Bu yayın Güney Carolina Tıp Üniversitesi akademik ev, NIH / NCATS Hibe Numarası UL1 TR000062 ile, South Carolina Klinik ve Translational Research (SCTR) Enstitüsü tarafından desteklenmiştir. Ek destek DRM VA liyakat ödülü BX002327-01 tarafından sağlandı. DJH NIH / NCATS Hibe Numarası TL1 TR000061 tarafından ve NIH Hibe Numarası T32 GM008716 tarafından desteklenmiştir. DENİZ NIH Hibe Numarası T32 HL07260 tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Burada listelenen tüm işlemler Güney Carolina Tıp Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır. Burada tarif edilen deneyler, akut, hayatta olmayan deneylerdir. Bu nedenle, var göz merhemi hiçbir kullanımı ve steril bir çalışma paketi gerekli değildir. Ötanazi kalbin hasat sırasında eksanguinasyon yoluyla elde edilir. 1. Deneysel hazırlanması <ol><li> Sabit bir basınç veya sabit akış Langendorff perfüzyon Aparatı 4 ya ayarlayın. </li><li> Tadil edilmiş bir Krebs Henseleit tamponu 4 L hazırlayın (mM olarak: 112 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1.2 MgSO 4, 1 K 2 HPO 4, 1.25 CaCl2, 25 NaHCO 3, 11 D-glikoz, 0.2 oktanoik asit, pH = 7.4). <ol><li> 10x stok tamponlar olun. <ol><li> 3 L&#39;lik, aşırı saf su içinde NaCI, KCI, MgSO 4 ve K 2 HPO 4 eritin. </li><li> 500 ml ultra saf su wi CaCl 2 çözülür1 N HCI, 40 ml inci. </li><li> Yavaşça 1.2.1.1 yapılan tampon CaCl2 çözüm ekleyin. 4 L. toplam kadar ultra-saf su ilave bir 0.8 um&#39;lik bir filtreden filtre edilmeden önce 1 saat boyunca karışmaya bırakın. 4 ° C&#39;de saklayın. </li><li> 4 L ultra saf su içinde NaHCO 3 eritin. 0.8 um filtre ile süzülmeden önce 1 saat boyunca karışmaya bırakın. Mağaza 4 ° C&#39;de </li></ol></li><li> 400 ml 10x NaHCO 3 tamponla 400 ml 10x Krebs Henseleit tampon birleştirin. Karıştırılırken glikoz ve oktanoik asit içinde çözündürülür 4 L. toplam kadar ultra-saf su ilave edilir. 0.8 um&#39;lik bir filtreden filtre. </li></ol></li><li> Kalp için sistem hazırlayın. <ol><li> 4 L&#39;lik bir şişeye süzüldü tampon 2 L ekleme aort kanülüne bağlanmış vana yukarıda 38 yerleştirilir. Bu, önerilen perfüzyon basıncı 4 olan kalp, 70-80 mmHg perfüzyon basıncını teslim edecek. </li><li> Şişede tampon içine gaz dağıtım bubbler yerleştirin. </li><li> Boru içinden kabarcıkları ortadan kaldırmak için emin olmak, sistem üzerinden tampon çalıştırın. </li><li> Kalp sistemi yerleştirilmesi için önce gaz (% 95 O 2 /% 5 CO 2) en az 30 dakika açın. Oksijen doygunluğu doğrulamak için bir gaz akış probu ve kan gazı analizörü kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Cerrahi malzemeleri ve balon hazırlayın. <ol><li> Kalbin hasat için 6.75 bir çift &quot;cerrahi makas, 4.5 bir çift&quot; makas, 27 G iğne, 0-guage ipek sütür 2 adet (yaklaşık 15 hemostat iki çift, caramalt forseps iki takım, iki şırınga hazırlamak cm uzunluğunda), bir 1/16 inç dikenli kanülü, bir trakeal kanül. </li><li> Trakeal kanül monte etmek için, Y-konnektörüne 1/16 inç çaplı plastik boru kısa bir parça yapıştırıcı. </li><li> Balon cihazı monte etmek için: 1/16 inç boru parçasına bir gavaj iğne takılır, daha sonra basınç dönüştürücü konut hortumu takmak. Basınç tr diğer tarafına bağlı küçük bir şırıngaansducer konut balonu şişmesini ve sönmesini sağlayacaktır. <ol><li> Merkezinde sonda iğne plastik wrap ve yer ucunun bir kare kesin. Gavaj iğnenin etrafına plastik wrap sarın. </li><li> Tuzlu su ile balon doldurun ve iki dikiş ile kapalı kravat. Herhangi bir sızıntı olmadığından emin olmak için balonu şişirin. şişirilmiş balon içindeki tuzlu su hacmi yaklaşık 200 ul olmalıdır, ancak sıçan büyüklüğüne bağlı olarak değişebilir. </li><li> Alternatif olarak, plastik sargı yerine bir lateks parmak yatağı kullanır. Parmak karyolası içinde sonda iğne yerleştirin tuzlu su ile doldurun ve kapalı kravat. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hasat Kalp <ol><li> Bir decapicone veya diğer manuel emniyet aygıtı kullanarak bir Sprague Dawley sıçan kısıtlamaktadır. Sıçan tartılır. </li><li> Sıçan anestezisi için intraperitonal enjeksiyon yoluyla ketamin / ksilazin karışımı (0.85 mg / kg ketamin ve 0.15 mg / kg ksilazin) uygulayınız. Anestezik Bu doz için yeterli anestezi sağlayacaktır20-40 dakika, ancak prosedür olarak hızla anestezi onaylandıktan sonra mümkün olduğunca tamamlanması gerekmektedir. </li><li> Test ayak tutam refleks ile anestezi uygun derecede onaylayın. </li><li> Nefes borusu ameliyatı <ol><li> Kesi yapmak için postu ve makas yükseltmek için hemostat kullanarak, çene tabanına orta forepaw gelen postu çıkarın. Postu boyunca kesip çıkarmak için izin, altta yatan kas ayırmak için yükseltilmiş postu tutun. </li><li> Hemostat kullanarak, glandüler doku kaldırın ve bez dokuya fasya yatay kesi alt olun. Nick değil şah damarlar özen açık kesi yaymak için hemostat kullanın. </li><li> , Hemostat kullanma tutam kas trakea örten ve kullanan makas sadece hemostat ucu altındaki kas enine kesi yapmak. Hemostat kullanarak, trakea ortaya çıkarmak için birbirinden doku yayıldı. </li><li> Dikkatle hafifçe ilerleyen ve hemostat geri çekilmesiyle ilerlerken fasya temizleyerek, trakea altında hemostat yerleştirin. </li><li>Hemostatlar başarıyla trakea arkasına konduğunda, hemostatlarla 0-0 ipek sütür çimdik ve makas küçük, keskin çifti ile trakea Hemisect. </li><li> , Hemisected trakea içine trakeal kanül yerleştirin trakea arkasında dikiş çekin ve bir cerrah düğümü ile kanül Y-kasık sütür demirleme, kanüle trakea etrafında dikiş kravat. </li><li> 27 G iğne kullanarak, şah damarına 1000 U / kg heparin enjekte ve 30 saniye süreyle sirküle izin verir. </li></ol></li><li> Torakotomi <ol><li> Hemostatlarla kısma ve makasla keserek orta forepaw bölgeye orta karından postu çıkarın. </li><li> Hemen diyaframın altında, karın kası duvarında içine ¾ inç enine kesi olun. </li><li> Sternum boyunca kesme, karın duvarı ve göğüs duvarı yukarı dikey bir kesi yapmak. </li><li> Geri bilateral diyaframı Kes, daha sonra kalbi, bu yaymak kalmasını sağlamak için hemostatlarla kelepçe göğüs kafesi ortaya çıkarmak için göğüs kafesi yayıldı. </li&gt; <li> Hemostat kullanarak, yavaşça çıkan aort açığa timus çıkarın. </li><li> Hemostat ucu ile izin fasya yayılan hafifçe ilerleyen ve hemostat geri çekilmeden ve aort döngü hemostat Tease. </li><li> , Çıkan aort arkasında 0-0 ipek sütür çekin gevşek bir yarım kare düğüm içine dikiş kravat hemostat kullanın. </li><li> Perfüzyon tamponu Hemisect aort akışını başlatmak ve hemen aort lümeni içine kanül eklemek için musluğunu getirin. Hızla yarım kare düğüm cinch ve iyice sıkarak, düğümü tamamlayın. </li><li> Uzaklıkta büyük damarların kalbi incelemek göğüs kalp kaldırmak ve perfüzyon sütuna eklemek için makas kullanın. </li><li> Aşırı akciğer dokusu uzak trim ve kalp balon yerleştirilmesinden önce yaklaşık 15 dakika boyunca kolonu üzerinde dengelenmeye gelmeye bırakın. 10-20 ml / dk kalbinden tampon normal akış hızını kullanarak. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Langendorff Perfüzyon ve İskemi Reperfüzyon Hasarı <ol><li> LV öncesi Yerleştirmessure balon <ol><li> Bir koni şekline haddeleme sırasında balon Deflate ve balon sönük kalmasını sağlamak için musluğunu açın. </li><li> ÖTV mitral kapak erişimi maruz makas küçük bir çifti ile atrium bıraktı. </li><li> Sol atrium ve sol ventrikül içine mitral kapaktan balonu yerleştirin. </li><li> Basıncı izleme yazılımını başlatın (LabChart Pro). </li><li> Stopcock açarak ve yavaşça mikromanometre okuma diastolik basınç sıfır geçene kadar balon serum fizyolojik miktarını artırarak balonu şişirmek. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş havasını, uzunluk-gerilim yanıtını kontrol 75 mmHg diyastolik basınç yavaş yavaş balonu şişirmek için bir kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> Balonla tuzlu miktarını modüle ederek 10 mmHg diyastolik basınç olarak ayarlayın. Enflasyon bu seviyede balonu mühür stopcock çevirin ve LV balon ve basınç dönüştürücü arasındaki kapalı basınç sistemi korumak. </li><li> Plastik ile ısıtılan bölme ve kapak odasına düşük kalp. </li></ol></li><li> Ilanİskemi Reperfüzyon Hasarı ve ministration <ol><li> Isıtmalı odasının alt Tak ve oda effused tampon ile doldurmak için izin verir. </li><li> Tampon kalbini batık zaman, küresel iskemi uyaran, kalbine tampon akışını durdurmak için stopcock çevirin. Iskemi süresi deney hedeflerine bağlı olarak değişebilir. </li><li> Iskemi 30 dakika sonra, reperfüzyon başlatılması, kalp içine tampon maddesi akışını geri musluğunu açın. </li><li> Deney sonlandırmadan önce 1 saat süreyle kalp reperfüzyon izin verin. Deney hedeflerine bağlı olarak, değişken reperfüzyon kez kullanabilirsiniz. </li></ol></li><li> Deney sona ermesi ve Doku Hasat <ol><li> Vana yan bağlantı noktasını kullanarak, 10 ml &#39;lik bir oranda kalp içine, 4 ° C&#39;de fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su içinde 10 ml tatbik / dak kalbi durdurmak için. </li><li> Perfüzyon sütunundan kalbi çıkarın atriyal doku kalan uzak trim. </li><li> Pa ile kaplayın, paslanmaz çelik, doku dilimleme matrisi içine kalbi yerleştirin8 dakika boyunca, ya da kalp kadar -80 ° C &#39;de rafilm ve yer hatmi benzeri bir tutarlılığı vardır. </li><li> Dondurucudan çıkarın bloğunu ve 2 mm&#39;lik dilimler halinde kalbi dilim matris dilimleme içine jilet yerleştirin. Doku blokları da 2 mm&#39;den daha başka dilim boyutları ile satın alınabilir. </li><li> Bir defada dilimleri birini çıkarın ve biyokimyasal çalışmalar için dondurma flaş sıvı azot içine bırakın. Enfarktüs boyama apeks üçüncü ventrikül dilim saklayın. </li><li> Biyokimyasal deneylerde kullanılana kadar -80 ° C&#39;de, sıvı azot ve deposundan doku çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Enfarktüs Boyama <ol><li> 15 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de / hac trifeniltetrazolyum klorür (TTC)% 1 w 10 ml, üçüncü ventriküler dilimleri inkübe edin. Not: TTC Kuluçka etkinliği 15 herhangi bir değişiklik ile 15 ya da 30 dakika süre ile gerçekleştirilebilir. </li><li> % 10 tamponlu formalin için TTC doku dilim aktarın ve gece boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. En iyi sonuçlar için, duymakts formalin üzerinden alındı ​​ve 24 saat 4 olan görüntülü olmalıdır. </li><li> Böyle ImageJ olarak Fotoğraf lekeli dilim ve kullanım yazılım üreticisinin protokolüne göre infarkt boyutunu tahmin etmek. Boya zamanla kaybolacak kadar, tespit sonrasında kısa sürede fotoğraf çekmek. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

