Iş Deustche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG ve Nörobiyoloji için Leibniz-Enstitüsü hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir. Biz teknik yardım için Maria-Marina Zempeltzi ve Kathrin OHL teşekkür ederiz.

<ol>
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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visuotopic+mapping+through+a+multichannel+stimulating+implant+in+primate+V1.">Visuotopic mapping through a multichannel stimulating implant in primate V1.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 93, 1659-1670 (2005).</li><li>Scheich, H., Breindl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Animal+Model+of+Auditory+Cortex+Prostheses.">An Animal Model of Auditory Cortex Prostheses.</a> Audiology and Neurootology. 7 (3), 191-194 (2002).</li><li>Romo, R., Hern&#225;ndez, A., Zainos, A., Salinas, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatosensory+discrimination+based+on+cortical+microstimulation.">Somatosensory discrimination based on cortical microstimulation.</a> Nature. 392, 387-390 (1998).</li><li>Douglas, R. J., Martin, K. A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recurrent+neuronal+circuits+in+the+neocortex.">Recurrent neuronal circuits in the neocortex.</a> Current Biology. 17 (13), 496-500 (2004).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., Deliano, M., Handschuh, J., Ohl, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine-modulated+recurrent+corticoefferent+feedback+in+primary+sensory+cortex+promotes+detection+of+behaviorally+relevant+stimuli.">Dopamine-modulated recurrent corticoefferent feedback in primary sensory cortex promotes detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (4), 1234-1247 (2014).</li><li>Deliano, M., Scheich, H., Ohl, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+cortical+activity+after+intracortical+microstimulation+and+its+role+for+sensory+processing+and+learning.">Auditory cortical activity after intracortical microstimulation and its role for sensory processing and learning.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (50), 15898-15909 (2009).</li><li>DeYoe, E. A., Lewine, J. D., Doty, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+variation+in+threshold+for+detection+of+electrical+excitation+of+striate+cortex+by+macaques.">Laminar variation in threshold for detection of electrical excitation of striate cortex by macaques.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (5), 3443-3450 (2005).</li><li>Tehovnik, E. J., Slocum, W. M., Schiller, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delaying+visually+guided+saccades+by+microstimulation+of+macaque+V1:+spatial+properties+of+delay+fields.">Delaying visually guided saccades by microstimulation of macaque V1: spatial properties of delay fields.</a> The European Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (10), 2635-2643 (2005).</li><li>Wetzel, W., Wagner, T., Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Categorical+discrimination+of+direction+in+frequency-modulated+tones+by+Mongolian+gerbils.">Categorical discrimination of direction in frequency-modulated tones by Mongolian gerbils.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 91, 29-39 (1998).</li><li>Cain, C. K., LeDoux, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Escape+from+fear:+a+detailed+behavioral+analysis+of+two+atypical+responses+reinforced+by+CS+termination.">Escape from fear: a detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal behavior processes. 33, 451-463 (2007).</li><li>Stark, H., Rothe, T., Deliano, M., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+cortical+theta+activity+correlates+with+stages+of+auditory+avoidance+strategy+formation+in+a+shuttle-box.">Dynamics of cortical theta activity correlates with stages of auditory avoidance strategy formation in a shuttle-box.</a> Neuroscience. 151, 467-475 (2008).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Wetzel, W., Wagner, T., Rech, A., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+ablation+of+auditory+cortex+in+Mongolian+gerbil+affects+discrimination+of+frequency+modulated+tones+but+not+of+pure+tones.">Bilateral ablation of auditory cortex in Mongolian gerbil affects discrimination of frequency modulated tones but not of pure tones.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. 6 (4), 347-362 (1999).</li><li>Kurt, S., Ehret, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+discrimination+learning+and+knowledge+transfer+in+mice+depends+on+task+difficulty.">Auditory discrimination learning and knowledge transfer in mice depends on task difficulty.