Burada sunulan çalışma Sağlık Araştırması (CIHR) Kanada Enstitüleri tarafından desteklenmiştir (DCB-120266, PPP-133377 ve AG için HBF-348967 verir).

1. Hücre ve Transfeksiyonlar <ol><li> Dulbecco&#39;nun modifiye Eagle ortamında (DMEM) içinde kültür HEK 293T hücreleri,% 10 cenin sığır serumu (FBS) ve% 1 penisilin / streptomisin ile takviye edilmiştir. Hücre kültürü ortamı içinde 2 x 10 5 hücre / ml&#39;lik bir süspansiyon hazırlayın. Her çukuruna hücre süspansiyonundan 500, 100 ve 1000 ul, 24 oyuklu, 96 gözlü, 12 gözlü levhalar, viral üretimi, hücre canlılığı ve immün aktivasyon deneyleri sırasıyla (Şekil 2A) için. </li><li> Yavaşça girdap plakalar ve% 5 CO 2 ile 37 ° C&#39;de / Ç N onları kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. % 50-70 confluency hücreleri büyür. </li><li> Bir transfeksiyon planına göre, 1.5 ml mikro tüpler (örneğin Şekil 2B) test RNA&#39;lar ve kontrol seyreltileri hazırlanır. <ol><li> Viral üretimi deneyi için, bir HIV-1 ifade plazmidinin 10 ng / | il seyreltme hazırlanması ve her bir tüpe 10 ul ekle. Sonraki 5 uM test RNA&#39;lar dilüsyonları ve negatif kontrol RN hazırlamakC. 25 ya da 100 nM nihai konsantrasyonlarda, ilgili tüplere her bir test RNA ve negatif kontrol seyreltme 2.5 ya da 10 ul ekle. </li><li> C: Hücre canlılığı deneyi için 5 uM test RNA dilüsyonları ve pozitif kontrol RNA, düşük molekül ağırlıklı poli I bir 10 mg / ml seyreltme hazırlar. sırasıyla, 100 nM veya 200 ug / ml nihai konsantrasyonları, tekabül eden tüpler test RNA ya da pozitif kontrol RNA dilüsyonları 2 ul ekle. </li><li> immün aktivasyon deneyi için, deney RNA veya adım 1.3.2 hazırlanan pozitif kontrol RNA dilüsyonları 20 ul ekle. sırasıyla, 100 nM veya 200 ug / ml nihai konsantrasyon, tekabül eden tüplere. Aşama 1.3.1 ng 25 ve 100 nihai miktarda vererek, test RNA ekspresyon plazmidleri, deney RNA&#39;lar 5 uM dilüsyonları yerine 10 ng / | il dilüsyonları hazırlamak: edin. 100 adım 1.3.2 ng. ve 1.3.3. </li></ol></li><li> Viral ürünler için, her transfeksiyon tüpüne DMEM 50, 25 ya da 75 ul eklesırasıyla uction, hücre canlılığı ve bağışıklık aktivasyon tahlilleri. Viral üretim deneyleri için, bir sonraki adımdan önce bir biyo-güvenlik seviyesi 3 (BSL3) laboratuvara hücreleri ve hazırlanan transfeksiyon tüpleri getirmek. </li><li> transfeksiyon tüplerine transfeksiyon reaktif sırayla 2 ul ekleyin ve kompleksleri oluşturmak için izin vermek için 15 ila 20 dakika inkübe edin. Belirli transfeksiyon reaktif Malzemesi Tabloya bakınız kullanılacak. </li><li> damla damla hücre kültür plakaları içinde karşılık gelen pozisyonlarda, her mikro tüp tamamını transfeksiyon karışımı ekleyin. Yavaşça girdap ve% 5 CO2 ile 37 ° C &#39;de 48 saat süre ile inkübe edin. </li><li> Hücre kültürü plakaları (Şekil 2C), HIV-1 üretimini (Bölüm 2), hücre canlılığı (bölüm 3) ve immün aktivasyon (bölüm 4) ölçün. </li></ol> 2. Viral Üretim Deneyi <ol><li> inkübatör 24-iyi hücre kültür plakaları çıkarın ve BSL-3 hücre kültürü içindeki girdap plakalar hafifçedavlumbaz. HIV-1 üretimini ölçmek için kullanılacak olan 96-gözenekli düz tabanlı plaka içinde de karşılık gelen her gözden üst fazın 150 ul aktarın. Not: Genel viral miktar deneyleri, enzim-bağlı immünosorbent deneyi (ELISA), 20, ters transkripsiyon polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT-PCR) 21 yoluyla viral RNA miktarının HIV-1 kapsid proteini (p24) ekspresyonunu ölçmek ve aktivitesinin ölçülmesi bulunmaktadır HIV-1 RT enziminin. 