Biz kullanılan fare omurilik doku örnekleri sağlamak için Minnesota Üniversitesi Lee laboratuvarını teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu eser MB Randy Tıraş Makinesi Kanser Araştırma ve Toplum Fonu tarafından ve Minnesota Yumurtalık Kanseri Birliği (MOCA) MB&#39;ye göre, Savunma Yumurtalık Kanseri Araştırma Programı (OCRP) MB OC093424 Bölümü tarafından desteklenmiştir. fon çalışma tasarımı, veri toplama ve analizi, yayınlama kararı veya yazının hazırlanmasında hiçbir rolü yoktu.

1. Lizis Tampon hazırlanması <ol><li> Bir 2 M stok çözelti yapmak için deiyonize (Di) su içinde sükroz eritin. 0.22 um poliviniliden florit (PVDF), filtre çalıştırılan bir vakum kullanılarak sükroz 2M çözelti süzülür. </li><li> Anaerobik koşullar altında, bir 500 mM stok çözeltisi ve depolayın DI su içinde ditiyotreitol (DTT) içinde çözülür. 100 mM&#39;lik bir stok çözelti yapmak için DI su içinde magnezyum klorür (MgCI2) içinde çözülür. 50 mM stok çözelti yapmak için DI su içinde adenosin trifosfat (ATP), disodyum hidrat içinde çözülür. </li><li> DI su içinde Trizma hidroklorür eritilmesi ve sodyum hidroksit (NaOH) ile pH ayarlanarak pH 7.4&#39;te bir Tris çözelti hazırlayın. </li><li> 250 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM MgCl2 konsantrasyonu, 1 mM ATP konsantrasyonu ve 50 mM Tris konsantrasyonunun bir DTT konsantrasyonu bir sükroz konsantrasyonuna sahip bir parçalama tamponu yapmak DI su içinde stok çözeltileri bölümlerini birleştirmek . Örneğin, Tris, 50 535.3 ul karıştırınMgCl2 0 ul, 1.25 ml sükroz, DTT 20 ul ATP 200 ul ve Dİ su içinde 7,4947 mi liziz tamponu içinde 10 ml yapmak için. Bu, yaklaşık 20 deneyleri için de kullanılabilir. </li></ol> Deney 2. Kültürleme Hücreler <ol><li> DMEM +% 10, 50 ml cenin sığır serumu (FBS), konik bir tüp içinde 30 ml aliko haline getirilmesi Ortamın. </li><li> Ilık su ile küçük bir behere sıvı azot depolama dondurulmuş M17 veya HeLa hücreleri aktarın. </li><li> 50 ml konik tüp hücreleri aktarın. İlk olarak, hücre flakon bazı medya ekleyebilirsiniz. Daha sonra eritme 5 saniye içinde yeniden süspansiyon haline getirilmiş hücreler aktarın. </li><li> Hücre topağı elde etmek için 5 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de hücre süspansiyonu santrifüjleyin. T75 balona medya 20 ml ekleyin. </li><li> Emme kullanarak hücrelerden ortamı çıkarın. Hücre topağı ve tekrar süspansiyon taze ortam 5 ml. </li><li> T75 şişesi içinde ortam, 20 ml 5 ml hücre süspansiyonu aktarın ve 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. ChHer 3 günde bir ortam ange. </li></ol> 3. Hücre Hasat <ol><li> Hücreleri dokunmamaya dikkat ederek, emme yoluyla ortamı çıkarın. </li><li> Fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su, 5 ml (PBS) hücreleri yıkayın. Emme kullanarak PBS çıkarın. </li><li> T75 şişeye tripsin etilendiamintetraasetik asit (EDTA), 3 ml ilave edilir ve 3 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> Balona taze medya 6 ml ekleyin ve hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon. </li><li> 5 dakika 290 × g 15 ml konik tüp ve santrifüj süspansiyon aktarın. </li><li> Süpernatantı ve PBS 5 ml ekleyin. Yavaşça pelet kırmaya tüpün alt dokunun. 5 dakika boyunca 290 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Adımı yineleyin 3.6 üç kez. </li><li> PBS çıkarın ve taze PBS 1 ml hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon. Eppendorf tüp (1.5 mi) aktarın. 5 dakika boyunca 290 xg&#39;de Spin. </li></ol> 4. Hücre Liziz <ol><li> Bir pipet An kullanarak pelet yaklaşık hacmini ölçmek1 hacim oranı: Bir kütle cam boncuk tarttın d 1. Liziz tamponu içerisinde pelet iki hacim. Not: cam boncuk eklemeden önce tampon ekleyin. </li><li> Lyse soğuk bir odada vorteks ile 4 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca en fazla çalkalama ile Eppendorf tüpü içinde hücreleri. </li><li> 200 xg 30 saniye Santrifüj kısaca boncuk yerleşmek için. Süpernatant toplayın. </li><li> Süpernatana daha önce olduğu gibi cam boncuklar aynı hacimde ekleyin. </li><li> Bir kez daha fazla çalkalama ile 4 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika vorteksleyin. </li><li> 200 xg 30 saniye Santrifüj kısaca cam boncuk yerleşmek için. Süpernatant toplayın. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 5030 x g&#39;de santrifüj çekirdekleri, membranlar ve kesintisiz hücreleri çıkarmak için. Hücre lizatı olan süpernatant, toplayın. </li></ol> 5. Doku Homojenizasyon <ol><li> Lizis tamponu fare omurilik dokusu 9 çözeltisi: 1 hacmini: Bir kütle olun. Not: Bu yöntem, farklı bir dizi uygulanabilirent doku örnekleri. </li><li> Kalan hiçbir topakları olmadığından emin olmak için 30 saniye boyunca homojenleştirici üzerindeki seviye 2 bir ayarı kullanarak doku homojenize. </li><li> Çekirdekleri, membranlar ve kırılmamış hücreleri çıkarmak için 3 dakika 5,030 xg&#39;de aşağı doğru döndürün. </li><li> Lizat olan süpernatant, toplayın. </li></ol> 6. Numune Türevlendirme <ol><li> Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit protokolü tarafından belirtildiği gibi kolorimetrik 96 oyuklu bir plaka okuyucusu kullanılarak doku lizat proteini konsantrasyonunu belirlemek için bir 96 oyuklu plaka analizinde bisinkoninik asit (BCA) uygulayın. </li><li> Deiyonize (Di) su kullanılarak 50 ul toplam proteinin 20 ug tekabül eden bir kısım getirin. </li><li> Çözeltiye HA-UB-vinil sülfon (VS) 1.35 uM 2 ul ilave edin ve 37 ° C&#39;de 1 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. Bu, son reaksiyon karışımı içinde prob 50 nM lizat 20 ug ile sonuçlanır. Bu fonksiyonel DUBS etiketleme sağlamak için büyük molar fazladır. </li><li> Ben95 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika için Laemmli numune tamponu içinde örnek ncubate. 52 ul reaksiyon hacmi kullanımı 2x numune tamponu 26 ul, 4x numune tamponu 13 ul veya 6x numune tamponu 8.87 ul için. </li><li> Jel yüklemeden önce buz üzerinde soğutun. </li></ol> 7. Western Blot <ol><li> Hazırlanan numune 40 ul ile 12 oyuklu% 4-20 tris-glisin jel yük </li><li> Iyon ön dibe ulaşana kadar 95 V jel çalıştırın. </li><li> Bir polivinilidendiflorid (PVDF) membran üzerine jel bir gecede transferi gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Amido siyah leke membran inkübe ve her kulvarda protein miktarını gösteren bir görüntü elde etmek için membane tarayın. </li><li> Membran destain ve bloke etmek için 1 saat boyunca PBS içerisinde% 5 süt ile inkübe edilir. </li><li> 1 bir konsantrasyonda birincil bir anti-HA antikoru membran inkübe: ya da gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de ya da oda sıcaklığında 4 saat süre ile, PBS içinde 10.000,% 5 süt. </li><li> F 3 yıkar gerçekleştirinya da% 0.1 Tween-20 deterjanı ile PBS içinde her biri 5 dakika. </li><li> 1 bir konsantrasyonda, bir fare yaban turbu peroksidazı membran inkübe: PBS içinde 10.000,% 5 süt en az 2 saat karıştırıldı. </li><li> % 0.1 Tween-20 deterjan ile, PBS içinde 5 dakika için her 3 yıkama yapın. </li><li> PBS içinde 5 dakika için 1 yıkama yapın. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca, bir kemilüminesan tespit reajanı membran inkübe ve kemilüminesan bir detektörü kullanarak bulunması. Dedektör ayarı otomatik pozlama kullanın. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ovaa, H., Kessler, B. M., Rol&#233;n, U., Galardy, P. J., Ploegh, H. L., Masucci, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-+based+ubiquitin-specific+(USP)+profiling+of+virus-infected+and+malignant+human+cells.">Activity- based ubiquitin-specific (USP) profiling of virus-infected and malignant human cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (8), 2253-2258 (2004).