İzole perfüze sıçan kalp başarıyla iskemi reperfüzyon hasarı 9 kardiyak önkoşullama üzerindeki farmakolojik müdahalenin etkisini araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Ancak, tekrarlanabilir sonuçlar sağlamak için standardize edilmelidir prosedüre bazı temel adımlar vardır. Sistem içinde 37.4 ° C arasında bir sıcaklık muhafaza hatta hafif ve hipotermi hipertermi kalp önkoşullanma 10,11 neden olabilir, kritik öneme sahiptir. ketamin ile uzun süreli maruz kalp önkoşullama <...

Hem iskemi ve reperfüzyon kardiyak tepkiyi altında yatan olaylar izahı aort kros-sıkma 2. gerektiren miyokard infarktüsü 1 ve kardiyak cerrahi işlemlerin tedavi geliştirilmesi esastır. Iskemi reperfüzyon hasarının in vivo modelleri, çok kullanışlı bir son nokta analizi sağlarken, gerçek zamanlı olarak, akut iskemi reperfüzyon hasarının fonksiyonel etkilerinin araştırılması için etkili değildir. In vivo iskemi reperfüzyon modelleri genellikle reperfüzyon sırasında infarkt önemli değişkenlik ve kalbe ilacın doğrudan teslim üretmek içinde Ayrıca, zordur. iskemi reperfüzyon hasarının incelenmesi için bir Langendorff izole kalp sisteminin kullanımı, farmakolojik tedaviler, enfarkte doku tek biçimli alan ve doğrudan miyokarda ilacın anlık teslimat gerçek zamanlı fonksiyonel değerlendirmesi için izin verir. İlk b&#39;deki1895, 3 y Oscar Langendorff, Langendorff izole kalp son 40 yıl 4,5 için iskemi reperfüzyon araştırmalarında kullanılan edilerek, iskemi reperfüzyon hasarı incelemek için sağlam bir modeldir. Burada, bazı değişiklikler fonksiyonel analiz için izole kalbi optimize etmek için yapılır. Aortun yerinde kanülasyon kalp kalpte iskemi reperfüzyon çalışmaların 6 sonuçlarını değiştirecek iskemik önkoşullanma, tecrübe etmediğini garanti iken. Bunu kolaylaştırmak için, bir traketomi havalandırma sağlayan ve ameliyat sırasında sıçan fizyolojik istikrarın sağlanması gerçekleştirilir. Bundan sonra, kalp, Krebs Henseleit tamponu aort içine doğrudan retrograd perfüzyon yoluyla teslim edildiği bir cam su ceketli sarmal kolonuna bağlanmıştır. Bir tuzlu su dolu balon sol ventrikül içerisine eklenen ve ventrikül An içinden baskıların gerçek zamanlı ölçümüne izin veren bir basınç transdüktörüne, bağlı olduğuBirden fazla fonksiyonel parametreler d hesaplanması. Deneyin sonunda, kalp kasılma ve DNA, RNA ve protein seviyeleri alt analiz sağlamak için sıvı azot içinde dondurulmuş flaş tutulması için bir soğuk tuzlu su ile yıkanır. Böylece değiştirilmiş, Langendorff perfüze kalp iskemi reperfüzyon hasarı sırasında akut herhangi bir zamanda farmakolojik müdahalelerin fizyolojik etkisinin direkt izlenmesi için etkili bir sistem olarak hizmet vermektedir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">203726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>RES20765-A7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride Dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octanoic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td>MEMSCAP</td>
			<td>SP844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex Peristaltic Pump</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-07521-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex Easy Load Pump Head</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-07518-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated circulating water bath</td>
			<td>Lauda</td>
			<td>M3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing Flow Module</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>TS410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modular Research Console</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>T402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inline flow sensor</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>ME2PXN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLab Data Acquisition Device</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>PL3508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart data acquisition software</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>MLU60/8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction and assessment of ischemia-reperfusion injury in langendorff-perfused rat hearts

