Name: solid lipid nanoparticles (slns) for intracellular targeting applications
Uploaded: 2015-11-17T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications at JoVE.com

Research reported in this publication was supported by The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory&#8217;s Research and Exploratory Development Department, Office of Technology Transfer, and Stuart S. Janney Fellowship Program, in addition to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R21HL127355.

SLNs 1. İşleme <ol><li> SLNs sentezi Not: alt 20 nm SLNs 1 hazırlamak için PIT yöntemi 1,17,20 kullanın. <ol><li> Aseptik teknik, bioreagents veya hücre kültürü sınıf reaktifler ve steril malzemeler (yani, pipetler, spatula, şişeler, vs.) kullanın. </li><li> SLNs sentezinde (Şekil 2) için bir biyogüvenlik kabini kullanın. </li><li> Floresan boya, 0.6 mg birleştirin ve bir viyal (15 ml) içine Heneicosane (Lipid, 5 ağırlık / ağırlık olarak% lipid konsantrasyonu), 0.10 g, en ortak eriyik (Nil Kırmızısı (NIR), NIR konsantrasyonu yaklaşık 0,3 mg / ml&#39;dir) 90 ° C ve heyecan. </li><li> 0,11 g polioksietilen (10) oleil eter (yüzey aktif madde, 5,5 ağırlık / ağırlık olarak% sürfaktan konsantrasyonu) eklenir. 90 ° C ve karıştırın de elde edilen karışımın Co-eritebilir. </li><li> 90 ° C&#39;ye kadar karışıma ısı steril su 1,79 g ekleyin ve şeffaf nanoemülsiyondur oluşana dek karıştırın. Not: sürekli karıştırma ve kontrollü bir soğutma, SL altındaNs oluşturulur. Bu koşullar, bir yağ-içinde-su emülsiyonu su içinde yağ emülsiyonu, bir inversiyon neden olur. Böyle lipid damlacıkları Nir bölüm olarak lipofilik moleküller. </li><li> Bir kontrol numunesi olarak hizmet vermek üzere, floresan boya eklemeden paralel nanoemülziyon hazırlayın. 90 ° C ve kızgın bir şişeye (15 mi) birlikte eriyik halinde Heneicosane 0.10 g ve 0.11 g polioksietilen (10) oleil eter birleştirin. <ol><li> 90 ° C&#39;ye kadar karışıma ısı steril su 1,79 g ekleyin ve şeffaf nanoemülsiyondur oluşana dek karıştırın. </li></ol></li><li> Dahası steril 0.2 mikron filtre kullanarak her nanoemülziyon sterilize edin. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig2.jpg" /> Şekil SLNs sentezi 2. şematik. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> </li><li> Partikül Boyutu ve Polydispersity <ol><li> Parçacık boyutu ve bir çoklu-dağınıklığa cam küvet kullanıldığında SLNs 1 ve tanecik boyutunu ölçmek için tasarlanmış bir cihaz ölçmek için dinamik ışık saçılımı (DLS) kullanın. </li><li> Numunelerin ölçümleri önce, standart hazırlanması ve ölçümü için, imalatçının protokolü takip eden iki bilinen standartların parçacık boyutlarına ölçer. </li><li> Standart çözeltinin 1,5 ml &#39;si ile, cam küvet doldurun ve örnekleri gibi aynı ölçüm koşulları kullanılarak standart solüsyonu ölçer. Not: Önceki adım, her standart için tekrarlandı. </li><li> Hazırlanan numuneler ölçün. Her biri için, aşağıdaki deney parametreleri kullanın: 100 saniye, suyun kırılma indeksi (1.33), su viskozitesi bir çalışma süresi 20 ° C (1,002 mPa saniye). Not: Bu teknik frekans nanopartiküllerin boyutunu ölçmek için ışık kaymıştır kullanır. </li><li> Partiküller ortalama parçacık çapı ve poli dağılım raporcle boyut dağılımı. </li></ol></li><li> Erime Noktası ve erime gizli ısısı <ol><li> SLNs 1 termal davranışını incelemek için bir otomatik numune alıcı ve sıvı nitrojen soğutma kaynağı ile donatılmış bir diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC) kullanarak. </li><li> Yaklaşık 25 mg değerinde bir kütle ile 40 ul alüminyum tavaya olarak hazırlanmış SLNs pipet ve hava geçirmez bir şekilde DSC taraması sırasında nem kaybını en aza indirmek için evrensel bir kıvırma presi kullanılarak pan mühür. </li><li> 5-80 ° C arasında, her nanoemülziyon ölçün. </li><li> Erime noktası ve vadi erime noktasına ve malzeme miktarına bölünmesiyle DSC arsa eğri altında kalan alan integralini temsil DSC arsa gelen erime latent ısı erime için gerekli gizli ısının temsil bildirin. </li></ol></li></ol> Fibroblastları ve dendritik hücrelerle 2. SLNs Etkileşim <ol><li> Primer insanlara özgü fibroblastlar Kültür <ol><li> Kültür primer insan fibroblasts düşük serum büyüme ek (LSGS) kiti ile desteklenmiş (106 ortamı), insan dermal fibroblastlar, kültürü için sıvı ortam içinde üreticinin talimatlarına göre aktifleştirilir. % 80 kaynaşmaya eriştikten sonra 37 ° C&#39;de,% 5 CO2 ve alt-kültür nemlendirilmiş bir