M.M. and C.A.R. acknowledge the financial support of the Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata/giovani ricercatori anno 2009 of the Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Matteo, Pavia (I). M.M and C.A.R. wish to thank Marianna Longo for helping with the images preparation.

Bu protokol Avrupa rehber ilkeler (AB 63/2010) ve bilimsel araştırmalar için kullanılan hayvanların korunması İtalyan (26/2014) yasalara uygun olarak yapılmaktadır. Servikal dislokasyon ötenazi yumurtalıkların izolasyonu için kullanılır ve bu çalışmayı kapsayan onaylanan protokole listelenen kişilerin uzman tarafından gerçekleştirilen ve eğitimli. 1. Hayvanlar <ol><li> Kontrollü sıcaklık ve nem ile bir odada 6 haftalık dişi farelere yetişkin 3- Bakım (12L evreleri ile: 12D ve beslenmiş ad libitum). </li><li> Folikül uyarıcı hormon (FSH) etkisini taklit ederek foliküler büyümesini teşvik etmek için Gebe kısrak serum gonadotropini 2.5 IU (PMSG) intraperitoneal olarak farelere enjekte ile. Daha sonra antral oosit toplama 48 saat için yumurtalıklar izole edin. Senin kurumsal kurallarına göre, daha önce PMSG enjekte dişi fare Euthanize. </li><li> Hızla vücut boşluğundan yumurtalıkların kaldırmak ve petri cont içine yerleştirinsonraki oosit izolasyonu için M2 orta Aining (Bölüm 3). <ol><li> Steril diseksiyon makas kullanarak periton bir kesi ardından karın duvarı kaplayan deride bir kesi yapmak. Mesane başlayarak V-şekli oluşturan, karın ortaya çıkarmak için kesik açıldı steril cımbız kullanarak bir tarafında cesaret taşımak ve uterin tüpleri lokalize. </li><li> Böbrekler altında bulunan yumurtalıklar uyun. Steril cımbız ile her tüp tutun ve onları serbest bırakmak için yumurtalıkların dibinde küçük bir kesi yapmak. Önceden dengelenmiş ortamını içeren bir petri kabı altındaki iki yumurtalık aktarın. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hormon Hazırlık <ol><li> Uygun bir enjeksiyon hacmi için 0.1 ml başına 2,5 IU hormonu çalışma konsantrasyonu elde etmek üzere, steril izotonik tuzlu su çözeltisi ile (başka bir stok çözeltilerinden mevcuttur) PMSG seyreltilir. Not: Hormon çözeltiler 0.5 ml tüpler içinde alikotlandı ve saklanmalı -2Kullanım güne kadar 0 ° C. -20 ° C&#39;de üç aydan uzun seyreltilmiş alikotları tutmayın. Çözülmüş kez seri enjeksiyonlar yapılır, eğer 4 ° C&#39;de hormon çözümleri hacimde depolamak ve 4 gün içinde bunları kullanmak. </li></ol> 3. Antral oositler İzolasyonu Doğru oosit izolasyonu için: <ol><li> Oositler izolasyon prosedürü başlamadan önce en az 1 saat boyunca% 5 CO2 ve 37 ° C M2 ortamı 13 (M2) dengelenmesi. İki petri kaplarına (35 mm x 10 mm), yumurtalık delme ve ayrıştırıldıktan sonra, oosit transferi için, mineral yağ (yaklaşık 1.5 mi) ile kaplanmış M2 küçük damla ikinci bir (20 ul) için M2 1 ml ile bir hazırlama yumurtalık (3.4-3.6 bakınız). Kullanılmaya hazır kadar% 5 CO2 ve 37 ° C&#39;de inkübatör içinde iki petri kaplarına tutun. </li><li> Oosit izolasyon işlemleri sırasında Stereomikroskopta kullanın. </li><li> Stretç tarafından oosit toplamak için ince ağız cam pipetler hazırlayınhing cam Pasteur pipetler Bunsen beki gelen dikey bir alev (Şekil 1) üzerinden, (iki elinizle pipet uçlarını tutarak) yatay tuttu. <ol><li> Cam erimeye başladığında, alev dışarı pipetlemeyin almak ve istenen pipet elde etmek için hızlı bir çekme hareketi gerçekleştirin. Sıkıca uzunluğu ve iç kılcal çapını ayarlamak için tırnaklarıyla pipet dar noktasına yakın aşırı cam kesti. İnce kılcal oositin çapından biraz daha büyük ~ 100 um bir iç çapa sahip olduğundan emin olun (~ 80 mm). </li><li> Ağız pipet, uygun ucu kullanılarak çekilen pipet aspiratör tüpün bir ucunu ve diş ile güvence, ağızda diğer ucunu yerleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Steril cımbız kullanarak yumurtalıkların toplamak ve bir hücre kültürü petri kabı (35 mm x 10 mm) altında bırakılması. M2 1 mi, daha önce 37 ° C &#39;de dengelenmiş ile örtünve% 5 CO2 (Şekil 2). </li><li> Yavaşça M2 (Şekil 3) antral oosit serbest bırakmak için steril bir insülin şırınga iğnesi ile yumurtalıkların antral folikül delinme. </li><li> Yavaşça ağız folikül hücreleri ve diğer olası doku artıkları (Şekil 4A) kaldırmak ve daha sonra, daha önce (embriyo kültürü için uygun mineral yağ ile kaplanmış M2 küçük damla (20 ul) altındaki yerleştirilmeleri için dar bir Pasteur pipeti ile oosit Pipeti hazırlanmıştır; Şekil 4B). NOT: M2 çeşitli ve farklı damla ile sürekli pipetleme oosit zona pellucida bağlı tüm kümülüs hücreleri çıkarmak için önemlidir. Ortamın pH değişiklikleri önlemek için mümkün olduğunca çabuk bu adımı gerçekleştirin. </li></ol> Hoechst33342 4. antral Oositler Boyama NOT: Antral oositler SN (çevrili Nukleolus), NSN (Çekirdekçik çevrili değil) ya da ayırt edilebilirBaşka ara form olarak, Hoechst33342 ve supravital konsantrasyonu (veya bazlar için özel herhangi bir başka belirteçler AT) 14 boyandıktan sonra kendi kromatin organizasyonu dayalı. NSN dolayısıyla değil, adını yaparken aslında, SN oositlerin nucleolus etrafında Hoechst-pozitif halka göstermek. Doğru oosit boyama için: <ol><li> Karanlıkta 10 dakika boyunca 50 ng / ul supravital konsantrasyonda Hoechst33342 (20 ul) M2 seyreltildi damla bir ağız pipet kullanarak oosit aktarın. </li><li> Hoechst33342 ile inkübasyondan sonra, kromatin organizasyonu (SN ya SDİ) göre ayrılması için, mineral yağ ile kaplanmış M2 küçük damla (5 ul), alt kısmında bir ağız pipetle her bir oositin aktarın. Oosit kromatin yapılandırmasını görselleştirmek için Hoechst33342 filtresi (emisyon dalga boyu 486 nm) ile donatılmış herhangi bir floresan mikroskop kullanın. Not: kullanılan floresan mikroskop türüne bağlı olarak, it görüntü elde etmek için cam alt petri kullanmak zorunlu hale gelebilir. 35 mm çanak için numune tutucu ile donatılmış konfokal mikroskopi Olympus Fluoview Fv10i bir 0.17 mm standart kalınlıkta ve kabul edilebilir 0.13 0.21 mm aralığında olan görüntü elde etmek için tek cam alt-yemekler gerektirir. </li><li> Olasılıkla, daha uzun 5-10 saniye varlığı veya çekirdekçik etrafında bir halka yokluğu (Şekil 5) görselleştirmek için yeterli zaman oosit Heyecanlandırırmı. </li><li> In vitro olgunlaşmayı teşvik veya moleküler veya hücresel analizler için uygun tamponlar tutmak için% 5 CO 2 ve 37 ° C&#39;de M2, kültür antral SN ve NSN oosit sıralama sonra. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Parfenov, V., Potchukalina, G., Dudina, L., Kostyuchek, D., Gruzova, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+antral+follicles:+oocyte+nucleus+and+the+karyosphere+formation+(electron+microscopic+and+autoradiographic+data).">Human antral follicles: oocyte nucleus and the karyosphere formation (electron microscopic and autoradiographic data).</a> Gamete Res. 22 (2), 219-231 (1989).</li><li>Anderiesz, C., Ferraretti, A. P., Magli, C., Fiorentino, A., Fortini, D., Gianaroli, L., Jones, G. M., Trounson, A. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+recombinant+human+gonadotropins+on+human,+bovine+and+murine+oocyte+meiosis,+fertilization+and+embryonic+development+in+vitro.">Effect of recombinant human gonadotropins on human, bovine and murine oocyte meiosis, fertilization and embryonic development in vitro.</a> Human Reprod. 15 (5), 1140-1148 (2000).</li><li>Mattson, B. A., Albertini, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oogenesis:+Chromatin+and+microtubule+dynamics+during+meiotic+prophase.">Oogenesis: Chromatin and microtubule dynamics during meiotic prophase.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 25 (4), 374-383 (1990).</li><li>Debey, P., Szollosi, M. S., Szollosi, D., Vautier, D., Girousse, A., Besomber, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competent+mouse+oocytes+isolated+from+antral+follicles+exhibit+different+chromatin+organization+and+follow+different+maturation+dynamics.">Competent mouse oocytes isolated from antral follicles exhibit different chromatin organization and follow different maturation dynamics.