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (18), 8481-8485 (2010).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+cognitive+flexibility+in+reversal+learning+induced+by+removal+of+the+extracellular+matrix+in+auditory+cortex.">Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7), 2800-2805 (2014).</li><li>Thomas, H., Tillein, J., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+I.+Electrophysiological+mapping+of+frequency+representation+and+distinction+of+fields.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). I. Electrophysiological mapping of frequency representation and distinction of fields.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 5, 882-897 (1993).</li><li>Budinger, E., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+Mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+III.+Anatomical+subdivisions+and+corticocortical+connections.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). III. Anatomical subdivisions and corticocortical connections.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 12, 2425-2451 (2000).</li><li>Langford, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coding+of+facial+expressions+of+pain+in+the+laboratory+mouse.">Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse.</a> Nature Methods. 7 (6), 447-449 (2010).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H., Freeman, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Change+in+pattern+of+ongoing+cortical+activity+with+auditory+category+learning.">Change in pattern of ongoing cortical activity with auditory category learning.</a> Nature. 412 (6848), 733-736 (2001).</li><li>Scheich, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+semantics+of+learning+and+crossmodal+processing+in+auditory+cortex:+the+semantic+processor+concept.">Behavioral semantics of learning and crossmodal processing in auditory cortex: the semantic processor concept.</a> Hearing Research. 271 (1-2), 3-15 (2011).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., Jeschke, M., Ohl, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+integration+in+primary+auditory+cortex+attributable+to+temporally+precise+convergence+of+thalamocortical+and+intracortical+input.">Spectral integration in primary auditory cortex attributable to temporally precise convergence of thalamocortical and intracortical input.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (33), 11114-11127 (2010).</li><li>Ranck, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+elements+are+excited+in+electrical+stimulation+of+mammalian+central+nervous+system:+a+review.">Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review.</a> Brain Research. 98, 417-440 (1975).</li><li>Clark, K. L., Armstrong, K. M., Moore, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+neural+circuitry+and+function+with+electrical+microstimulation.">Probing neural circuitry and function with electrical microstimulation.</a> Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society. 278 (1709), 1121-1130 (2011).</li><li>Ilango, A., Shumake, J., Wetzel, W., Scheich, H., Ohl, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+of+lateral+habenula+during+learning:+frequency-dependent+effects+on+acquisition+but+not+retrieval+of+a+two-way+active+avoidance+response.">Electrical stimulation of lateral habenula during learning: frequency-dependent effects on acquisition but not retrieval of a two-way active avoidance response.</a> PloS one. 8 (6), e65684 (2013).</li><li>Weible, A. P., McEchron, M. D., Disterhoft, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+involvement+in+acquisition+and+extinction+of+trace+eyeblink+conditioning.">Cortical involvement in acquisition and extinction of trace eyeblink conditioning.</a> Behavioral Neuroscience. 114, 1058-1067 (2000).</li><li>Rothe, T., Deliano, M., Scheich, H., Stark, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+of+task-relevant+conditioned+stimuli+from+background+stimuli+by+associative+learning.">Segregation of task-relevant conditioned stimuli from background stimuli by associative learning.</a> Brain Research. 1297, 143-159 (2009).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu protokol, iki yönlü bir caydırıcı ayak şoku kontrollü mekik kutusu sistemi kullanarak bir öğrenme hayvanda eş zamanlı site-spesifik ICMS ve çok kanallı elektrofizyolojik kayıtları için bir yöntem tarif eder. Protokol, kombinasyon için teknik anahtar kavramları vurgulamaktadır ve sadece ortak bir zemin elektrot aracılığıyla hayvan topraklama yüzer voltajda gridfloor bırakarak önemine işaret etmektedir. Bu hayvanların işitsel korteks öğrenme ile ilgili plastik yeniden yapılanma yoğun <...