atmosferde hücreleri koruyun. </li><li> MTT ve görüntüleme oyuk başına 2 x 10 4 hücre yoğunluğunda analizi bir 96-çukurlu plaka içinde tohum hücrelerinde, ve 37 ° CO / N önceden SLN maruz en dengelenmeye olanak her ikisi için. </li><li> Lipit konsantrasyonuna göre (Şekil 4) belirtilmiştir, ve her bir oyuk başına 10 ul olarak Sıfır zamanında, tam bir ortamda SLNs seyreltik 96 oyuklu plakanın üzerindeki çukurların çoğaltırlar. </li><li> Kuluçka süresi boyunca, 37 ° C&#39;de,% 5 CO2 hücreleri koruyun. </li></ol></li><li> MTT Deneyi Toksisite <ol><li> SLNs inkübasyonu 24 saat sonra, üreticinin protokolüne uygun olarak, MTT deneyi kullanılarak hücre canlılığı belirler. &lt;/ li&gt; <li> Bir kez hücre yıkayın ve her bir oyuğa (100 ul / çukur) taze ortam ilave edin. Taze ortam ile değiştirmeden önce 10 dakika boyunca% 70&#39;lik bir metanol çözeltisi içinde inkübe edilerek kontrol kuyuları öldürmek. </li><li> Mikrolevhanın her çukuruna MTT ayıracı (oyuk başına 10 ul) ilave edin ve 37 ° C &#39;de O / N inkübe edin. </li><li> O / N inkübasyondan sonra, üreticinin protokolüne göre elde edilen bir deterjan çözeltisi ile hücre içi formazin kristaller (oyuk başına 100 ul) çözünür. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında kuluçkalamadan 3 saat sonra, bir mikroplaka okuyucu kullanılarak 570 nm&#39;lik bir dalga boyunda ölçülmesi absorbans değerlerini elde. Not: 3- (4,5-Dimetiltiazolil-2) -2, 5-difenil-tetrazolyum bromid (ağırlık / hacim)% 1&#39;den daha az olmalıdır kullanılan MTT ayıracı. </li></ol></li><li> Floresan Mikroskopi <ol><li> SLN olan fibroblastların uygulamayı takiben belirli bir zaman noktalarında, steril fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) ile iki kez yıkama fibroblastlar ve soğuk% 70 metanol ile 10 dakika boyunca sabitlemek. </li><li> 10 dakika sonraBir grup geçiş (BP) 690/50 nm filtre seti kullanarak, ters bir mikroskop kullanılarak PBS ve yakalama görüntüleri ile metanol değiştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Fare Kemik İliği Hücrelerinin Kültürü Dendritik <ol><li> Indükleyin fare kemik iliğinden elde edilen dendritik hücreler (BMDC) halinde, daha önce tarif edildiği 23,24. Kısaca, yeniden birleştirici sıçangil granülosit-makrofaj koloni stimüle edici faktör (GM-CSF, 300 U / ml) ve rekombinant fare IL-4 ile 2 x 10 6 / plaka 100 mm Petri tabaklarda C57BL / 10 kemik iliği levhası tek hücre süspansiyonları (B hücre faktörü, 200 U / ml uyarıcı). 3 günde ortamı değiştirmek. </li><li> 7. günde, 37 ° C hücreleri 0,5 ve 5,0 ug / ml lipid nihai konsantrasyonda yemekleri NIR yüklü SLNs eklemek ve korumak, maruz kalma istenen uzunluğu için,% 5 CO2 kuluçka makinesine kondu. </li><li> Plakasının ayrıntılı yıkanır, 50 ml&#39;lik bir tüp içinde toplanacak şekilde plakanın tüm ortamı aspire yemekler hücreleri toplamak (gevşek reklam çıkarmak için4 mM etilendiamintetraasetik asit (EDTA) içeren fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su, 5 ml (PBS) herent hücreleri) içerir. Aynı 50 ml bir tüp içinde elde edilen hücre süspansiyonu toplanır. </li></ol></li><li> Akım Sitometrisi aracılığıyla SLNs Kuruluş Değerlendirilmesi <ol><li> Alanına 2.4.3 &#39;de elde edilen hücre süspansiyonu konsantrasyonunu belirlemek ve 12 mm x 75 mm yuvarlak tabanlı tüp içine FACS 3x10 5 hücreleri dağıtın. </li><li> 1 ml PBS ilave edilmesi ve daha sonra 4 ° C arasındaki bir sıcaklıkta, 400 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca santrifüje tabi tüpler hücreleri yıkayın. </li><li> Süpernatant atılır ve anti-CD11c-FITC monoklonal antikoru (0.25 ug / ml nihai) ihtiva eden PBS / 2 mM EDTA /% 0.1 sığır serum albümini, 100 ul (BSA) (boyama tamponu) pelletini. Karanlıkta buz üzerinde 30 dakika süreyle inkübe edilir. </li><li> 1 ml PBS ile hücreleri yıkanır ve daha sonra 4 ° C arasındaki bir sıcaklıkta, 400 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca santrifüj tüpleri. </li><li> Süpernatantı atın ve her tekrar süspansiyonlekeleme tampon maddesi içinde 400 ul pelet. Hücreler artık bir akış sitometresinin (muhtemelen mavi ve kırmızı lazer ile donatılmış) örneklerin edinimi için hazırız. </li><li> Analiz yazılımı kullanılarak akış sitometrisi, CD11c + hücreleri (FITC pozitif) nüfusu üzerindeki yolluk ve (PerCP Cy5.5-veya APC kanalları olarak ölçülür) SLNs ilişkili floresans yoğunluğunu karşılaştırarak DC ile SLNs dahil edilme düzeyini değerlendirmek. </li></ol></li></ol>