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 36 (1), 59-74 (1993).</li><li>Zuccotti, M., Piccinelli, A., Giorgi Rossi, P., Garagna, S., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+organisation+during+mouse+oocyte+growth.">Chromatin organisation during mouse oocyte growth.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 41 (1-2), 479-485 (1995).</li><li>Wu, Y. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+oocytes+for+in+vitro+maturation+by+brilliant+cresyl+blue+staining:+a+study+using+the+mouse+model.">Selection of oocytes for in vitro maturation by brilliant cresyl blue staining: a study using the mouse model.</a> Cell Res. 17, 722-731 (2007).</li><li>Opiela, Y., K&#261;tska-Ksi&#261;&#380;kiewicz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+utility+of+Brilliant+Cresyl+Blue+(BCB)+staining+of+mammalian+oocytes+used+for+in+vitro+embryo+production+(IVP).">The utility of Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) staining of mammalian oocytes used for in vitro embryo production (IVP).</a> Reproductive Biol. 13, 177-183 (2013).</li><li>Labrecque, R., Sirard, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+study+of+mammalian+oocyte+competence+by+transcriptome+analysis:+progress+and+challenges.">The study of mammalian oocyte competence by transcriptome analysis: progress and challenges.</a> Mol. Human Reprod. 20 (2), 103-116 (2014).</li><li>Monti, M., Zanoni, M., Calligaro, A., Ko, M. S., Mauri, P. L., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+arrest+and+mouse+antral+Not-Surrouded+Nucleolus+oocyte.">Developmental arrest and mouse antral Not-Surrouded Nucleolus oocyte.</a> Biol. Reprod. 88 (1), 1-7 (2013).</li><li>Yurttas, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+PADI6+and+the+cytoplasmic+lattices+in+ribosomal+storage+in+oocytes+and+translational+control+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.">Role for PADI6 and the cytoplasmic lattices in ribosomal storage in oocytes and translational control in the early mouse embryo.</a> Development. 135 (15), 2627-2636 (2008).</li><li>Li, L., Baibakov, B., Dean, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+subcortical+maternal+complex+essential+for+preimplantation+mouse+embryogenesis.">A subcortical maternal complex essential for preimplantation mouse embryogenesis.</a> Dev. Cell. 15 (3), 416-425 (2008).</li><li>Ami, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FT-IR+spectra+signatures+of+mouse+antral+oocytes:+molecular+markers+of+oocyte+maturation+and+developmental+competence.">FT-IR spectra signatures of mouse antral oocytes: molecular markers of oocyte maturation and developmental competence.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1813 (6), 1220-1222 (2011).</li><li>Fulton, B. P., Whittingam, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+mammalian+oocytes+by+intercellular+injection+of+calcium.">Activation of mammalian oocytes by intercellular injection of calcium.</a> Nature. 273 (5658), 149-151 (1978).</li><li>Luttmer, S. J., Longo, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+living+and+fixed+gametes+and+early+embryos+stained+with+supravital+fluorochromes+(Hoechst+33342+and+3,3&#8242;-dihexyloxacarbocyanine+iodide).">Examination of living and fixed gametes and early embryos stained with supravital fluorochromes (Hoechst 33342 and 3,3&#8242;-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide).</a> Gamete Res. 15 (3), 267-283 (1986).</li><li>Monti, M., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biopolitics+of+frozen+embryos.">The biopolitics of frozen embryos.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 55, 243-247 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