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for myocardial infarction and cardiac complications of thoracic surgery. The ability of certain drugs to precondition the myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury has led to multiple clinical trials, with little success. The isolated heart model allows acute observation of the functional effects of ischemia reperfusion injury in real time, including the effects of various pharmacological interventions administered at any time-point before or within the ischemia-reperfusion injury window. Since brief periods of ischemia can precondition the heart against ischemic injury, in situ aortic cannulation is performed to allow for functional assessment of non-preconditioned myocardium. A saline filled balloon is placed into the left ventricle to allow for real-time measurement of pressure generation. Ischemic injury is simulated by the cessation of perfusion buffer flow, followed by reperfusion. The duration of both ischemia and reperfusion can be modulated to examine biochemical events at any given time-point. Although the Langendorff isolated heart model does not allow for the consideration of systemic events affecting ischemia and reperfusion, it is an excellent model for the examination of acute functional and biochemical events within the window of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the effect of pharmacological intervention on cardiac pre- and postconditioning. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform in situ aortic cannulation and heart excision followed by ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff model.

sol ventrikül balon aparatı müteahhitlik sol ventrikül (Şekil 1) tarafından geliştirilen basınç gerçek zamanlı izleme sağlar. Daha önce 7 tarif edildiği gibi, bu basınç izleme ventriküler fonksiyon parametrelerinin çoğu hesaplamak için kullanılabilir. Bu hesaplamalar, başlangıç ​​aşaması olarak reperfüzyon fazı yapılan her bir grup içinde birden fazla izleri üzerinden ortalaması alınmış, ve daha önce 9 yapmış gibi farmakolojik müdahale, ka...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts at JoVE.com

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

The isolated rat heart is an enduring model for ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the process of harvesting the beating heart from a rat via in situ aortic cannulation, Langendorff perfusion of the heart, simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, and infarct staining to confirm the extent of ischemic insult.

Langendorff-perfüze sıçan Hearts indüksiyon ve İskemi-reperfüzyon Hasarı Değerlendirilmesi

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for ...

induction-assessment-ischemia-reperfusion-injury-langendorff-perfused

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Medicine

22.7K Görüntüleme.  Medical University of South Carolina. The isolated rat heart is an enduring model for ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the process of harvesting the beating heart from a rat via in situ aortic cannulation, Langendorff perfusion of the heart, simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, and infarct staining to confirm the extent of ischemic insult.