</li><li>Wilkinson, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitination+and+deubiquitination:+Targeting+of+proteins+for+degradation+by+the+proteasome.">Ubiquitination and deubiquitination: Targeting of proteins for degradation by the proteasome.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 11 (3), 141-148 (2000).</li><li>Ziad, M. E., Wilkinson, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+proteolysis+by+human+deubiquitinating+enzymes.">Regulation of proteolysis by human deubiquitinating enzymes.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1843 (1), 114-128 (2014).</li><li>Rol&#233;n, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+Profiling+of+Deubiquitinating+Enzymes+in+Cervical+Carcinoma+Biopsies+and+Cell+Lines.">Activity Profiling of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cervical Carcinoma Biopsies and Cell Lines.</a> Mol Carcinog. 45 (4), 260-269 (2006).</li><li>Borodovsky, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry-Based+Functional+Proteomics+Reveals+Novel+Members+of+the+Deubiquitinating+Enzyme+Family.">Chemistry-Based Functional Proteomics Reveals Novel Members of the Deubiquitinating Enzyme Family.</a> Chem Biol. 9 (10), 1149-1159 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, F. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Parkinson&#8217;s-disease-associated+mutations+on+the+deubiquitinating+enzyme+UCH-L1.">The effect of Parkinson&#8217;s-disease-associated mutations on the deubiquitinating enzyme UCH-L1.</a> J Mol Biol. 407 (2), 261-272 (2011).</li><li>Poon, W. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#946;-Amyloid+(A&#946;)+oligomers+impair+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+retrograde+trafficking+by+down-regulating+ubiquitin+C-terminal+hydrolase+UCH-L1.">&#946;-Amyloid (A&#946;) oligomers impair brain-derived neurotrophic factor retrograde trafficking by down-regulating ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase UCH-L1.</a> J Biol Chem. 288 (23), 16937-16948 (2013).</li><li>Nijman, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+deubiquitinating+enzyme+USP1+regulates+the+Fanconi+anemia+pathway.">The deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 regulates the Fanconi anemia pathway.</a> Mol Cell. 17 (3), 331-339 (2005).</li><li>Stevenson, L. F., Sparks, A., Allende-Vega, N., Xirodimas, D. P., Lane, D. P., Saville, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+deubiquitinating+enzyme+USP2a+regulates+the+p53+pathway+by+targeting+Mdm2.">The deubiquitinating enzyme USP2a regulates the p53 pathway by targeting Mdm2.</a> EMBO J. 26 (4), 976-986 (2007).</li><li>Coughlin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-molecule+RA-9+inhibits+proteasome-associated+DUBs+and+ovarian+cancer+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+via+exacerbating+unfolded+protein+responses.">Small-molecule RA-9 inhibits proteasome-associated DUBs and ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo via exacerbating unfolded protein responses.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 20 (12), 3174-3186 (2014).</li><li>Colla, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoplasmic+Reticulum+Stress+Is+Important+for+the+Manifestations+of+&#945;-Synucleinopathy+In.">Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Important for the Manifestations of &#945;-Synucleinopathy In.</a> Vivo. J Neurosci. 32 (10), 3306-3320 (2012).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Ubikuitinasyon temel hücresel aktivite olduğundan, düzenleyici mekanizmaların anlaşılması hastalık ve patoloji süreçlerini ortaya çıkarılması için anahtar olabilir. HA kullanımı Burada rapor Ub türetilmiş aktif bölgeye yönelik sondalar Ub-aracılı protein parçalanmasını eğitimi için kolay, ama çok geçerli bir yöntem sağlar etiketledi. Bu yöntem daha hızlı ve daha az pahalı ayrı DUBS her biri eğitim fazladır. Cam boncuklar kullanılarak - Bu yöntemde, h?...