Bu protokol yalıtmak ve fare antral GV oosit sınıflandırmak için kullanılan yöntem açıklanır. Birkaç istisna dışında, altını çizmek için özel bir kritik adımlar vardır. A) oosit canlılığını korumak ve b) kullanılan ortamda pH değişiklikleri önlemek: Birincisi: Bu prosedür mümkün olduğunca çabuk yapılmalıdır. İkincisi: oosit IVM ve IVF Aşağıdaki adımlar, özellikle kromatin hasar ve oosit sonraki ölümünü önlemek için Hoechst33342 (5-10 sn) kısaca heyecanlı olmalıdır. B...

Yumurtalık antral bölümünden izole antral tam olarak büyümüş oositler (GV, germinal vesicle) rutin gibi farklı amaçlar için kullanılabilir, örneğin, Metafaz II aşamaya kadar in vitro olgunlaşması arkasına moleküler ve hücresel mekanizmalar çalışma. Onların güzel bir görünüm en antral oosit rağmen ama hepsi değil, mayoz tamamlamak ve blastosist aşamasına ulaşabiliyorlar; döllenme 3-5 oluşursa aslında, insanlar 1,2 dahil olmak üzere birçok memeli türlerinde, içinde, bunların yaklaşık% 30, 2-hücreli aşamada kendi gelişimini tutuklama. Bugüne kadar, birkaç parametre bunu yapamaz olanlardan embriyo gelişimini sürdürmek mümkün oosit ayırt etmek için kullanılır. Örneğin, kresil mavi boyama (BCB) BCB + veya BCB- boyama ile ilgili olan bu sıralama yöntemi programı olmasına rağmen glikoz-6-fosfat dehidrojenaz aktivitesi göre oosit sıralamak için geçerli bir yöntemdirHala 6-8 bağımlı laboratuvar. Başka köklü yöntem kendi kromatin organizasyonu bulunur: (Hoechst33342 gibi) herhangi bir DNA interkalasyon boyalarla boyanmış ise, antral oosit% 70 çekirdekçik etrafında bir boya pozitif halka göstermek ve Nukleolus (SN) çevrili denir olan% 30 kalarak Bir daha benekli olumlu sinyaller ve (NSN) 3-5 değil çevrili Nukleolus denir. Son zamanlarda biz gösterdi sitoplazmik örgülerde 9 (CPLS, memeli oosit ve embriyoların hem maternal mRNA ve ribozomlar için önemli depolama siteleri) olmaması 10. ve varlığı ile birlikte (CPLS oluşumu 11 için gerekli) MATER aşağı-regülasyonu, Onların sitoplazmalarında 9,12 lipid damlacıkları, 2-hücre aşamasına ötesine devam etmek NSN oosit yetersizlik ile ilgili diğer nedenler olabilir. Ne yazık ki, bazı teknikler antral SN ve SDİ oosit ve sıralamak için uygulanabilir,Bu nedenle, (nükleer boyanma, tespit prosedürleri ya da ağız pipetler ile manipülasyon olmadan) daha az invazif yöntem geliştirilmesi hem insan ve hayvan embriyo gelişimi oranlarını artırmak için çok önemli hale gelebilir. Bu yazıda, detay, basit ve hızlı bir protokol reklam sıralama SN ve dişi farelerden alınan NSN antral oosit izole etmek için kullanılan ve kadın gametogenez, oosit olgunlaşması ve embriyo gelişimi çalışmasında ilgilenen tüm bilim adamlarına hitap etmektedir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSG</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G4527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbrioMax M2</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-015-PD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dish 35mmx10mm</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;-Dish 35mm, high glass bottom</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>81158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Pasteur Borosilicate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7095D-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated micropillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and characterization of mouse antral oocytes based on nucleolar chromatin organization

