput applications; and the xMAP Antibody Coupling (AbC) Kit, which includes a protocol, reagents, and consumables necessary for coupling beads to the capture antibody of interest. (See Materials section for a detailed list of kit contents.)
In this experiment, we convert a pre-optimized ELISA assay for TNF-alpha cytokine to the xMAP platform and compare the performance of the two methods 7-11. TNF-alpha is a biomarker used in the measurement of inflammatory responses in patients with autoimmune disorders.
We begin by coupling four candidate capture antibodies to four different microsphere sets or regions. When mixed together, these four sets allow for the simultaneous testing of all four candidates with four separate detection antibodies to determine the best antibody pair, saving reagents, sample and time. Two xMAP assays are then constructed with the two most optimal antibody pairs and their performance is compared to that of the original ELISA assay in regards to signal strength, dynamic range, and sensitivity.

An ELISA can be easily converted to a Luminex xMAP assay and, through the benefits of multiplexing, several antibodies can be screened simultaneously to identify an optimum antibody pair, resulting in increased sensitivity and dynamic range, while reducing assay cost.

Bir Multiplex Antikor Tarama Yöntemi kullanılarak bir Luminex xMAP Tahlil için bir Capture ELISA Dönüşüm

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life ...

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Centrosomes are small but important organelles that serve as the poles of mitotic spindle to maintain genomic integrity or assemble primary cilia to facilitate sensory functions in cells. The level of a protein may be regulated differently at centrosomes than at other .cellular locations, and the variation in the centrosomal level of several proteins at different points of the cell cycle appears to be crucial for the proper regulation of centriole assembly. We developed a quantitative fluorescence microscopy assay that measures relative changes in the level of a protein at centrosomes in fixed cells from different samples, such as at different phases of the cell cycle or after treatment with various reagents. The principle of this assay lies in measuring the background corrected fluorescent intensity corresponding to a protein at a small region, and normalize that measurement against the same for another protein that does not vary under the chosen experimental condition. Utilizing this assay in combination with BrdU pulse and chase strategy to study unperturbed cell cycles, we have quantitatively validated our recent observation that the centrosomal pool of VDAC3 is regulated at centrosomes during the cell cycle, likely by proteasome-mediated degradation specifically at centrosomes.

Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein&#8217;s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard.

Kantitatif İmmünofloresan Deneyi sentrozomlar Protein Düzeyleri Varyasyon Tedbir

Centrosomes are small but important organelles that serve as the poles of mitotic spindle to maintain genomic integrity or assemble primary cilia to ...

Isolation of Primary Rat Hepatocytes with Multiparameter Perfusion Control

Primary hepatocytes are widely used in basic research on liver diseases and for toxicity testing in vitro. The two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for primary hepatocyte isolation is technically challenging, especially in portal vein cannulation. The procedure is also prone to occasional contamination and variations in perfusion conditions due to difficulties in the assembly, optimization, or maintenance of the perfusion setup. Here, a detailed protocol for an improved two-step collagenase perfusion procedure with multiparameter perfusion control is presented. Primary rat hepatocytes were successfully and reliably isolated by taking the necessary technical precautions at critical steps of the procedure, and by reducing the operational difficulty and mitigating the variability of perfusion parameters through the adoption of a special intravenous catheter, standardized sterile disposable tubing, temperature control, and real-time monitoring and alarm system. The isolated primary rat hepatocytes consistently exhibit high cell viability (85%-95%), yield (2-5 x 108 cells per 200-300 g rat) and functionality (albumin, urea and CYP activity). The procedure was complemented by an integrated perfusion system, which is compact enough to be set up in the laminar flow hood to ensure aseptic operation.

This protocol details the use of a special intravenous catheter, standardized sterile disposable tubing, temperature control complemented by real-time monitoring, and an alarm system for two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to improve the consistency in the viability, yield, and functionality of isolated primary rat hepatocytes.

Primer Sıçan Hepatositlerinin Çok Parametreli Perfüzyon Kontrolü ile İzolasyonu

Primary hepatocytes are widely used in basic research on liver diseases and for toxicity testing in vitro. The two-step collagenase perfusion procedure ...

Application of Ultrasound and Shear Wave Elastography Imaging in a Rat Model of NAFLD/NASH

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a condition within the spectrum of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by liver fat accumulation (steatosis) and inflammation leading to fibrosis. Preclinical models closely recapitulating human NASH/NAFLD are essential in drug development. While liver biopsy is currently the gold standard for measuring NAFLD/NASH progression and diagnosis in the clinic, in the preclinical space, either collection of whole liver samples at multiple timepoints during a study or biopsy of liver is needed for histological analysis to assess the disease stage.
Conducting a liver biopsy mid-study is an invasive and labor-intensive procedure, and collecting liver samples to assess disease level increases the number of research animals needed for a study. Thus, there is a need for a reliable, translatable, non-invasive imaging biomarker to detect NASH/NAFLD in these preclinical models. Non-invasive ultrasound-based B-mode images and Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) can be used to measure steatosis as well as liver fibrosis. To assess the utility of SWE in preclinical rodent models of NASH, animals were placed on a pro-NASH diet&#160;and underwent non-invasive ultrasound B-mode and shear wave elastography imaging to measure hepatorenal (HR) index and liver elasticity, measuring progression of both liver fat accumulation and tissue stiffness, respectively, at multiple time points over the course of a given NAFLD/NASH study.
The HR index and elasticity numbers were compared to histological markers of steatosis and fibrosis. The results showed strong correlation between the HR index and percentage of Oil Red O (ORO) staining, as well as between elasticity and Picro-Sirius Red (PSR) staining of livers. The strong correlation between classic ex vivo methods and in vivo imaging results provides evidence that shear wave elastography/ultrasound-based imaging can be used to assess disease phenotype and progression in a preclinical model of NAFLD/NASH.

This protocol describes the use of an enhanced ultrasound technique to non-invasively observe and quantify liver tissue changes in rodent models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

NAFLD/NASH'in Sıçan Modelinde Ultrason ve Kesme Dalgası ElastografiSi Görüntüleme Uygulaması

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a condition within the spectrum of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by liver fat ...