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J., Souto, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solid+lipid+nanoparticles+as+a+drug+delivery+system+for+peptides+and+proteins.">Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 59, 478-490 (2007).</li><li>Pardeshi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solid+lipid+based+nanocarriers:+an+overview.">Solid lipid based nanocarriers: an overview.</a> Acta Pharm. 62, 433-472 (2012).</li><li>Attama, A. A., Momoh, M. A., Builders, P. F., Sezer, A. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu çalışmada, SLNs sentezi ve hücre içi uygulamalar için hedefleme uygulanabilirlikleri incelenmiştir. Bu biyouyumlu nanopartiküller ilaç dağıtımı, gen susturma ve aşı teknolojilerine 25-30 olmak üzere birden fazla uygulama için dağıtım araçları olarak söz göstermiştir. Ultra küçük SLNs bir uyduruk işlemi kullanılarak sentezlendi ve primer deri hücreleri ve primer immün hücreleri ile etkileşimleri incelenmiştir. SLNs model terapötik kargo olarak görev yapan bir floresan bo...

Nanoparçacık tabanlı dağıtım araçları, özellikle hücresel sinyalizasyon ve gen ifadesini değiştirmek için bir mekanizma sağlayarak, hücre içi hedefleme uygulamalar için büyük umut göstermiştir. Bu araçlar, ilaç, proteinler, hem de hücresel yanıtları etkileyecek ve hedef dokularda arzu edilen bir etkiyi elde etmek için tasarlanmış bir nükleik asit ile yüklenebilir. Nanocarriers birçok tipi lipidler, polimerler, silisyum ve manyetik malzemeler de dahil olmak üzere terapötik ve diagnostik yararı için incelenmiştir. Bu sistemler bir terapötik hedef dokularda konsantrasyonu, ve sistemik toksisite azalmasına sebep lokalize ilaç dağıtımı için potansiyeli, için çekicidir. Katı lipid nanoparçacıklarının (SLNs) son yıllarda umut verici bir ilaç verme vasıtası olarak ortaya çıkan bir nanopartikül verme sisteminin iyi çalışılmış örnektir. SLNs hali hazırda biyo-algılayıcı 1, kozmetik 2 ve t de dahil olmak üzere çok sayıda uygulama için formüle edilebilirherapeutic teslimat 3-7. Onların yarar onlar gelişmiş biyouyumluluk sonuçlanan emilebilir, toksik olmayan lipitlerin tamamen oluşmaktadır gerçeğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Sentez sırasında, lipofilik ilaçlar böylece parenteral uygulama için ilacın çözünürlüğünü ve uygunluğu, artan SLN araç içine dahil edilebilir. SLN araçlar aynı zamanda bozulması ve açıklığını azaltarak ve terapötik etkisini maksimize kapsüllü terapötikler stabilize etmek için yardımcı olur. Bu araçlar sayesinde vücut sıcaklığı 3,4,8,9 de stabiliteleri özellikle uzun etkili, kontrollü salım preparasyonlar için uygundur. Önemli olarak, lipid nanoparçacıklarının ilaç kapsülleme ilaç moleküllerin içsel farmakokinetik profiller değiştirir. Bu dar bir terapötik indeksi olan ilaçların kontrollü bir salınıma izin veren, bir potansiyel bir avantaj sağlar. SLN-dahil terapötik salım hızı ayarlanmış lipid bozunum hızı ya da ilaç yayılma hızına dayalı olabilirlipit matris. SLNs genellikle belirli hedef dokularda birikir tasarlanmıştır. Örneğin, kendi boyutu (tipik olarak daha fazla 10 nm), tümör dokusunun sızdıran damar birikimi kolaylaştıran dolaşım içinde tutma güçlendirir. Buna ek olarak, partikül uygulama yolu gibi lenf düğümleri 10,11 gibi özel fizyolojik yapılar hedef potansiyeli olan bir biyo dağılıma değiştirmek için gösterilmiştir. Hedef dokularda birikimi, uygun hücresel etkileşimi sağlamak ve nanopartiküllerin nihai bunun üzerine bağlı seçici hücre içine ve 12 üzerinden iyon ve moleküllerin akışını kontrol etmek için hücre zarlarının yeteneği nedeniyle zordur. Hücresel alımı kolaylaştırmak için, peptidler, küçük moleküller, ve monoklonal antikorlar da dahil olmak üzere 13,14 spesifik ligandlarla nanocarriers değiştirmek mümkündür. Pasif penetrasyon ve nanopartiküllerin aktif ulaşım de dahil olmak çeşitli mekanizmalarhücre zarı boyunca, daha önce 3,12,15 tarif edilmiştir. Genel olarak, bu, hücre-nanopartikül etkileşimleri, hücre tipi veya hücre döngüsü faz 12 olarak hücreye özel parametrelere ek olarak, boyut, şekil, yüzey yükü ve yüzey kimyası da dahil olmak üzere nanopartiküller fizikokimyasal özellikleri tarafından