2.2 2.5 HIV-1 RT aktivitesinin 13,15,16 ölçmek için yöntemler açıklar Adımları. </li><li> Aktarım, bir viral bozulması kokteyli 15 (Tablo 1) 25 ul ihtiva eden 96 oyuklu bir plaka gözenekleri içinde karşılık gelen süpernatan 5 ul. Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika süreyle inkübe karışımı ve radyoaktivite iş istasyonuna plaka aktarın. Not: Adım 2.2. Bir radyoaktivite iş istasyonu BSL3 laboratuarda mevcut değilse gereklidir. Plakalar kaldırılması gerekmiyorsaBSL3 laboratuar, 2.3 adıma geçin. ve radyoaktif kokteyl 25 ul yerine viral / radyoaktif bozulması kokteyli (Tablo 1) 50 ul ekle. </li><li> Radyoaktif bir kokteyl 15 (Tablo 1) Hazırlama ve viral süpernatan ve baskıyı kokteyl her çukuruna 25 ul ekle. 2 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> Nokta 5 cam elyaf Di Etil Amino Etil (DEAE) Filtermat kağıdı karşılık gelen kareler üzerine reaksiyon karışımının ul ve noktalar 10 dakika kurumasını bekleyin. hiçbir iki numune doğrudan birbirlerine yatılı böylece her meydanda reaksiyon karışımı nokta. Bu aşamada 2.6 dakikada (cpm) başına sayıları belirlerken örnekler arasında çapraz-over önlemeye yardımcı olur. </li><li> Kağıtlar% 95 etanol ile iki kez 1 dakika yıkama yapılmıştır 2x tuzlu su, sodyum sitrat (SSC) tampon maddesi (Tablo 1) 5 dakika için 5 kat yıkayın. kağıtlar kurumaya ve örnek torbalarına bunları mühürlemek için izin verir. </li><li> Klip örnek çanta coBir kaset içine Filtermat kağıt ntaining ve bir mikroplaka sintilasyon sayacı içine kaset takın. Deneyde kullanılan [32 P] dTTP parti için sağlanan referans tarihi ile 32 P cpm okumak için sayaç ayarlayın. plaka haritayı kullanarak okuma ve sayaç başlatmak için hangi örnekler seçin. </li><li> herhangi bir virüs ölçümü yöntemi için, komşu negatif kontrol ile her test RNA için elde edilen değerler bölmek ve test RNA&#39;ların her tekrarında HIV-1 üretiminin yüzde inhibisyonunu elde etmek için 100 ile bu değeri çarpın. Farklı konsantrasyonlarda farklı test RNA karşılaştırma sonuçlarının bir örneği Şekil 3&#39;te verilmektedir. </li></ol> 3. Hücre Canlılık Testi <ol><li> / Ml MTT (3- [4,5-dimetil-2-tiyazolil] -2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazolyum bromid) Dulbecco fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su içinde seyreltildi (inkübatör, 96 gözlü levhalar çıkarın ve 5 mg 20 ul her bir kuyunun DPBS). f inkübeveya 37 ° C&#39;de 3 saat. </li><li> deterjan (% 1 NP-40, izopropanol içinde 4 mM HCI) her ile asitleştirildi izopropanol 150 ul ilave edin ve oda sıcaklığında 2 saat boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> Bir mikrolevha spektrofotometre 570 nm&#39;de absorbans belirler. </li><li> bitişik transfeksiyon kontrolü ile her numune için elde edilen değer bölünerek, her pozitif kontrol ve test RNA göreceli MTT metabolizmasını hesaplayın. Farklı test RNA ve pozitif kontrol karşılaştırma sonuçlarının bir örneği Şekil 4&#39;te verilmektedir. </li></ol> 4. Bağışıklık Aktivasyon Testi <ol><li> inkübatör 12-kuyu plakaları kaldırmak ve kültür ortamı aspire. Yavaşça DPBS hücreler iki kez yıkayın ve her bir (proteaz ve fosfataz inhibitörleri, Tablo 1 de dahil olmak üzere), soğuk lisiz tamponu 22 70 ul ekle. Buz üzerinde 10 dakika süreyle inkübe edin. </li><li> mikro tüpler hücre lizatları aktarın ve hızlı daldırarak bunları dondurmaksıvı nitrojen içinde borular. Numuneler Çözülme ve 3 olmak üzere toplam 2 daha donma çözülme döngüleri için tekrar izin verin. </li><li> Hücre yıkıntıları pelet haline getirildi, 4 ° C&#39;de, 15.700 x g&#39;de 15 dakika boyunca santrifüj lizatları. Yeni bir mikro tüpler süpernatantı aktarın ve Coomassie mavisi (Bradford) yöntemini 23,24 kullanarak protein konsantrasyonunu belirleyin. </li><li> % 10 denatüre edici poliakrilamid jel içinde her bir numunenin proteinin 75 ug çözmek ve daha önce 25,26 tarif edildiği gibi bir nitroselüloz zara transfer. </li><li> Bir membrana elektroforezi ve aktarımı sonra, iki kez distile su ile yıkama, ardından 1 dakika boyunca Ponceau S (Tablo 1) &#39;de membran inkübe edilerek protein bantları görülebilir. 80 ve 55 kDa zar kesmek için bir kılavuz olarak bantlar ve protein merdiven kullanın. Not: Adım 4.4 örnekleri 16 x 18 cm 34 kDa aşağı 2 jelleri çalıştırılabilir, belirtilen pozisyonlarda membran kesip kesip değil kolay şekildeilgi bantları. Alternatif olarak, çeşitli jeller zarı kesme önlemek için aynı örnekleri ile çalıştırılabilir. </li><li> % 0.05 Tween 20 (TBST, Tablo 1) ihtiva eden Tris-tamponlu tuzlu su ile Ponceau S boyama yıkayın. Tamamen zarları kapsayan% 5 yağsız süt ile TBST ilave edin. 1 saat boyunca çalkalama ile, oda sıcaklığında membranlar inkübe edin. </li><li> membranlar inkübe O / N ADAR1 (110 ve 150 kDa), fosfo-PKR (62 kDa) ve fosfo-IRF3 (47-kDa) karşı 1,000&#39;de 1 seyreltilmiş% 3 sığır serum albümini ile TBST (BSA) ve antikorlarda, sırasıyla membran, üst orta ve alt parçalar için. </li><li> Membranlar TBST ile 5 dakika için 5 kat ve 1 saat (5,000 içinde 1 seyreltilmiş),% 5 yağsız süt ve peroksidaz-etiketli keçi anti-tavşan sekonder antikor ile TBST içinde inkübe yıkayın. </li><li> TBST ile 5 dakika boyunca membranlar 5x yıkayın ve üreticinin talimatlarına göre filmler bantları görselleştirmek için elektrokemiluminesan (ECL) çözümü uygulayın. </li><li> filmler protein bantları görselleştirmek sonra bir antikor sıyırma çözeltisi ile 10 dakika boyunca zarın, orta ve alt parçaları yıkayın. ve IRF3 (500 &#39;de 1 olarak), toplam PKR karşı% 3 BSA ile TBST içinde membranlar O / N ve antikor inkübe (1.000 de 1), sırasıyla, orta ve alt parçalar için. Yineleyin 4.8 adımları. ve 4.9. PKR membran (orta), anti-tavşan ikincil antikoru yerine peroksidaz etiketli keçi anti-fare kullanılmıştır. </li><li> TBST ile 5 dakika için membran 5x alt parça yıkayın (5,000 içinde 1 seyreltilmiş) aktine karşı bir antikor ile 1 saat boyunca% 3 BSA ile TBST içinde membran inkübe edin. Yineleyin 4.8 adımları. ve 4.9. anti-tavşan sekonder antikor yerine peroksidaz etiketli keçi anti-fare kullanılmıştır. Farklı test RNA ve pozitif kontrol karşılaştırma sonuçlarının bir örneği Şekil 5&#39;te sağlanmaktadır. Kullanılacak özel antikorlar için Malzemelerin tabloya bakınız. </li></ol>