Davranışsal nörobilim temel bir amacı nöronal yapısal ve fonksiyonel özellikleri, öğrenme ve algı arasındaki özel bağlantılar kurmaktır. Algı ve öğrenme ile ilişkili sinirsel aktivite birden fazla çeşitli beyin yapılarında aksiyon potansiyeli ve yerel alan potansiyelleri elektrofizyolojik kayıt ile ele alınabilir. 3 - elektrofizyolojik kayıtlar sinirsel aktivite ve davranış arasındaki karşılıklı dernekler sağlayan Oysa, bir yüzyıl boyunca doğrudan elektrik intrakortikal mikrostimülasyonla (ICMS) nöronların heyecanlı nüfus ve bunların davranışsal ve algısal etkileri 1 test nedensel ilişkileri için en doğrudan bir yöntem olmuştur. Birçok çalışma hayvanlar örnek retinotopic 4, t içinde stimülasyon sitesine bağlı algısal görevleri elektrik uyaranların çeşitli mekansal ve zamansal özelliklerinin faydalanmak mümkün olduğunu göstermiştirkortekste onotopic 5 ya da 6 somatotopik bölgeleri. Kortekste örneğin elektrik kuvvetiyle uyandırılan aktivitesi yayılması çoğunlukla aksonal lifler ve korteks, açık bir şekilde katmanın bağımlı 7, onların dağıtılmış sinaptik bağlantı 2 düzeni ile belirlenir. ICMS tarafından uyarılmış sonuçtaki polisinaptik aktivasyon daha bundan böyle elektrik alan 2,8,9 doğrudan etkilerinden daha yaygın olduğunu. Intrakortikal mikrostimülasyonla tarafından ortaya algısal etkileri eşikleri kuvvetle katman bağımlı 8,10,11 ve site bağımlı 9 olabilir açıklıyor. Yeni yapılan bir çalışmada korteks sonucu derin katmanlarının uyarılması aktivasyonu intracolumnar fokal, tekrarlayan corticoefferent ise üst katmanlar uyarılması, özellikle supragranular katmanlarda corticocortical devrelerin daha yaygın aktivasyonunu vermiştir detaylı olarak gösterdi. Paralel davranışsal deneyler ikincisi çok daha düşük algısal algılama thr sahip olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştıresholds 8. Nedensel 8 mekik-box öğrenme ve algılama davranışsal tedbirler belirli kortikal devre aktivasyonları ilişkilendirmek nedenle, bölgeye özgü ICMS olarak koşullandırılmış uyaranlara avantajı elektrofizyolojik kayıtlar ile birlikte istismar edildi. İki yönlü servis kutusu paradigma kaçınma öğrenme 12 incelemek için iyi kurulmuş bir laboratuvar cihazıdır. Bir mekik-box bir engel veya kapı ile ayrılmış 2 bölmeden oluşmaktadır. Bir ışık veya ses gibi uygun bir sinyal ile temsil edilen bir durumunu teşvik (CS), olumsal, caydırıcı bir şartsız uyarıcı (ABD) tarafından takip edilir, örneğin bir metal ızgara zemin üzerinde ayak şoku. Denekler CS karşılık diğer bir mekik kutusu bölümünden mekik ile ABD&#39;yi önlemek için öğrenebilirsiniz. : Birincisi, mekik-box öğrenme 13,14 ayırt öğrenme evreleri bir dizi içerirkonular klasik koşullanma CS ABD tahmin etmek ve ABD mekik üzerine sonlandırıldı olarak, enstrümantal klima tarafından ABD&#39;ye kaçmak için öğrenirler. Bir sonraki aşamada, deneklere ABD başlamasından önce CS (kaçınma reaksiyonu) cevaben mekik ile tamamen ABD&#39;nin önlemek için öğrenirler. Genellikle, mekik kutusu öğrenme klasik klima, enstrümantal klima yanı sıra aşamasını 14 öğrenmeye bağlı olarak hedefe yönelik davranışı içerir. Mekik kutusu prosedürü kolayca kurmak ve genellikle birkaç günlük eğitim oturumları 15 sonra sağlam bir davranış üretir olabilir - 17. Basit kaçınma klima (algılama) ek olarak, mekik kutusu ayrıca go / NOGO paradigmalar kullanılarak uyaran ayrımcılığı incelemek için kullanılabilir. Burada, hayvanlar klimalı tepki ile ABD (CR) (davranışı gidin; karşıt bölmeye shuttle) önlemek için eğitilmiş bir tepki olarak &lt;eğitim için izin veren bir NOGO-uyarıcı (CS-) tepki olarak yüksek yoğunluklu multielectrode dizileri ile paralel mikrostimülasyonla ve nöral aktivitenin kayıt., strong&gt; go-uyaran (CS +) ve NOGO davranış tarafından (hiçbir CR geçerli bölme içinde kalmak) Başarılı öğrenme altında yatan fizyolojik mekanizmalar. Mekik-box eğitimi, ICMS ve paralel elektrofizyoloji başarılı kombinasyonları için temel birkaç teknik detayları ele alınacaktır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon-insulated stainless steel wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diam. 50&#181;m w/ isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin connector system&#160;</td>
			<td>Molex Holding GmbH</td>
			<td>510470200</td>
			<td>1.25 mm pitch PicoBlade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM grid Quantifoil</td>
			<td>Science Services</td>
			<td>EQ225-N27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental acrylic Paladur</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707938</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-held drill OmniDrill35</td>
			<td>WPI&#160;</td>
			<td>503599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 500mg/10ml</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td>
			<td>7538837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun 2%, 25ml</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>5066.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium-Chloride 0.9%, 10ml</td>
			<td>B.Braun AG&#160;</td>
			<td>PRID00000772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lubricant KY-Jelly</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shuttle-box E10-E15</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>H10-11M-SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus generator MCS STG 2000</td>
			<td>Multichannel Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Headstage cable 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HSC/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Headstage&#160; 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HST/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBX preamplifier 32 channels</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>32PBX box</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>MAP 32/HLK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostate CM3050 S</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal processing Card Ni-Daq</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab StandardTM Stereotaxic Instruments</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio attenator g.pah</td>
			<td>g.pah Guger technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cresyl violet acetate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7651.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roticlear&#160;</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>A538.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrat(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7974.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-sodium hydrogen phospahte dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td align="right">1,065,801,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICM Impedance Conditioning Module</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>55-70-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Temperarture Controler</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ATC2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined shuttle-box training with electrophysiological cortex recording and stimulation as a tool to study perception and learning