etkilendiği gösterilmiştir. Bir önceki soruşturma aşaması inversiyon sıcaklığı (PIT) yöntemini kullanarak 17 16 topikal ve biyomarker algılama uygulamaları 1 için alt 10 nm SLNs sentezini gösterdi. Bu sıcaklık yavaş yavaş değişir ise bileşimi aynı kalır 2 hafif bir sentez yöntemidir. Isıtılmış çözeltinin sürekli karıştırma, gibi nanoemülziyon RT sonuçlarına soğur. Daha küçük bir partikül boyutuna sahip 1 SLNs sentezinde Bu işlem, daha önce sonuçlar lipid nan sentezi için çeşitli yöntemler kullanılarak raporoparticles 17-22. Elde edilen boyut ölçeği, en az 20 nm, artan yüzey alanı ve gelişmiş bir hücresel etkileşimler için potansiyeli, hücre içi hedef uygulamalar için avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bir floresan boya veya terapötik sağlamak üzere tasarlanmıştır SLNs şematik, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. SLNs bir lipit iç (örneğin, lineer alkan) lipofilik bileşiklerin (örneğin, boyalar veya terapötik) dahil edilmesine izin veren ve bir yüzey aktif dış oluşmaktadır su ile çevrili (örneğin, doğrusal noniyonik yüzey aktif madde). Bu çalışmada, SLNs bir floresan boya ile yüklenir ve partikül-hücre etkileşimleri incelemek için bir model olarak kullanılmıştır. Primer insanlara özgü dermal fibroblastlar ve fare dendritik hücreler toksisite ve parçacık alımı ile ilgili etkileşimler karakterize etmek amacıyla zaman SLN yüklü boyamaktadır maruz bırakıldı. A: 3- (4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il) -2,5-diphenylphenyltetrazolium bromid (MTT) deneyi utili olduUygun doz seviyelerinin kurmak amacıyla zed. Floresan mikroskobu ve akım sitometri in vitro parçacık alımını incelemek için kullanılan iki yöntem vardı. <img alt="figür 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig1.jpg" /> Önemli bileşenlerini gösteren SLN Şekil 1. şematik. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53102/53102fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nile Red (NiR)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>19123</td><td>BioReagent, suitable for fluorescence, &amp;ge;98.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Heneicosane</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>286052</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>Brij O10</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6136</td><td>Brij 97, C18-1E10, Polyoxyethylene (10) oleyl ether</td></tr><tr><td>Water</td><td>Sigma</td><td>W3500</td><td>Sterile-filtered, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe Filter 0.2 &amp;micro;m Supor Membrane Low Protein Binding</td><td>Life Sciences</td><td>PN4612</td><td>Non-Pyrogenic</td></tr><tr><td>Nanotrac Ultra&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microtrac</td><td>serial number U1985IS</td><td>Instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Differential Scanning Calorimeter</td><td>Mettlet-Toledo</td><td></td><td>Instument</td></tr><tr><td>Primary human fibroblasts&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C-004-5C</td><td>Neonatal (HDFn)</td></tr><tr><td>Medium 106</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>M-106-500</td><td>A sterile, liquid medium for the culture of human dermal fibroblasts.</td></tr><tr><td>Low Serum Growth Supplement Kit (LSGS Kit)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S-003-K</td><td>All the components of complete LSGS</td></tr><tr><td>MTT Cell Proliferation Assay Kit</td><td>Trevigen</td><td>4890-025-K</td><td>Sensitive kit for the measurement of cell proliferation based upon the reduction of the tetrazolium salt, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT)</td></tr><tr><td>Safire2 microplate reader</td><td>Tecan</td><td>----</td><td>Instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5493</td><td>For molecular biology</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine GM-CSF&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>315-03</td><td>&gt;97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant murine IL-4&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>214-14</td><td>&gt;97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.</td></tr></tbody></table>