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F., Gatignol, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+translation+and+its+regulation+by+cellular+factors+PKR+and+PACT.">HIV-1 translation and its regulation by cellular factors PKR and PACT.</a> Virus Res. 193, 65-77 (2014).</li><li>ter Brake, O., Konstantinova, P., Ceylan, M., Berkhout, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+of+HIV-1+with+RNA+interference:+a+multiple+shRNA+approach.">Silencing of HIV-1 with RNA interference: a multiple shRNA approach.</a> Mol Ther. 14, 883-892 (2006).</li><li>Naito, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+design+and+validation+of+antiviral+siRNA+for+targeting+HIV-1.">Optimal design and validation of antiviral siRNA for targeting HIV-1.</a> Retrovirology. 4, 80 (2007).</li><li>Mandal, D., Feng, Z., Stoltzfus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excessive+RNA+splicing+and+inhibition+of+HIV-1+replication+induced+by+modified+U1+small+nuclear+RNAs.">Excessive RNA splicing and inhibition of HIV-1 replication induced by modified U1 small nuclear RNAs.</a> J Virol. 84, 12790-12800 (2010).</li><li>Chang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+expression+and+HIV-1+inhibition+of+chimeric+tRNA(Lys3)-ribozymes+under+dual+U6+snRNA+and+tRNA+promoters.">Enhanced expression and HIV-1 inhibition of chimeric tRNA(Lys3)-ribozymes under dual U6 snRNA and tRNA promoters.</a> Mol Ther. 6, 481-489 (2002).</li><li>Chang, L. J., Liu, X., He, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+siRNAs+targeting+multiple+highly+conserved+RNA+sequences+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1.">Lentiviral siRNAs targeting multiple highly conserved RNA sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.</a> Gene Ther. 12, 1133-1144 (2005).</li><li>Daniels, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+RRE+RNA+acts+as+an+RNA+silencing+suppressor+by+competing+with+TRBP-bound+siRNAs.">HIV-1 RRE RNA acts as an RNA silencing suppressor by competing with TRBP-bound siRNAs.</a> RNA Biol. 12, 123-135 (2015).</li><li>Castanotto, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+delivery+of+small+interfering+RNAs+reduces+RNAi+efficacy+by+selective+incorporation+into+RISC.">Combinatorial delivery of small interfering RNAs reduces RNAi efficacy by selective incorporation into RISC.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 5154-5164 (2007).</li><li>Vickers, T. A., Sabripour, M., Crooke, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=U1+adaptors+result+in+reduction+of+multiple+pre-mRNA+species+principally+by+sequestering+U1snRNP.">U1 adaptors result in reduction of multiple pre-mRNA species principally by sequestering U1snRNP.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 39, e71 (2011).</li><li>Tai, C. J., Li, C. L., Tai, C. J., Wang, C. K., Lin, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+Viral+Entry+Assays+for+the+Identification+and+Evaluation+of+Antiviral+Compounds.">Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2015).</li><li>Riss, T. L., et al., Sittampalam, G. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Assay Guidance Manual. , (2004).</li><li>Reynolds, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+the+interferon+response+by+siRNA+is+cell+type-+and+duplex+length-dependent.">Induction of the interferon response by siRNA is cell type- and duplex length-dependent.</a> Rna. 12, 988-993 (2006).</li><li>Whitehead, K. A., Dahlman, J. E., Langer, R. S., Anderson, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+or+stimulation?+siRNA+delivery+and+the+immune+system.">Silencing or stimulation? siRNA delivery and the immune system.</a> Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng. 2, 77-96 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Tanımlanan HIV-1 üretimi deneyi HEK293T hücreleri (Şekil 2) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir ve etkili bir ribozim 13 shRNA 10,29, siRNA 30 ve U1i RNA 11,31 hedef sitesi HIV-1 RNA taramak için kullanılan deneyler benzer edildi. HIV-1 üretimini ölçmek için çeşitli yöntemler kullanılarak, çalışmaların çoğu, aday RNA&#39;lar ile bir HIV-1 ifade plazmidinin Müşterek transfeksiyon sonrasında, virüs üretimini 48 saat ölçtük. HIV-1 ü...