ubikitin-proteazom sistemi (UPS) memeli hücresinde ana degradasyon yollarının biri olarak hizmet eder. Proteazomdan bozulmaya gitmekte Dayanaklar kovalent ubikuitin (Ub) 1 polimerleri ile etiketlenmiş. Hedef alt-tabaka bozulması için proteazomu girer önce, poli-ubikitin etiketi çıkarılmalıdır. Enzimler (DUBS) deubiquitinating olarak bilinen bir enzimler sınıfı ubikitin moleküllerinin 2 çıkarılması ve geri dönüşüm için sorumludur. Bu hücrede 3 çalışan yaklaşık yüz seslendirmeler olduğu İnsan genomunun tahmin edilmiştir. Ub-aracılı hücresel süreçleri kontrol DUBS bu kadar büyük bir sayı ile, bu enzimleri okuyan, yalnızca ifade seviyeleri hakkında bilgi verir mRNA teknikleri aktivite ve batı blot hakkında bilgi vermeyin çünkü bir meydan okuma sunuyor. grip hemaglutinin (HA) kullanımı kovalent mod sağlayan aktif bölge yönlendirilmiş sondalar Ub türetilmiş, etiketliFonksiyonel takar ve bu yüzden de US-PS bir Batı lekesi 4, bu enzimlerin aktivitesinin doğrudan görselleştirme verir. Problar, aktif alan sistein kalıntısı 5 için bir intihar alt-tabaka olarak hizmet eden bir C-terminali tiol reaktif grup var. Bu problar ile, hücrenin her iki patolojik ve fizyolojik halleri altında birçok DUBS aktivitesini ve potansiyel ifade incelemek mümkündür. DUB aktivitesindeki değişiklikler, Parkinson, Alzheimer, anemi ve çeşitli kanserler gibi patolojik koşullar 6-10 aralığında implike edilmiştir. Bu teknik, hastalığın çalışma için güçlü bir araç sunar. Bu yazıda, biz cam boncuklar kullanılarak lize edilmiş HeLa ve M17 hücrelerinde bu tekniğin uygulanmasını gösterir. Ayrıca, fare omurilik doku örneklerinde bu yöntemi kullanmak nasıl özetlemektedir. Bu tekniği ile elde edilen bilgiler, tanımlanması için bir başlangıç ​​noktası olarak kullanılabilirterapötik hedefler ve farklı hastalık durumlarının çalışma için oluşturulması modelleri. Bu tekniğin gerçek yardımcı tek bir deneyde çok dubs bilgi sağlama yeteneğinde yatmaktadır.