Video: Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused by whole-body hypoperfusion.5,6 Successful reproduction of whole-body hypoperfusion in rodent models has been fraught with 
difficulty.7-9,9,10 Models which employ focal ischemia have repeatedly demonstrated results which do not translate to the clinical setting, and larger 
animal models which allow for whole body hypoperfusion lack access to the full toolset of genetic manipulation possible in the mouse.11,12 However, in recent 
years a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation has emerged which can be adapted to model AKI.13 This model reliably reproduces 
physiologic, functional, anatomic, and histologic outcomes seen in clinical AKI, is rapidly repeatable, and offers all of the significant advantages of a murine surgical 
model, including access to genetic manipulative techniques, low cost relative to large animals, and ease of use. Our group has developed extensive experience 
with use of this model to assess a number of organ-specific outcomes in AKI.14,15

A powerful model for perioperative and critical care related acute kidney injury is presented. Using whole body hypoperfusion induced by cardiac arrest it is possible to nearly replicate the histologic and functional changes of clinical AKI.

Normotermik Kardiyak Arrest ve Kardiyopulmoner Resusitasyon: İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarı Fare Modeli

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

Tıp

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, intestinal ischemia as well as following transplant and cardiovascular surgery.1 Reperfusion of previously ischemic tissue, while essential for the prevention of irreversible tissue injury, elicits excessive inflammation of the affected tissue. Adjacent to the production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the complement system and increased microvascular permeability, the activation of leukocytes is one of the principle actors in the pathological cascade of inflammatory tissue damage during reperfusion.2, 3 Leukocyte activation is a multistep process consisting of rolling, firm adhesion and transmigration and is mediated by a complex interaction between adhesion molecules in response to chemoattractants such as complement factors, chemokines, or platelet-activating factor.4
While leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is predominantly mediated by the interaction of selectins5 with their counter ligands, firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium is selectin-controlled via binding to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and vascular cellular adhesion molecules (VCAM).6, 7 
Gold standard for the in vivo observation of leukocyte-endothelial interaction is the technique of intravital microscopy, first described in 1968.8
Though various models of IRI (ischemia-reperfusion injury) have been described for various organs, 9-12 only few are suitable for direct visualization of leukocyte recruitment in the microvascular bed on a high level of image quality.8 
We here promote the digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of the postcapillary venule in the cremasteric microcirculation of the rat 13 as a convenient method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze leukocyte recruitment for IRI-research in striated muscle tissue and provide a detailed manual for accomplishing the technique. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly appreciate, and safely perform the method.
In a step by step protocol we depict how to get started with respiration controlled anesthesia under sufficient monitoring to keep the animal firmly anesthetized for longer periods of time. We then describe the cremasteric preparation as a thin flat sheet for outstanding optical resolution and provide a protocol for leukocyte imaging in IRI that has been well established in our laboratories.

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of postcapillary venules in the cremasteric microcirculation is a convenient method to gain insights into leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vivo in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of striated muscle tissue. We here provide a detailed protocol to safely perform the technique and discuss its applications and limitations.

Sıçan Cremaster&#39;ın kas iskemi-reperfüzyon Hasarı içinde Lökosit-endotelyal Etkileşim Gerçek zamanlı Dijital Görüntüleme (IRI)

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

Miyokutanöz İskemi Reperfüzyon Hasarı Rat Modeli: in situ Enine Rektus abdominis kas deri Flap

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

Farelerde Akut Böbrek Hasarı ve Post Yaralanma Fibrozis iskemi-reperfüzyon Model

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Bağırsak İskemi-reperfüzyon Hasarı Murin Modeli

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Inducing Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Ear Skin for Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Immune Responses

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent re-oxygenation of the tissues (reperfusion). In the skin, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is the main contributing factor to the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers. While the cascade of events leading up to the inflammatory response has been well studied, the spatial and temporal responses of the different subsets of immune cells to an IR injury are not well understood. Existing models of IR using the clamping technique on the skin flank are highly invasive and unsuitable for studying immune responses to injury, while similar non-invasive magnet clamping studies in the skin flank are less-than-ideal for intravital imaging studies. In this protocol, we describe a robust model of non-invasive IR developed on mouse ear skin, where we aim to visualize in real-time the cellular response of immune cells after reperfusion via multiphoton intravital imaging (MP-IVM).