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded Nucleolus) or unable (NSN, Not Surrounded Nucleolus) to develop to the blastocyst stage after in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). It makes use of Hoeschst33342 (or any other DNA intercalating dye) able to bind to the heterochromatin of the nucleolus showing a ring in the SN oocytes or not, like in the NSN oocytes. This represents the easiest and quickest way to sort both antral oocytes that can be eventually used for IVM or IVF procedures. 
Briefly, the protocol consists of the following steps: hormone injection to stimulate follicular growth; isolation of the oocytes at the GV stage from the antral compartment by puncturing the ovary with a sterile needle; preparation of thin glass pipettes for mouth pipetting of the oocytes; sorting of the oocytes with Hoechst33342 prepared at a supravital concentration; IVM, IVF or any other molecular/cellular analysis.
Unfortunately there are still few evidences to sort SN and NSN oocytes using less invasive techniques. If and once they will be identified, they could be potentially applied to human assisted reproductive technologies, although with several aspects that should be modified. To date, this technique has potential implications to dramatically increase IVM and IVF successful procedures in both endangered and species with economic interest.

Aşağıdaki resimler Hoechst33342 aracılığıyla Oositler &#39;sıralamaya pipetler hazırlanması başlayarak fare yumurtalıkların antral oosit izole etmek için kullanılan yöntemi göstermektedir. Bu yöntem, oldukça basit ve bir CO2 kuluçka makinesi, bir stereomikroskop ile Hoechst33342 gözlenmesi için doğru bir filtre ile donatılmış bir fluoresans mikroskopu ile donatılmış herhangi bir laboratuvar gerçekleştirilebilir Şekil 1 pipet haz...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization at JoVE.com

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Burada Nükleolar organizasyon dayalı fare antral oosit karakterizasyonu için bir protokol mevcut.

Nucleolar Kromatin Teşkilatı dayanarak Fare Antral OOSİT İzolasyonu ve Karakterizasyonu

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded ...

isolation-characterization-mouse-antral-oocytes-based-on-nucleolar

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.2K Görüntüleme.  Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo.  Burada Nükleolar organizasyon dayalı fare antral oosit karakterizasyonu için bir protokol mevcut. 

Video: Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

İnsan İskelet Kası İlköğretim andMyogenic Hücreleri ve Fibroblast İzolasyon ve Kantitatif İmmünositokimyasal Karakterizasyonu

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.

This protocol describes the isolation of satellite cells from branchiomeric head muscles of a 9 week-old rat. The muscles originate from different branchial arches. Subsequently, the satellite cells are cultured on a spot coating of millimeter size to study their differentiation. This approach avoids the expansion and passaging of satellite cells.

Sıçan Başkanı Branchiomeric Kaslar gelen İzolasyon ve Uydu Hücrelerinin Karakterizasyonu

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

İzolasyon ve Zebra balığı Embriyolar gelen Tek Hücre Karakterizasyonu

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

İnsan göbek bağı ve fetal plasentadan Mezenkimal Stromal Hücre İzolasyonu ve Vasıflandırılması

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Üç boyutlu yüksek frekanslı Ultrasonografi romanı kullanımı için fare erken gebelik karakterizasyonu

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus improving the overall pregnancy outcome. We recently developed a classification method based on microscopic live observations of mouse oocytes during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to the metaphase II stage, followed by the analysis of the cytoplasmic movements occurring during this time-lapse period. Here, we present detailed protocols of this procedure. Oocytes are isolated from fully-grown antral follicles and cultured for 15 h inside a microscope equipped for time-lapse analysis at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Pictures are taken at 8 min intervals. The images are analyzed using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method that calculates, for each oocyte, the profile of Cytoplasmic Movement Velocities (CMVs) occurring throughout the culture period. Finally, the CMVs of each single oocyte are fed through a mathematical classification tool (Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network, FANN), which predicts the probability of a gamete to be developmentally competent or incompetent with an accuracy of 91.03%. This protocol, set up for the mouse, could now be tested on oocytes of other species, including humans.

Here, we present a protocol for non-invasive assessment of oocyte developmental competence performed during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage. This method combines time-lapse imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and neural network analyses.