Servis kutusu kaçınma öğrenme davranışsal nörobilim ve deneysel kurulumları köklü bir yöntem geleneksel ısmarlama edildi ise; gerekli ekipman çeşitli ticari şirketler tarafından kullanılabilir. Birlikte bölgeye özgü elektrik intrakortikal mikrostimülasyonla (ICMS) ve eşzamanlı kronik elektrofizyolojik in vivo kayıtları ile, bu protokol kemirgenlerde iki yönlü servis kutusu kaçınma öğrenme paradigmasının ayrıntılı bir açıklama (Meriones unguiculatus burada Moğol Gerbil) sağlar. Ayrıntılı protokol, farklı kemirgen türlerinde öğrenme davranış ve algı birden yönlerini incelemek için de geçerlidir. Burada klimalı uyaranlara olarak işitsel kortikal devrelerin Siteye özgü ICMS belirli afferent, efferent ve intrakortikal bağlantıları algısal alaka test etmek için bir araç olarak kullanılır. Farklı aktivasyon desenleri farklı stimülasyon elektrot arr kullanılarak uyarılmış olabilirYerel, katman bağımlı ICMS veya uzak ICMS siteleri için ays. Stimülasyon strateji davranışsal saptanabilir ve belirgin bir sinyal ortaya çıkarmak için en etkili olduğu tespit edilebilir davranış sinyal algılama analizi kullanmak. Dahası, (vb yüzey elektrotları, derinlik elektrotları) farklı elektrot tasarımları kullanarak paralel çok kanallı-kayıtları gibi öğrenme süreçlerinin süresi boyunca nöronal gözlenebilirleri araştırmak için izin verir. Bu davranış tasarım değişiklikleri bilişsel karmaşıklığı artırabilir nasıl ele (örneğin algılama, ayrımcılık, ters öğrenme) yapılacaktır.