Mevcut HIV-1 terapileri sınırlaması, kronik hastalığın ilerlemesini engellemek için de uygulanabilir olmasıdır. HIV-1 karşı T lenfosit veya hematopoietik kök hücre nakli, ilaç tedavisi 1,2 yokluğunda HIV-1 replikasyonu, uzun süreli kontrolünü sağlama potansiyeline sahiptir ve aynı zamanda, bir HIV-1 ilacı elde etmek için etkili bir yaklaşım olabilir 3.. HIV-1 replikasyonu dirençli hücre oluşturmak için bir yolu, otolog transplant 4 sırasında enfekte bireyin hücrelerine anti-HIV-1 RNA veya peptitler kodlayan bir ya da daha fazla gen eklemektir. Çeşitli aday anti-HIV-1 genlerinin herhangi bir tek genin HIV-1 direnç gelişmesini önlemek için, iki adet 5 ya da üç 6 kombinasyonları bazı giren klinik çalışmalarda dizayn edilmiştir. Anti-HIV-1 RNA immün yanıtları ortaya çıkarmak için düşük potansiyel ve onlar için kombine gen terapisi için en iyi adaylar arasındaÇok kısa bir gen sekanslarından transkribe edilmektedir. Bazı anti-HIV-1 RNA, viral giriş ve bütünleşmesini hedeflemek üzere dizayn edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, en anti-HIV-1 RNA, viral yaşam çevriminde sonrası entegrasyon adımlar (Şekil 1) hedefler. Sonrası entegrasyon inhibitörleri ribozimler 7, 8 ve shRNAs U1i RNA&#39;lar 9 olarak, HİV-1 düzenleyici proteinleri tat veya rev 1 ve antisens dayalı RNA hedef HIV-1 RNA farklı sitesi hedef, yem RNA içerir. Anti-HIV-1 RNA etkinliğini karşılaştırmak için kullanılmış olan yöntemler genlerin aday RNA&#39;lar kodlayan ve viral geçici aday RNA ifade eden plasmidler ile transfekte edilen hücrelerde üretim ve HIV-1 ifade plazmid ölçüm ile dönüştürülmüş hücrelerin viral replikasyonu izlenmesini, 10 -13. Daha önce yeni bir ribozim, hedef siteye 13-15 HIV-1 RNA taranması için bir HIV-1 üretimi deneyi kullandık. Bu yöntemler beri bir RNA biçimini optimize etmek için rafine edilmişgirişim molekülü, bir shRNA plazmid DNA&#39;sından ifade edilen ya da sentetik bir siRNA 16 olarak verilir. Deney insan embriyonik böbrek (HEK) 293T hücrelerinde olgun virüs üretimini ölçer ve (Şekil 1), HIV-1 replikasyon döngüsünde sonrası entegrasyon evreleri hedefleyen önleyicilerinin etkilerini karşılaştırmak için kullanılabilir. Ön entegrasyon basamakları hedefleyen inhibitörleri, böyle bir tzm-bl hücre enfektivite tahlil 17 gibi alternatif deneyler antiviral etkinliğini değerlendirmek için gereklidir. Klinikte anti-HIV-1 RNA teslimi için önemli güvenlik kaygıları, insan RNA veya protein ve doğuştan gelen bağışıklık sensör aktivasyonu üzerindeki potansiyel hedef dışı etkiler bulunmaktadır. Anti-HIV-1 siRNA&#39;lar toksisitesini değerlendirmek için, farklı hücre hatları 16 bir hücre canlılığı deneyi kullandık. Ayrıca, iki iplikçikli bir RNA bağışıklık sensörler aktivasyonu ölçülmüştür RNA aktive edilmiş protein kinaz R (PKR) reseptör 3 (TLR3) Toll benzeri gibi exinterferon pression geni ADAR1 P150 uyarılmış. Bu deneyler, anti-HIV-1 RNA etkinliği hücre canlılığı veya immün sensör aktivasyon dolaylı etkileri nedeniyle olmadığını teyit etmek için kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, daha da geliştirilmesi, potansiyel toksisite aday RNA&#39;ların hariç yararlıdır. Aşağıdaki protokollerde, prosedürler yeni tedavi RNA&#39;lar belirlemek ve mevcut biçimi açıklanmıştır optimize etmek. Yöntemleri, HIV-1 replikasyonu tarama RNA temelli sonrası entegrasyon inhibitörleri için faydalı olan ve bu tür viral RNA 18 ya da CRISPR Rev aracılı ihracat hedefleme küçük moleküller gibi diğer sonrası entegrasyon inhibitörlerinin taranması için adapte edilebilir / tasarlanan Cas sistemleri entegre hedef HIV-1 DNA&#39;sı 19.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM HyClone</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30243.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS HyClone</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30396.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin Gibco</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates, 96 well, 24 well, 6 well.</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353075, 353047, 353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro tubes Axygen</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>311-08-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low molecular weight Poly I:C</td>
			<td>InvivoGen</td>
			<td>3182-29-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DharmaFECT-1</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>T-2001-01</td>
			<td>transfection reagent for synthetic RNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TransIT-LT1</td>
			<td>Mirus</td>
			<td>MIR 2300</td>
			<td>transfection reagent for RNA expression plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonidet P40 (NP-40)</td>
			<td>USB</td>
			<td>19628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[32P]dTTP</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>BLU505H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly(A) RNA template&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10108626001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligo(dT)12-18 DNA primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>18418-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEAE filtermat paper&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>1450-522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate scintillation counter</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>1450-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTT</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M-2128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS HyClone</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30028.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1706930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysis buffer tablets</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001, 4906837001</td>
			<td>protease and phosphatase inhibitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5415R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>500-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel running chamber</td>
			<td>Hoefer</td>
			<td>SE600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semi-dry transfer cell</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1703940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein ladder EZ-Run</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>BP3603-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>162-0094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9647-1006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody stripping solution</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>2504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECL - Pierce</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>PI32106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ADAR1 antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from Dr. B.L. Bass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phospho-T446-PKR antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab32036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phospho-S396-IRF3 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>4947</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PKR antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from Dr. A. Hovanessian</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IRF3 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>11904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Actin antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB1501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>474-1506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase-labeled goat anti-mouse</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>474-1806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponceau S&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6226-79-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of rnas targeting hiv-1 production for use in gene or drug therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential to be used as drug therapies for HIV-1 infection. Post-integration inhibitors include ribozymes, short hairpin (sh) RNAs, small interfering (si) RNAs, U1 interference (U1i) RNAs and RNA aptamers. Many of these have been identified using transient co-transfection assays with an HIV-1 expression plasmid and some have advanced to clinical trials. In addition to measures of efficacy, small RNAs have been evaluated for their potential to affect the expression of human RNAs, alter cell growth and/or differentiation, and elicit innate immune responses. In the protocols described here, a set of transient transfection assays designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. We have used these assays to identify new ribozymes and optimize the format of shRNAs and siRNAs targeting HIV-1 RNA. The methods provide a quick set of assays that are useful for screening new anti-HIV-1 RNAs and could be adapted to screen other post-integration inhibitors of HIV-1 replication.