Bir Neural ağ tabanlı kimlik gelişimsel olarak yetkili veya yetersiz fare köklerin yumurta

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally isolated and characterized from bone marrow (BM), then acquired from tissues including adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and fetal appendages such as placenta, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC). MSCs are a heterogeneous cell population with the capacity for (1) adherence to plastic in standard culture conditions, (2) surface marker expression of CD73+/CD90+/CD105+/CD45-/CD34-/CD14-/CD19-/HLA-DR- phenotypes, and (3) trilineage differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, as currently defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Although BM is the most widely used source of MSCs, the invasive nature of BM aspiration ethically limits its accessibility. Proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs obtained from BM generally decline with the age of the donor. In contrast, fetal MSCs obtained from UC have advantages such as vigorous proliferation and differentiation capacity. There is no ethical concern for UC sampling, as it is typically regarded as medical waste. Human UC starts to develop with continuing growth of the amniotic cavity at 4-8 weeks of gestation and keeps growing until reaching 50-60 cm in length, and it can be isolated during the whole newborn delivery period. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of intractable diseases, we have used UC-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from infants delivered at various gestational ages. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-MSCs from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Human umbilical cord (UC) can be obtained during the perinatal period as a result of preterm, term, and postterm delivery. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Yalıtım ve insan göbek kordonu kaynaklı mezenkimal kök hücre erken Doğum ve terim bebekler karakterizasyonu

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally ...

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays to characterize the differentiated cells. The E14 mouse embryonic stem cells were used to form embryoid bodies through the hanging drop method, and then induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells by retinoic acid, and finally differentiated into neurons. Quantitative&#160;reverse transcription&#160;polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the neural progenitors and neurons exhibit corresponding markers (nestin for neural progenitors and neurofilament for neurons) at day 8 and 12 post-differentiation, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments on an E14 line expressing a Sox1 promoter-driven GFP reporter showed that about 60% of cells at day 8 are GFP positive, indicating the successful differentiation of neural progenitor cells at this stage. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was used to profile the global transcriptomic changes. These methods are useful for analyzing the involvement of specific genes and pathways in regulating the cell identity transition during neuronal differentiation.

We describe the procedure for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal cells using the hanging drop method. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive phenotypic analysis through RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, RNA-seq, and flow cytometry.

Nöral Progenitörlerin ve Nöronların Fare Embriyonik Kök Hücrelerinden Farklılaşması ve Karakterizasyonu

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays ...

Minimum Volume Vitrification of Immature Feline Oocytes

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to promote biodiversity preservation. In felids, most species are threatened with extinction, and domestic breeds are used as a model to increase the efficiency of protocols for germplasm banking. Among oocyte cryopreservation techniques, vitrification is more and more popular in human and veterinary assisted reproduction. Cryotop vitrification, which was at first developed for human oocytes and embryos, has demonstrated to be well-suited for cat oocytes. This method offers several advantages, such as the feasibility in field conditions and the speed of the procedure, which can be helpful when several samples need to be processed. However, the efficiency is strongly dependent on the operator&#8217;s skills, and intra- and inter-laboratory standardization are needed, as well as personnel training. This protocol describes minimum volume vitrification of immature feline oocytes on a commercial support in a step by step field-friendly protocol, from oocyte collection to warming. Following the protocol, preservation of oocyte integrity and viability at warming (as high as 90%) can be expected, although there is still room for improvement in post-warming maturation and embryonic development outcomes.

This manuscript describes a protocol for the minimum volume vitrification of immature cat oocytes with laboratory-made media on commercial supports. It covers every step from oocyte isolation from ex vivo gonads to vitrification and warming.

Olgunlaşmamış Kedi Yumurtalarının Minimum HacimVitrifikasyonu

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to ...

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that during the reproductive life span only about 1% of the oocytes in an ovary mature and ovulate, several techniques have been developed to increase the exploitation of the ovarian reserve to the growing population of non-ovulatory follicles. Such technologies have allowed interventions of fertility preservation, selection programs in livestock, and conservation of endangered species. However, the vast potential of the ovarian reserve is still largely unexploited. In cows, for instance, some attempts have been made to support in vitro culture of oocytes at specific developmental stages, but efficient and reliable protocols have not yet been developed. Here we describe a culture system that reproduce the physiological conditions of the corresponding follicular stage, defined to develop in vitro growing oocytes collected from bovine early antral follicles to the fully-grown stage, corresponding to the medium antral follicle in vivo. A combination of hormones and a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor was used to prevent untimely meiotic resumption and to guide oocyte&#39;s differentiation.

We describe the procedures for isolation of growing oocytes from ovarian follicles at early stages of development, as well as the setup of an in vitro culture system which can support the growth and differentiation up to the fully-grown stage. &#160;

Sığırlarda Erken Antral Folikülden Oositler Için Tüp Bebek Kültür Stratejisi

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that ...