solid lipid nanoparticles (slns) for intracellular targeting applications

Nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles have shown great promise for intracellular targeting applications, providing a mechanism to specifically alter cellular signaling and gene expression. In a previous investigation, the synthesis of ultra-small solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical drug delivery and biomarker detection applications was demonstrated. SLNs are a well-studied example of a nanoparticle delivery system that has emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle. In this study, SLNs were loaded with a fluorescent dye and used as a model to investigate particle-cell interactions. The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method was used for the synthesis of ultra-small populations of biocompatible nanoparticles. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was utilized in order to establish appropriate dosing levels prior to the nanoparticle-cell interaction studies. Furthermore, primary human dermal fibroblasts and mouse dendritic cells were exposed to dye-loaded SLN over time and the interactions with respect to toxicity and particle uptake were characterized using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. This study demonstrated that ultra-small SLNs, as a nanoparticle delivery system, are suitable for intracellular targeting of different cell types.

PIT yöntemi SLNs sentezlemek için kullanılmış ve faz tersinmesi sıcaklık bir su banyosu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Numuneler yavaş yavaş ısıtılır ve çözelti berrak göründü kadar yavaşça ajite edildi. Heneicosane lipid kullanılarak yapılan SLNs için faz tersinmesi sıcaklığı 45 ° C. Tablo 1 parçacık boyutuna, polidispersiteye, erime noktası ve SLNs erimeye latent ısı özetlemektedir. Yukarıda tarif edilen işlem koşulları kullanılarak sentezlenmiştir SLNs 18,59 ve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications at JoVE.com

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

In this study, a method for synthesizing ultra-small populations of biocompatible nanoparticles was described, as well as several in vitro methods by which to assess their cellular interactions.

Katı Lipit nanopartiküller (SLNs) Hücre içi Hedefleme için başvurular

Nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles have shown great promise for intracellular targeting applications, providing a mechanism to specifically alter ...

solid-lipid-nanoparticles-slns-for-intracellular-targeting

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Intracellular Targeting Applications

17.0K Görüntüleme.  The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. In this study, a method for synthesizing ultra-small populations of biocompatible nanoparticles was described, as well as several in vitro methods by which to assess their cellular interactions. 

Video: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

Karbon Nanotüpler tarafından Stabilize İçeriden Kendinden monte Lipid Parçacıklar uyduruk hazırlanması

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

Kimya

Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA to the CNS Using Cationic and Anionic Liposomes

Prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called PrPRes. The emergence of prion diseases in wildlife populations and their increasing threat to human health has led to increased efforts to find a treatment for these diseases. Recent studies have found numerous anti-prion compounds that can either inhibit the infectious PrPRes isomer or down regulate the normal cellular prion protein. However, most of these compounds do not cross the blood brain barrier to effectively inhibit PrPRes formation in brain tissue, do not specifically target neuronal PrPC, and are often too toxic to use in animal or human subjects. 
We investigated whether siRNA delivered intravascularly and targeted towards neuronal PrPC is a safer and more effective anti-prion compound. This report outlines a protocol to produce two siRNA liposomal delivery vehicles, and to package and deliver PrP siRNA to neuronal cells. The two liposomal delivery vehicles are 1) complexed-siRNA liposome formulation using cationic liposomes (LSPCs), and 2) encapsulated-siRNA liposome formulation using cationic or anionic liposomes (PALETS). For the LSPCs, negatively charged siRNA is electrostatically bound to the cationic liposome. A positively charged peptide (RVG-9r [rabies virus glycoprotein]) is added to the complex, which specifically targets the liposome-siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs) across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to acetylcholine expressing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). For the PALETS (peptide addressed liposome encapsulated therapeutic siRNA), the cationic and anionic lipids were rehydrated by the PrP siRNA. This procedure results in encapsulation of the siRNA within the cationic or anionic liposomes. Again, the RVG-9r neuropeptide was bound to the liposomes to target the siRNA/liposome complexes to the CNS. Using these formulations, we have successfully delivered PrP siRNA to AchR-expressing neurons, and decreased the PrPC expression of neurons in the CNS.