Prosedürleri genel şematik bir üç test RNA ve Şekil 2B&#39;de sağlanan bir kontrol RNA için bir örnek transfeksiyon planı, Şekil 2 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Viral üretimi ve hücre yaşayabilirliği tahlilleri için, her bir test yapı için Okuması bir negatif kontrol normalize edilir. Her test RNA bitişiğindeki negatif kontrol normalize böylece çoğaltır, setler halinde transfekte edilir. Bu durum, örneğin, negatif kontroller tüm bi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy at JoVE.com

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones.

Bir gen ya da ilaç terapisinde kullanım için, HIV-1 üretim yapan RNA&#39;lar etkinlik ve toksisite Değerlendirilmesi

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

evaluation-efficacy-toxicity-rnas-targeting-hiv-1-production-for-use

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.8K Görüntüleme.  Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research. Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones. 

Video: Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

HIV-1 tropizm genotipik Çıkarım kullanarak Nüfus tabanlı Sıralama V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Amplifying viral genes and quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV-1 infected individuals with viral loads below the limit of detection by standard assays (below 50-75 copies/ml) is necessary to gain insight to viral dynamics and virus host interactions in patients who naturally control the infection and those who are on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). 
Here we describe how to amplify viral genomes by single genome sequencing (the SGS protocol) 13, 19 and how to accurately quantify HIV-1 RNA in patients with low viral loads (the single-copy assay (SCA) protocol) 12, 20. 
The single-copy assay is a real-time PCR assay with sensitivity depending on the volume of plasma being assayed. If a single virus genome is detected in 7 ml of plasma, then the RNA copy number is reported to be 0.3 copies/ml. The assay has an internal control testing for the efficiency of RNA extraction, and controls for possible amplification from DNA or contamination. Patient samples are measured in triplicate.
The single-genome sequencing assay (SGS), now widely used and considered to be non-labor intensive 3, 7, 12, 14, 15,is a limiting dilution assay, in which endpoint diluted cDNA product is spread over a 96-well plate. According to a Poisson distribution, when less than 1/3 of the wells give product, there is an 80% chance of the PCR product being resultant of amplification from a single cDNA molecule. SGS has the advantage over cloning of not being subjected to resampling and not being biased by PCR-introduced recombination 19. However, the amplification success of SCA and SGS depend on primer design. Both assays were developed for HIV-1 subtype B, but can be adapted for other subtypes and other regions of the genome by changing primers, probes, and standards.