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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PowerGen 125 ( Homogenizer)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-261-02P</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vacuum-driven filters .22&#181;M&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BPV2210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass beads, acid washed &#8804;106&#181;m (~140 U.S. sieve)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G4649-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DL-Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D0632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Adenosine 5&#39;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A26209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trizma hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T3253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tissue culture flask 75cm2 w/ filter cup 250 ml 120/ cs</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Cellstar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-3001-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (1X)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HI FBS</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16140-071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Monoclonal Anti-HA antibody produced in mouse</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H9658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ubiquitin vinyl sulfone (HA-tag)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BML-UW0155-0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Laemmli&#39;s SDS-Sample Buffer (4X, reducing)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP-110R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

method for measuring the activity of deubiquitinating enzymes in cell lines and tissue samples

ubikitin-proteazom sistemi son nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ve kanser dahil olmak üzere çeşitli patolojilerde rol oynar. Bunun ışığında, bu sistemin düzenleyici mekanizmasını incelemek için teknikler yukarıda belirtilen hastalıkların hücresel ve moleküler süreçleri açıklık için gereklidir. Bu yazıda belirtilen hemagglutinin türetilmiş ubikitin sondasının kullanımı bu sistemin çalışması için değerli bir araç olarak hizmet vermektedir. Bu yazıda enzim aktivitesini deubiquitinating doğrudan görselleştirme vermek tahlilleri yapmasını sağlayan bir yöntem ayrıntıları. Deubiquitinating enzimler proteozomal bozulmasını kontrol ve kullanıcı bir deneyde birden enzimlerin aktivitesini araştırmak için izin verir aktif siteler, fonksiyonel benzerlik paylaşıyoruz. Lizatlar yumuşak mekanik hücre bozulması yoluyla elde edilen ve aktif site yönelimli probları ile inkübe edilir. Inaktif enzimler ilişkisiz kalırken Fonksiyonel enzimler probları ile etiketlenmiş. Run byNing bu deney, kullanım etkinliği ve hızlı ve kolay bir şekilde birden fazla deubiquitinating enzimlerin potansiyel ekspresyon hem de ilgili bilgileri alır. Mevcut yöntem, insan hücresinde tahmin yüz deubiquitinating enzimler için tek tek antikorlar kullanılarak önemli ölçüde daha etkilidir.

Kültürlenmiş M17 ve HeLa hücreleri protokolü (3. Hücre Hasat) &#39;de ayrıntılı bir yöntem ve fare omurilik dokusu elde edildi kullanılarak hasat edilmiştir. Hücre peleti / omurilik dokusu reaktifi Hazırlama bölümünde açıklanan lizis tamponu ile bir tüp içine yerleştirilmiştir. Hücre topakları, bir homojenleştirici (Şekil 1B) kullanılarak homojenize edildi cam boncuk (Şekil 1A) ve fare omurilik dokusu numuneleri kullanılarak parçalanmıştır. Liziz veya h...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method for Measuring the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cell Lines and Tissue Samples at JoVE.com

Method for Measuring the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cell Lines and Tissue Samples

Geçerli protokol işlevsel homolog deubiquitinating enzim aktivitesinin ölçülmesi için bir yöntem göstermektedir. Uzman problar kovalent enzim değiştirme ve saptama için izin verir. Bu yöntem, yeni tedavi hedefleri tespit etmek potansiyele sahiptir.

Hücre Kuşakları ve Doku Örneklerinde Deubiquitinating Enzim aktivitesinin ölçülmesi için bir yöntem

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

9.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Minnesota.  Geçerli protokol işlevsel homolog deubiquitinating enzim aktivitesinin ölçülmesi için bir yöntem göstermektedir. Uzman problar kovalent enzim değiştirme ve saptama için izin verir. Bu yöntem, yeni tedavi hedefleri tespit etmek potansiyele sahiptir. 

Video: Method for Measuring the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cell Lines and Tissue Samples

Actin Co-Sedimentation Assay; for the Analysis of Protein Binding to F-Actin

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates tension and helps maintains cellular shape.  Although the actin cytoskeleton is a rigid structure, it is a dynamic structure that is constantly remodeling.  A number of proteins can bind to the actin cytoskeleton.  The binding of a particular protein to F-actin is often desired to support cell biological observations or to further understand dynamic processes due to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin co-sedimentation assay is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze the binding of specific proteins or protein domains with F-actin.  The basic principles of the assay involve an incubation of the protein of interest (full length or domain of) with F-actin, ultracentrifugation step to pellet F-actin and analysis of the protein co-sedimenting with F-actin.  Actin co-sedimentation assays can be designed accordingly to measure actin binding affinities and in competition assays.

Proteins bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) through distinct actin binding modules. In this video we demonstrate the procedure of actin co-sedimentation, which is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze proteins or specific domains that bind F-actin.

Aktin Co-Sedimantasyon Testi; F-Aktin Bağlayıcı Protein Analizi

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates ...

Biyoloji

Quantitation of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) processes or by exogenous factors, particularly ionizing radiation and radiomimetic compounds. Phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX, is an early response to DNA double-strand breaks1. This phosphorylation event is mediated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PI3K) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Overall, DSB induction results in the formation of discrete nuclear &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily detected and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. Given the unique specificity and sensitivity of this marker, analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in biomedical research, particularly in radiation biology and nuclear medicine. The quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci has been most widely investigated in cell culture systems in the context of ionizing radiation-induced DSBs. Apart from cellular radiosensitivity, immunofluorescence based assays have also been used to evaluate the efficacy of radiation-modifying compounds. In addition, &gamma;H2AX has been used as a molecular marker to examine the efficacy of various DSB-inducing compounds and is recently being heralded as important marker of ageing and disease, particularly cancer3. Further, immunofluorescence-based methods have been adapted to suit detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci ex vivo and in vivo4,5. Here, we demonstrate a typical immunofluorescence method for detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in mouse tissues.

Quantitation of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

Quantitation of DNA double-strand breaks on the basis of &gamma;H2AX foci has become an invaluable tool, particularly in radiation biology, for the evaluation of tissue radiosensitivity and effects of radiation modifying compounds. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in tissue samples.

Doku Örnekleri γH2AX Foci kantitasyonu

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) ...

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium that is capable of growing over a wide range of pH values (pH 5 - 9)1 and, incredibly, is able to survive extreme acid stresses including passage through the mammalian stomach where the pH can fall to as low as pH 1 - 22. To enable such a broad range of acidic pH survival, E. coli possesses four different inducible amino acid decarboxylases that decarboxylate their substrate amino acids in a proton-dependent manner thus raising the internal pH. The decarboxylases include the glutamic acid decarboxylases GadA and GadB3, the arginine decarboxylase AdiA4, the lysine decarboxylase LdcI5, 6 and the ornithine decarboxylase SpeF7. All of these enzymes utilize pyridoxal-5'-phospate as a co-factor8 and function together with inner-membrane substrate-product antiporters that remove decarboxylation products to the external medium in exchange for fresh substrate2. In the case of LdcI, the lysine-cadaverine antiporter is called CadB. Recently, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of LdcI to 2.0 &#197;, and we discovered a novel small-molecule bound to LdcI the stringent response regulator guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) 14. The stringent response occurs when exponentially growing cells experience nutrient deprivation or one of a number of other stresses9. As a result, cells produce ppGpp which leads to a signaling cascade culminating in the shift from exponential growth to stationary phase growth10. We have demonstrated that ppGpp is a specific inhibitor of LdcI 14. Here we describe the lysine decarboxylase assay, modified from the assay developed by Phan et al.11, that we have used to determine the activity of LdcI and the effect of pppGpp/ppGpp on that activity. The LdcI decarboxylation reaction removes the &alpha;-carboxy group of L-lysine and produces carbon dioxide and the polyamine cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane)5. L-lysine and cadaverine can be reacted with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) at high pH to generate N,N'-bistrinitrophenylcadaverine (TNP-cadaverine) and N,N&#8242;-bistrinitrophenyllysine (TNP-lysine), respectively11. The TNP-cadaverine can be separated from the TNP-lysine as the former is soluble in organic solvents such as toluene while the latter is not (See Figure 1). The linear range of the assay was determined empirically using purified cadaverine.