The goal of this protocol is to use cationic/anionic liposomes with a neuro-targeting peptide as a CNS delivery system to enable siRNA to cross the BBB. The optimization of a delivery system for treatments, like siRNA, would allow for more treatment options for prion and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Katyonik ve Anyonik lipozomlar kullanılarak merkezi sinir sistemine Terapötik siRNA teslimi

Prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called PrPRes.  The ...

Biyomühendislik

Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have shown significant promise in the development of such delivery systems. Here, a liquid crystal NP (LCNP)-based delivery system has been employed for the controlled delivery of a water-insoluble dye, 3,3&#8242;-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), from within the NP core to the hydrophobic region of a plasma membrane bilayer. During the synthesis of the NPs, the dye was efficiently incorporated into the hydrophobic LCNP core, as confirmed by multiple spectroscopic analyses. Conjugation of a PEGylated cholesterol derivative to the NP surface (DiO-LCNP-PEG-Chol) enabled the binding of the dye-loaded NPs to the plasma membrane in HEK 293T/17 cells. Time-resolved laser scanning confocal microscopy and F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging confirmed the passive efflux of DiO from the LCNP core and its insertion into the plasma membrane bilayer. Finally, the delivery of DiO as a LCNP-PEG-Chol attenuated the cytotoxicity of DiO; the NP form of DiO exhibited ~30-40% less toxicity compared to DiOfree delivered from bulk solution. This approach demonstrates the utility of the LCNP platform as an efficient modality for the membrane-specific delivery and modulation of hydrophobic molecular cargos.

A liquid crystal nanoparticle (LCNP) nanocarrier is exploited as a vehicle for the controlled delivery of a hydrophobic cargo to the plasma membrane of living cells.

Sıvı Kristal Nanopartikül Carrier bir Hidrofobik Kargo Encapsulated, hedeflenen Plazma Zarı Teslimat

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. ...

Formulation and Characterization of Bioactive Agent Containing Nanodisks

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. Nanodisks are organized as a disk-shaped lipid bilayer whose perimeter is circumscribed by the scaffold protein, usually a member of the exchangeable apolipoprotein family. Numerous hydrophobic bioactive agents have been efficiently solubilized in nanodisks by their integration into the hydrophobic milieu of the particle&#39;s lipid bilayer, yielding a largely homogenous population of particles in the range of 10-20 nm in diameter. The formulation of nanodisks requires a precise ratio of individual components, an appropriate sequential addition of each component, followed by bath sonication of the formulation mixture. The amphipathic scaffold protein spontaneously contacts and reorganizes the dispersed bilayer forming lipid/bioactive agent mixture to form a discrete, homogeneous population of nanodisk&#160;particles. During this process, the reaction mixture transitions from an opaque, turbid appearance to a clarified sample that, when fully optimized, yields no precipitate upon centrifugation. Characterization studies involve the determination of bioactive agent solubilization efficiency, electron microscopy, gel filtration chromatography, ultraviolet visible (UV/Vis) absorbance spectroscopy, and/or fluorescence spectroscopy. This is normally followed by an investigation of biological activity using cultured cells or mice. In the case of nanodisks harboring an antibiotic (i.e., the macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B), their ability to inhibit the growth of yeast or fungi as a function of concentration or time can be measured. The relative ease of formulation, versatility with respect to component parts, nanoscale particle size, inherent stability, and aqueous solubility permits myriad in vitro and in vivo applications of nanodisk technology. In the present article, we describe a general methodology to formulate and characterize nanodisks containing amphotericin&#160;B as the hydrophobic bioactive agent.

Here, we describe the production and characterization of bioactive agents containing nanodisks. Amphotericin B nanodisks are taken as an example to describe the protocol in a stepwise manner.

Nanodisk İçeren Biyoaktif Ajanın Formülasyonu ve Karakterizasyonu

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. ...

Biyokimya

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive properties of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA. With the help of IVT mRNA, the de novo synthesis of a desired protein can be induced without changing the physiological state of the target cell. Moreover, protein biosynthesis can be precisely controlled due to the transient effect of IVT mRNA.
For the efficient transfection of cells, nanoliposomes (NLps) may represent a safe and efficient delivery vehicle for therapeutic mRNA. This study describes a protocol to generate safe and efficient cationic NLps consisting of DC-cholesterol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as a delivery vector for IVT mRNA. NLps having a defined size, a homogeneous distribution, and a high complexation capacity, and can be produced using the dry-film method. Moreover, we present different test systems to analyze their complexation and transfection efficacies using synthetic enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mRNA, as well as their effect on cell viability. Overall, the presented protocol provides an effective and safe approach for mRNA complexation, which may advance and improve the administration of therapeutic mRNA.