Quantifying levels of HIV-1 RNA in plasma and sequencing single HIV-1 genomes from individuals with viral loads below the limit of detection (50-75 copies/ml) is difficult. Here we describe how to extract and quantify plasma viral RNA using a real time PCR assay that reliably measures HIV-1 RNA down to 0.3 copies/ml and how to amplify viral genomes by single genome sequencing, from samples with very low viral loads.

Standart Klinik Tahliller Algılama Sınırı Aşağıda Viral Yükler HIV enfekte kişilerde kuvvetlendirme ve HIV-1 RNA miktarının

Amplifying viral genes and quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV-1 infected individuals with viral loads below the limit of detection by standard assays (below ...

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is composed of CA protein arranged as a lattice of hexagon. The capsid is closed by 7 pentamers at the broad end and 5 at the narrow end of the cone1, 2. Encased in this capsid shell is the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, and together they comprise the core.
Following fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, the HIV-1 is released into the cytoplasm. The capsid then disassembles releasing free CA in the soluble form3 in a process referred to as uncoating. The intracellular location and timing of HIV-1 uncoating are poorly understood. Single amino-acid substitutions in CA that alter the stability of the capsid also impair the ability of HIV-1 to infect cells4. This indicates that the stability of the capsid is critical for HIV-1 infection.
HIV-1 uncoating has been difficult to study due to lack of availability of sensitive and reliable assays for this process. Here we describe a quantitative method for studying uncoating in vitro using cores isolated from infectious HIV-1 particles. The approach involves isolation of cores by sedimentation of concentrated virions through a layer of detergent and into a linear sucrose gradient, in the cold. To quantify uncoating, the isolated cores are incubated at 37&deg;C for various timed intervals and subsequently pelleted by ultracentrifugation. The extent of uncoating is analyzed by quantifying the fraction of CA in the supernatant. This approach has been employed to analyze effects of viral mutations on HIV-1 capsid stability4, 5, 6. It should also be useful for studying the role of cellular factors in HIV-1 uncoating.

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

Uncoating is an essential step in the early phase of the HIV-1 life cycle and is defined as the disassembly of the capsid shell and the release of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). Here, we demonstrate techniques for isolating intact cores from HIV-1 virions and for quantifying their uncoating in vitro.

HIV-1 Çekirdek in vitro Uncoating

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is ...

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

Görüntülemede HIV-1 Zarf bağlı Virolojik Synapse ve Sentetik Lipid Bilayers üzerine Sinyal

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins are able to fuel the fusion process through their conformational changes could lead to the design of better, more effective immunogens for vaccine strategies. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows studying the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env by monoclonal antibodies. Following expression of HIV-1 trimeric Env at the surface of transfected cells, conformation specific anti-Env antibodies are incubated with the cells. A horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and a simple chemiluminescence reaction are then used to detect bound antibodies. This system is highly flexible and can detect Env conformational changes induced by soluble CD4 or cellular proteins. It requires minimal amount of material and no highly-specialized equipment or know-how. Thus, this technique can be established for medium to high throughput screening of antigens and antibodies, such as newly-isolated antibodies.

Understanding viral surface antigens conformations is required to evaluate antibody neutralization and guide the design of effective vaccine immunogens. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows the study of the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env expressed at the surface of transfected cells by specific anti-Env antibodies.

Bir Hücre temelli bir ELISA testi kullanarak, HIV-1 zarf trimerik Glikoproteinler konformasyonel Değerlendirilmesi

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins ...

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) and molecular beacon (MB) probes, transcript standards, automated multichannel pipetting, and plate drying. Determining expression among the type I interferons (IFN), especially the twelve IFN-&#945; subtypes, is limited by their shared sequence identity; likewise, the sequences of the type III IFN, especially IFN-&#955;2 and -&#955;3, are highly similar. This assay provides a reliable, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive means to analyze the expression of the seventeen interferon subtype transcripts.

This protocol describes a high-throughput qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of type I and III IFN expression signatures. The assay discriminates single base pair differences between the highly similar transcripts of these genes. Through batch assembly and robotic pipetting, the assays are consistent and reproducible.

Yüksek verim Kantitatif Gerçek zamanlı RT-PCR Testi Türleri I ve III İnterferon Alttipleriyle İfadesi Profilleri belirlenmesi için

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific ...