Bu bölümde Moğol gerbil mekik-box öğrenme temsili örneğini göstermektedir. Konu iki uyarım elektrotları arasında ICMS Alanı işitme korteksindeki birbirinden 700 um implante diskriminasyonu için eğitilmiş olan (Şekiller 1 ve 2). Uyarım diziler farklı mekansal tasarımlar (Şekil 1) özelleştirilebilir. Burada, iki ICMS sitelerinin ayrımcılık 30 CS + ve CS- her (Şekil 3A-C) sunumu ile 3 eğitim oturumları içinde öğrenildi. Bu art arda 7 eğitim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning at JoVE.com

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Servis kutusu kaçınma öğrenme davranışsal nörobilim iyi bilinmektedir. Bu protokol kemirgenlerde öğrenme mekik kutusu siteye özgü elektrik intrakortikal mikrostimülasyonla (ICMS) ve öğrenme ve algılama çoklu yönlerini incelemek için bir araç olarak in vivo kayıtları eşzamanlı kronikleştiriyor ile kombine edilebilir açıklanır.

Algı ve Öğrenme Eğitim bir aracı olarak Elektrofizyolojik Cortex Kayıt ve Stimülasyon ile Servisi-Box Eğitim Kombine

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

combined-shuttle-box-training-with-electrophysiological-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K Görüntüleme.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.  Servis kutusu kaçınma öğrenme davranışsal nörobilim iyi bilinmektedir. Bu protokol kemirgenlerde öğrenme mekik kutusu siteye özgü elektrik intrakortikal mikrostimülasyonla (ICMS) ve öğrenme ve algılama çoklu yönlerini incelemek için bir araç olarak in vivo kayıtları eşzamanlı kronikleştiriyor ile kombine edilebilir açıklanır. 

Video: Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

İskemik İnme bir Fare Modeli Duyusal Cortex Sakatlık sonrasında telafi edici Ekstremite Kullanımı ve Motor Beceri Öğrenme Davranışsal Değerlendirme

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Davranış

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

Transkranial Manyetik Stimülasyon ile Dudak Motor Cortex Uyarıcı

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

Aracı Olarak vagus sinir stimülasyonu Extinction Öğrenme İlgili Pathways Plastisitesi tetikleyebilecek

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

Bir Robotik Manipulandum ile motor Beceri Öğrenme Süreçlerinin İncelenmesi

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

Laboratuvar Fareler için Bilişsel Zenginleştirme olarak Clicker Eğitim Tanıtımı

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

Sanal Mağazayı Tüketici Mağazada Davranışını Araştırmak İçin Bir Araştırma Aracı Olarak Kullanma

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

Kablosuz, Vivo içinde kayıt ve fareler serbestçe davranışlar içinde sinirsel aktivite uyarılması için çift yönlü arayüzü

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

Alt ekstremite elektriksel stimülasyon eğitim Medulla Spinalis Yaralanmalarında sonra paradigmalar

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Görsel algı ortam içeriği analiz etmek için elektroansefalografi ölçümleri ve yüksek kaliteli Video kaydı kullanma

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but little work to date has illuminated the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to experimentally assess the causal contribution of cortical regions to threat-related ideological shifts. In the example protocol provided here, participants are exposed to a threat prime-an explicit reminder of their own inevitable death and bodily decomposition-following a downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) or a sham stimulation. Next, disguised within a series of distracter tasks, participants' relative degree of ideological adherence is assessed-in the present example, with regard to coalitional prejudice and religious belief. Participants for whom the pMFC has been downregulated exhibit less coalitionally biased responses to an immigrant critical of the participants' national in-group, and less conviction in positive afterlife beliefs (i.e., God, angels, and heaven), despite having recently been reminded of death. These results complement prior findings that continuous theta burst stimulation of the pMFC influences social conformity and sharing and illustrate the feasibility of investigating the neural basis of high-level social cognitive shifts using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Threats reliably evoke shifts in high-level ideological investment, but little work to date has explored the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to test the contribution of the posterior medial frontal cortex (and/or other regions) to threat-related ideological shifts.

Sürekli teta veri bloğu Posterior orta Frontal korteks deneysel olarak ideolojik tehdit yanıt-e doğru azaltmak için uyarılması

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but ...