This protocol describes the induction of an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model on mouse ear skin using magnet clamping. Using a custom-built intravital imaging model, we study in vivo inflammatory responses post-reperfusion. The rationale behind the development of this technique is to extend the understanding of how leukocytes respond to skin IR injury.

Bağışıklık Yanıtları intravital multiphoton Görüntüleme Fare Kulak Skin uyaran İskemi-reperfüzyon yaralanması

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via recanalization of the coronary artery is the most effective strategy for reducing the size of ischemic myocardium. The coronary microvasculature cannot be visualized and imaged&#160;in vivo, but there are several invasive and noninvasive techniques that can be used to assess parameters which depend directly on coronary microvascular function. The endothelial function after ischemia reperfusion can be assessed also at the level of the coronary circulation via the coronary flow reserve (CFR).&#160;In this study, peak velocity of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured in rats in vivo via Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography during resting and stress challenge (induced by Dobutamine). A normal heart can increase its coronary blood flow up to four times above the resting values during stress induction. Following ischemia reperfusion, we found a significantly diminished CFR, which can be used as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction. CFR has opened a window on the importance of microvascular dysfunction and has been shown to predict cardiovascular risk independent of whether the severe obstructive disease is present.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR), is defined as the ratio of maximal coronary blood flow to the resting coronary blood flow. We present a protocol for evaluating CFR in rats via ultrasound, which offers the opportunity to predict cardiovascular risk factors in the absence of obstructive coronary disease.

Farelerde miyokardiyal Iskemi reperfüzyon sonrası koroner akış rezervi değerlendirilmesi

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Rekonstrüktif Mikrocerrahide İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarı Nın İnceleştirilmesinde Klinik Öncesi Sıçan Modeli

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to larger animals. Yet, larger mammals are better suited for translational research questions related to normal cardiac physiology, pathophysiology, and preclinical testing of therapeutic agents. To overcome the technical barriers associated with employing a larger animal model in cardiac research, we describe an approach to measure physiological parameters in an isolated, Langendorff-perfused piglet heart. This approach combines two powerful experimental tools to evaluate the state of the heart: electrophysiology (EP) study and simultaneous optical mapping of transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium using parameter sensitive dyes (RH237, Rhod2-AM). The described methodologies are well suited for translational studies investigating the cardiac conduction system, alterations in action potential morphology, calcium handling, excitation-contraction coupling and the incidence of cardiac alternans or arrhythmias.

The objective of this study was to establish a method for investigating cardiac dynamics using a translational animal model. The described experimental approach incorporates dual-emission optocardiography in conjunction with an electrophysiological study to assess electrical activity in an isolated, intact porcine heart model.

Ex Vivo Langendorff perfüzyonlu Kalplerin Optokardiyografi ve Elektrofizyoloji Çalışmaları

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to ...

Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Simulating Hemodynamic Changes in Rat Liver Transplant Model

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of extrahepatic organs. This model requires numerous experiments and devices. The duration of anhepatic phase is closely related to the time to develop IRI after transplantation. In this experiment, we used hemodynamic changes to induce extrahepatic organ damage in rats and determined the maximum tolerance time. The time until the most severe organ injury varied for different organs. This method can easily be replicated and can also be used to study IRI of the extrahepatic organs after liver transplantation.

This paper provides a detailed description of how to build an animal model of the anhepatic phase (liver ischemia) in rats to facilitate basic research into ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.

Sıçan Karaciğer Nakli Modelinde Hemodinamik Değişiklikleri Simüle Ederek Organ İskemi-Reperfüzyon Yaralanması

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, ...