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. They are found in a number of biological fluids and are known to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules. Originally thought to be little more than reservoirs for cellular debris, the roles of exosomes regulating biological processes and in diseases are increasingly appreciated.
Several methods have been described for isolating exosomes from cellular culture media and biological fluids. Due to their small size and low density, differential ultracentrifugation and/or ultrafiltration are the most commonly used techniques for exosome isolation. However, plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals contains both exosomes and HIV viral particles, which are similar in size and density. Thus, efficient separation of exosomes from HIV viral particles in human plasma has been a challenge.
To address this limitation, we developed a procedure modified from Cantin et. al., 2008 for purification of exosomes from HIV particles in human plasma. Iodixanol velocity gradients were used to separate exosomes from HIV-1 particles in the plasma of HIV-1 positive individuals. Virus particles were identified by p24 ELISA. Exosomes were identified on the basis of exosome markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the CD9, CD63, and CD45 antigens. Our gradient procedure yielded exosome preparations free of virus particles. The efficient purification of exosomes from human plasma enabled us to examine the content of plasma-derived exosomes and to investigate their immune modulatory potential and other biological functions.

Techniques describing a gradient procedure to separate exosomes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles are described. This procedure was used to isolate exosomes away from HIV particles in human plasma from HIV-infected individuals. The isolated exosomes were analyzed for cytokine/chemokine content.

HIV-1 pozitif Bireylerin Plazma eksozomlann izolasyonu

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. ...

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the viral capsid (CA) core into the cytoplasm. Subsequently, the viral Reverse Transcriptase (RT), as part of a namesake nucleoprotein complex termed the Reverse Transcription Complex (RTC), converts the viral single-stranded RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA copy (vDNA). This leads to the biogenesis of another nucleoprotein complex, termed the pre-integration complex (PIC), composed of the vDNA and associated virus proteins and host factors. The PIC-associated viral integrase (IN) orchestrates the integration of the vDNA into the host chromosomal DNA in a temporally and spatially regulated two-step process. First, the IN processes the 3&#39; ends of the vDNA in the cytoplasm and, second, after the PIC traffics to the nucleus, it mediates integration of the processed vDNA into the chromosomal DNA. The PICs isolated from target cells acutely infected with HIV-1 are functional in vitro, as they are competent to integrate the associated vDNA into an exogenously added heterologous target DNA. Such PIC-based in vitro integration assays have significantly contributed to delineating the mechanistic details of retroviral integration and to discovering IN inhibitors. In this report, we elaborate upon an updated HIV-1 PIC assay that employs a nested real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)-based strategy for measuring the in vitro integration activity of isolated native PICs.

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complex (PIC)-associated integration activity in the cytoplasmic extracts of acutely infected cells. The integration of PIC-associated HIV-1 DNA into heterologous target DNA is quantified by using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction strategy.

Ölçümü<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; HIV-1 Preintegration Kompleksleri Entegrasyon Etkinliği

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

Ana bilgisayar-patojen yanıt ve aşı etkinliği farelerde değerlendirilmesi

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Aminopeptidase N in the Porcine Intestinal Mucosal Epithelium

Porcine aminopeptidase N (APN), a membrane-bound metallopeptidase abundantly present in small intestinal mucosa, can initiate a mucosal immune response without any interference such as low protein expression, enzyme inactivity, or structural changes. This makes APN an attractive candidate in the development of vaccines that selectively target the mucosal epithelium. Previous studies have shown that APN is a receptor protein for both enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) F4 and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Thus, APN shows promise in the development of antibody-drug conjugates or novel vaccines based on APN-specific antibodies. In this study, we compared production of APN-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using traditional hybridoma technology and recombinant antibody expression method. We also established a stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line using pIRES2-ZSGreen1-rAbs-APN and an E. coli expression BL21(DE3) strain harboring the pET28a (+)-rAbs-APN vector. The results show that antibodies expressed in pIRES2-ZSGreen1-rAbs-APN-CHO cells and mAbs produced using hybridomas could recognize and bind to the APN protein. This provides the basis for further elucidation of the APN receptor function for the development of therapeutics targeting different APN-specific epitopes.

The recombinant antibody protein expressed in pIRES2-ZSGreen1-rAbs-APN-CHO cells and monoclonal antibodies produced using traditional hybridoma technology can recognize and bind to the porcine aminopeptidase N (APN) protein.

Domuz Bağırsak Mukozal Epitelinde Aminopeptidaz N'yi Hedef Alan Monoklonal Antikorların Üretimi

Porcine aminopeptidase N (APN), a membrane-bound metallopeptidase abundantly present in small intestinal mucosa, can initiate a mucosal immune response ...