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Here we describe a protocol for the generation of cationic nanoliposomes, which is based on the dry-film method and can be used for the safe and efficient delivery of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA.

Vitro verimli bir şekilde teslim için katyonik Nanoliposomes nesil mesajcı RNA transkripsiyonu

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive ...

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and size by low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) because cancer cells have an increased need for cholesterol to proliferate, and this has been exploited as a mechanism for delivering anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Moreover, depending on drug chemistry, encapsulating the drug can be advantageous to avoid degradation of the drug during circulation in vivo. Therefore, in this&#160;study, this design is used to fabricate lipid-coated nanoparticles of the anticancer drug falcarindiol, providing a potential new delivery system of falcarindiol in order to stabilize its chemical structure against degradation and improve its uptake by tumors. Falcarindiol nanoparticles, with a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer encapsulating the purified drug core of the particle, were designed. The lipid monolayer coating consists of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE PEG 2000) along with the fluorescent label DiI (molar ratios of 43:50:5:2). The nanoparticles are fabricated using the rapid injection method, which is a fast and simple technique to precipitate nanoparticles by good-solvent for anti-solvent exchange. It consists of a rapid injection of an ethanol solution containing the nanoparticle components into an aqueous phase. The size of the fluorescent nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 74.1 &#177; 6.7 nm. The uptake of the nanoparticles is tested in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and imaged using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The uptake of the nanoparticles is observed in hMSCs, suggesting the potential for such a stable drug delivery system for falcarindiol.

This article describes the encapsulation of falcarindiol in lipid-coated 74 nm nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles&#160;by human stem cells into lipid droplets is monitored by fluorescent and confocal imaging. Nanoparticles are fabricated by the rapid injection method of solvent shifting, and their size is measured with the dynamic light scattering technique.

Falcarindiol tarafından insan mezenkimal kök hücre içeren yeni Lipid kaplı nano tanecikleri alımını

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and ...

Preparation of Neutrally-charged, pH-responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cytosolic siRNA Delivery

The success of siRNA as a targeted molecular medicine is dependent upon its efficient cytosolic delivery to cells within the tissue of pathology. Clinical success for treating previously &#8216;undruggable&#8217; hepatic disease targets with siRNA has been achieved. However, efficient tumor siRNA delivery necessitates additional pharmacokinetic design considerations, including long circulation time, evasion of clearance organs (e.g., liver and kidneys), and tumor penetration and retention. Here, we describe the preparation and in vitro physicochemical/biological characterization of polymeric nanoparticles designed for efficient siRNA delivery, particularly to non-hepatic tissues such as tumors. The siRNA nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic complexation of siRNA and the diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol-b-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate]) (PEG-DB) to form polyion complexes (polyplexes) where siRNA is sequestered within the polyplex core and PEG forms a hydrophilic, neutrally-charged corona. Moreover, the DB block becomes membrane-lytic as vesicles of the endolysosomal pathway acidify (&#60; pH 6.8), triggering endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery of siRNA. Methods to characterize the physicochemical characteristics of siRNA nanoparticles such as size, surface charge, particle morphology, and siRNA loading are described. Bioactivity of siRNA nanoparticles is measured using luciferase as a model gene in a rapid and high-throughput gene silencing assay. Designs which pass these initial tests (such as PEG-DB-based polyplexes) are considered appropriate for translation to preclinical animal studies assessing the delivery of siRNA to tumors or other sites of pathology.

Methods to prepare and characterize the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of neutrally-charged, pH-responsive siRNA nanoparticles are presented. Criteria for successful siRNA nanomedicines such as size, morphology, surface charge, siRNA loading, and gene silencing are discussed.

Sitosolik siRNA teslim için Nötrsel olarak şarj edilmiş, pH duyarlı polimerik nanopartiküller hazırlanması

The success of siRNA as a targeted molecular medicine is dependent upon its efficient cytosolic delivery to cells within the tissue of pathology. Clinical ...

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins

Liposome nanocapsules have been applied for many purposes in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Attributes of liposomes include their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. The classical hydration of thin lipid films in an organic solvent is applied herein as a technique to encapsulate tarin, a plant lectin, in nanoliposomes. Nanoliposome size, stability, entrapment efficiency, and morphological characterization are described in detail. The nanoliposomes are prepared using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt; DSPE-MPEG 2000), and cholesterylhemisuccinate (CHEMS) as the main constituents. Lipids are first dissolved in chloroform to obtain a thin lipid film that is subsequently rehydrated in ammonium sulfate solution containing the protein to be entrapped and incubated overnight. Then, sonication and extrusion techniques are applied to generate nanosized unilamellar vesicles. The size and polydispersity index of the nanovesicles are determined by dynamic light scattering, while nanovesicle morphology is assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Entrapment efficiency is determined by the ratio of the amount of unencapsulated protein to original amount of initially loaded protein. Homogeneous liposomes are obtained with an average size of 155 nm and polydispersity index value of 0.168. A high entrapment efficiency of 83% is achieved.