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

The activity of the inducible lysine decarboxylase is monitored by reacting the substrate L-lysine and the product cadaverine with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid to form adducts that have differential solubility in toluene.

Etkinlik Ölçüm Bir Testi Escherichia coli Lizin Decarboxyase Đndüklenebilir

Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium that is capable of growing over a wide range of pH values (pH 5 - 9)1 and, incredibly, is able to survive extreme ...

Do-It-Yourself Device for Recovery of Cryopreserved Samples Accidentally Dropped into Cryogenic Storage Tanks

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term storage of biological materials such as blood, cells and tissues 1,2. The cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen, while ideal for sample preservation, can cause rapid freezing of live tissues on contact - known as 'cryogenic burn'2, which may lead to severe frostbite in persons closely involved in storage and retrieval of samples from Dewars. Additionally, as liquid nitrogen evaporates it reduces the oxygen concentration in the air and might cause asphyxia, especially in confined spaces2.
In laboratories, biological samples are often stored in cryovials or cryoboxes stacked in stainless steel racks within the Dewar tanks1. These storage racks are provided with a long shaft to prevent boxes from slipping out from the racks and into the bottom of Dewars during routine handling. All too often, however, boxes or vials with precious samples slip out and sink to the bottom of liquid nitrogen filled tank. In such cases, samples could be tediously retrieved after transferring the liquid nitrogen into a spare container or discarding it. The boxes and vials can then be relatively safely recovered from emptied Dewar. However, the cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen and its expansion rate makes sunken sample retrieval hazardous. It is commonly recommended by Safety Offices that sample retrieval be never carried out by a single person. Another alternative is to use commercially available cool grabbers or tongs to pull out the vials3. However, limited visibility within the dark liquid filled Dewars poses a major limitation in their use.
In this article, we describe the construction of a Cryotolerant DIY retrieval device, which makes sample retrieval from Dewar containing cryogenic fluids both safe and easy.

Here we present a low cost, durable cryotolerant device for sample retrieval from Dewar tanks filled with liquid nitrogen. The ease of construction and modular design of the device makes the process of sample retrieval from cryogenic tanks safe and easy.

KRİYOPREZERVE Numune Kurtarma için Do-It-Yourself Aygıt yanlışlıkla Kriyojenik Depolama Tankları içine Dropped

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term ...

Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization

Adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes, or ATPases, play a critical role in a diverse array of cellular functions. These dynamic proteins can generate energy for mechanical work, such as protein trafficking and degradation, solute transport, and cellular movements. The protocol described here is a basic assay for measuring the in vitro activity of purified ATPases for functional characterization. Proteins hydrolyze ATP in a reaction that results in inorganic phosphate release, and the amount of phosphate liberated is then quantitated using a colorimetric assay. This highly adaptable protocol can be adjusted to measure ATPase activity in kinetic or endpoint assays. A representative protocol is provided here based on the activity and requirements of EpsE, the AAA+ ATPase involved in Type II Secretion in the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The amount of purified protein needed to measure activity, length of the assay and the timing and number of sampling intervals, buffer and salt composition, temperature, co-factors, stimulants (if any), etc. may vary from those described here, and thus some optimization may be necessary. This protocol provides a basic framework for characterizing ATPases and can be performed quickly and easily adjusted as necessary.

Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization

We describe a basic protocol for quantitating in vitro ATPase activity. This protocol can be optimized based on the level of activity and requirements for a given purified ATPase.

ölçme<em&gt; İn Vitro</emEnzimatik Karakterizasyonu için&gt; ATPaz Aktivitesi

Adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes, or ATPases, play a critical role in a diverse array of cellular functions. These dynamic proteins can generate ...

Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility with high-throughput formatting. This protocol describes the use of three different methods for measuring cell proliferation in vitro including conventional hemocytometer counting chamber, a luminescence-based assay that utilizes the change in the metabolic activity of viable cells as a measure of the relative number of cells, and a multi-mode cell imager that measures cell number using a counting algorithm. Each method presents its own advantages and disadvantages for the measurement of cell proliferation, including time, cost and high-throughput compatibility. This protocol demonstrates that each method could accurately measure cell proliferation over time, and was sensitive to detect growth at differing cellular densities. Additionally, measurement of cell proliferation using a cell imager was able to provide further information such as morphology, confluence and allowed for a continual monitoring of cell proliferation over time. In conclusion, each method is capable of measuring cell proliferation, but the chosen method is user-dependent.

This protocol describes the use of three different methods for analyzing cell proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. This includes the use of conventional cell counting, luminescence-based cell viability, and cell counting through the use of a cell imager. Each offers advantages for the reproducible measurement of cell proliferation.

Meme Kanseri Hücre Hatlarında Hücre Proliferasyonunu belirlenmesi için üç Farklı Yöntemlerle Karşılaştırılması

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility ...

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and biomedical sciences. This easy to follow protocol was developed for first year undergraduate pharmacy students and provides an entry-level introduction to enzyme reactions and analytical procedures for enzyme analysis. The enzyme of choice is lactase, as this represents an example of a commercially available enzyme relevant to human disease/pharmaceutical practice. Lactase is extracted from dietary supplement tablets, and assessed using a colorimetric assay based upon hydrolysis of an artificial substrate for lactase (ortho-nitrophenol-beta-D-galactopyranoside, ONPG). Release of ortho-nitrophenol following the hydrolytic cleavage of ONPG by lactase is measured by a change in absorbance at 420 nm, and the effect of the temperature on the enzymatic reaction is evaluated by carrying out the reaction on ice, at room temperature and at 37 &#176;C. More advanced analysis can be implemented using this protocol by assessing the enzyme activity under different conditions and using different reagents.

The enzymatic activity of lactase is essential for the catabolic processing of the disaccharide lactose. Here, the activity of lactase found in dietary supplements is assayed using a colorimetric assay. This provides students with an experimental platform for understanding the activity of lactase and enzyme kinetics.

Laktaz enzim etkinliğin ölçülmesi öğretim laboratuarında

Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and ...

Hybrid-Cut: An Improved Sectioning Method for Recalcitrant Plant Tissue Samples

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some plant cells have rigid cell walls, tough fibers and crystals (calcium oxalate, silica, etc.), and high water content that often disrupt tissue integrity during plant tissue sectioning.
This study establishes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method. This protocol modifies a paraffin-based sectioning technique and improves the integrity of tissue sections from different plants. Plant tissues were embedded in paraffin before sectioning in a cryostat at -16 &#176;C. Sectioning under low temperature hardened the paraffin blocks, reduced tearing and scratching, and improved tissue integrity significantly. This protocol was successfully applied to calcium oxalate-rich Phalaenopsis orchid tissues as well as recalcitrant tissues such as reproductive organs and leaves of rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, the high quality of tissue sections from Hybrid-Cut could be used in combination with in situ hybridization (ISH) to provide spatial expression patterns of genes of interest. In conclusion, this protocol is particularly useful for recalcitrant plant tissue containing high crystal or silica content. Good quality tissue sections enable morphological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method that is useful for recalcitrant plant tissues. Good quality tissue sections enable anatomical studies and other biological studies including in situ hybridization (ISH).

Hibrid-Cut: Dirençli Bir Bitki Doku Örnekleri Bir Geliştirilmiş Kesit Yöntemi

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some ...

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.

We present a protocol to isolate the auditory bulla, capsule, and ossicles from postnatal mice for whole mount and histological analysis.

Doğum sonrası Farelerde İşitsel Bulla diseksiyonu: Orta Kulak Kemikler ve histolojik analiz izolasyonu

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo-Clear: Bir doku Yöntem yağ dokusu üç boyutlu görüntüleme için temizlenmesi

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...