This study describes classical hydration using the thin lipid film method for nanoliposome preparation followed by nanoparticle characterization. A 47 kDa-hydrophilic and globular protein, tarin, is successfully encapsulated as a strategy to improve stability, avoid fast clearance, and promote controlled release. The method can be adapted to hydrophobic molecules encapsulation.

Biyoaktif Hidrofilik Globüler Proteinlerin Tuzakları Için Nanoliposomes Hazırlanması ve Karakterizasyonu

Liposome nanocapsules have been applied for many purposes in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Attributes of liposomes include their ...

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Lipid-based drug carriers have been used for clinically and commercially available delivery systems due to their small size, biocompatibility, and high encapsulation efficiency. Use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to encapsulate nucleic acids is advantageous to protect the RNA or DNA from degradation, while also promoting cellular uptake. LNPs often contain multiple lipid components including an ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipid. LNPs can readily encapsulate nucleic acids due to the ionizable lipid presence, which at low pH is cationic and allows for complexation with negatively charged RNA or DNA. Here LNPs are formed by encapsulating messenger RNA (mRNA) or plasmid DNA (pDNA) using rapid mixing of the lipid components in an organic phase and the nucleic acid component in an aqueous phase. This mixing is performed using a precise microfluidic mixing platform, allowing for nanoparticle self-assembly while maintaining laminar flow. The hydrodynamic size and polydispersity are measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effective surface charge on the LNP is determined by measuring the zeta potential. The encapsulation efficiency is characterized using a fluorescent dye to quantify entrapped nucleic acid. Representative results demonstrate the reproducibility of this method and the influence that different formulation and process parameters have on the developed LNPs.

Lipid nanoparticles are developed using a microfluidic mixing platform approach for mRNA and DNA encapsulation.

Mikroakışkan Karıştırma Platformu Kullanarak Gen Teslimatı için Lipid Nanopartiküllerinin Formülei ve Karakterizasyonsu

Lipid-based drug carriers have been used for clinically and commercially available delivery systems due to their small size, biocompatibility, and high ...

Long-term Silencing of Intersectin-1s in Mouse Lungs by Repeated Delivery of a Specific siRNA via Cationic Liposomes. Evaluation of Knockdown Effects by Electron Microscopy

Previous studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, induced apoptotic cell death, a major obstacle in developing a cell culture system with prolonged ITSN-1s inhibition1. Using cationic liposomes as carriers, we explored the silencing of ITSN-1s gene in mouse lungs by systemic administration of siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Cationic liposomes offer several advantages for siRNA delivery: safe with repeated dosing, nonimmunogenic, nontoxic, and easy to produce2. Liposomes performance and biological activity depend on their size, charge, lipid composition, stability, dose and route of administration3Here, efficient and specific KDITSN in mouse lungs has been obtained using a cholesterol and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide combination. Intravenous delivery of siRNAITSN/cationic liposome complexes transiently knocked down ITSN-1s protein and mRNA in mouse lungs at day 3, which recovered after additional 3 days. Taking advantage of the cationic liposomes as a repeatable safe carrier, the study extended for 24 days. Thus, retro-orbital treatment with freshly generated complexes was administered every 3rd day, inducing sustained KDITSN throughout the study4. Mouse tissues collected at several time points post-siRNAITSN were subjected to electron microscopy (EM) analyses to evaluate the effects of chronic KDITSN, in lung endothelium. High-resolution EM imaging allowed us to evaluate the morphological changes caused by KDITSN in the lung vascular bed (i.e. disruption of the endothelial barrier, decreased number of caveolae and upregulation of alternative transport pathways), characteristics non-detectable by light microscopy. Overall these findings established an important role of ITSN-1s in the ECs function and lung homeostasis, while illustrating the effectiveness of siRNA-liposomes delivery in vivo.

Repeated retro-orbital injections of cationic liposomes/siRNA/ITSN-1s complexes in mice, every 72 hours for 24 days, efficiently deliver the siRNA duplex to the mouse lung microvasculature reducing ITSN-1s mRNA and protein expression by 75%. This technique is highly reproducible in an animal model, has no adverse effects and avoids fatalities.

Katyonik lipozomlar üzeri özel siRNA tekrar teslim ile Fare Akciğerler Intersectin-1s uzun süreli suskunluğu. Elektron Mikroskobu ile demonte Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Previous  studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic  protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells ...