The work presented here is supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation under CREATE program (NRF-Technion): The Regenerative Medicine Initiative in Cardiac Restoration Therapy Research Program and by the Public Sector Funding (PSF) 2012 from the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) under the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR).

NOT: Bu protokol, yüzey pürüzlülük (Şekil 1B) ve ekstrüzyon bazlı bioprinter (Şekil 1C) 10 olarak bir karşı basınç destekli robotik sevk sistemi (Şekil 1A) kullanımını tarif etmektedir. Bir Polistiren Yüzey 1. Modifikasyon <ol><li> polistiren doku kültürü plakaları aşındırma ve baskı hem de yükseklik tutarlılığını bozma, merkezde yukarı yay eğilimi beri 1 mm polistren yapraklarını kullanın. NOT: polistiren levhalar hücre yapışması için modifiye edilmemiş gibi, plazma tedavisi yapılır. </li><li> Oksijen plazma tedavisi. <ol><li> İlk olarak, plazma sistemi bağlı oksijen tüpünün regülatör 2 bar&#39;lık bir basınç seçin. Sonra makinenin kontrol panelinden aşağıdaki koşulları ve giriş plazma makineyi açıp: 150 W, oksijen 30 sscm, 10 dakika (güç, gaz akımı ve zaman sırasıyla). </li><li> polistiren substrat yerleştirinPlazma odasına e kapıyı mühür ve kontrol panelindeki başlangıç ​​düğmesine basın. Fetal sığır serumu içinde oksijen plazma muamele edilmiş polistiren substrat ıslatın ve üç kez 1 x fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS) yıkamadan önce 2 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Programlama Baskı Kalıpları <ol><li> Bir Stylus veya Neşter Birinci Etch için Yüzey Programı kullanın. <ol><li> Bir iğne kullanan zaman sıkıştırılmış ve güvenli hale gelene kadar, bir dağıtma şırınga (5 ya da 10 mi) namlunun (özenle içinden), 1.5 mm çapında bir tekstil iğneyi. bu baskı kolu kelepçe mekanizması tespit edilebilir ve böylece bir neşter kullanılarak ise, bir yuvarlak ele neşter seçin. NOT: Stylus iyi neşter bıçağı daha kavisli desen etches. </li><li> ilk bioprinted düzenleme oluşturmaya çalışırken, XY koordinatlarını oluşturmak için numaralandırılmış eksenli grafik kağıt üzerinde istenilen desen kroki. Sonra benelektronik tablo yazılımı (Şekil 2) içine kazınmış / bioprinted desen koordinatları Temel giriş. Not: &quot;istenen bir desen&quot; lineer, S-şeklinde veya dairesel olarak birçok şekillerde olabilir. Burada gösterildiği gibi seçim gibi kardiyomiyositlerinin için MKH ayrımında paralel doğrusal çizgiler olarak gerekli deneysel model bağlıdır. dağılım grafiği fonksiyonu önerilen arsa desen görselleştirme sağlar. </li><li> Baskı / dağıtım yazılımı açın. &quot;&gt; Program Program Ekle&quot; yi seçin program kurmak için &quot;Noktası Ekle Düzenle&gt;&quot; izledi. x İhracat ve y fonksiyonunu kullanarak yazılımı dağıtma / baskı içine e-tablodan elde edilen koordinat değerleri &quot;Kopyala ve yapıştır&quot;. </li><li> yüzeye kalemi / baskı meme yerleştirmek için her çalıştırmadan önce robotun &quot;z&quot; yüksekliği ayarlayın. <ol><li> Baskı / dağıtım yazılımında, &quot;Robot&quot; seçeneğini değiştirme Mode &amp; &quot;üzerine tıklayın# 34; ve &quot;Öğretim modu&quot; seçeneğini etkinleştirin. Seçildikten sonra, yazılım robot &quot;Jog&quot; işlevini sağlar. </li><li> Jog için önce menü çubuğunda aşağıdaki komutları seçerek varsayılan konumuna robot başlatmak; &quot;Robot&gt; Meca başlatma&quot;, ardından &quot;Robot&gt; Jog&quot; seçeneğini seçin. Girdi desen kökeni tam olarak kalemi yerleştirmek için gerekli &quot;X ve Y yuvaları&quot; olarak (mm) sayısal değerler. </li><li> Sonra, &quot;Z yuvasına&quot; giriş (mm) bir sayısal değer yüzeyi ile temas kalemini veya baskı meme koyun ama esnek değil ya çukurlaştırılır. Bu nokta &quot;Z&quot; başlangıç ​​değeri olarak belirlenmiştir. NOT: Her oluğun derinliği sisteminin Z yüksekliği ile kolayca değiştirilebilir. 40, 80 ve 170 um oluklarının 1 mm kalınlığında polistiren levha (Şekil 4 ve Tablo 1) yüzeyine oyulmuş gösterilmiştir. </li></ol></li><li> p seçinkoordinat noktalarının her biri için rint talimat, yani &quot;Çizgi dağıtmak Başlat&quot; sona erdirmek için robota sinyal &quot;Satır dağıtmak Sonu&quot; ara noktaları tayin ve &quot;Geçiş Hattı&quot;, ilk noktasını ve baskı başlatılması tanımlamak için baskı çalıştırın. </li><li> Üst menü çubuğundan takip komutları seçerek robot programı iletişim: &quot;Robot&gt; C &amp; T Veri Gönder&quot;. </li><li> &quot;Çalıştır&quot; moduna robot değiştirerek, gravür / yazdırma işlemini başlatın. Üst menü çubuğundan &quot;&gt; Çalıştır Switch Mode Modunu Değiştirme&gt; Robot&quot; seçerek bu etmeyin. </li><li> Robot dağıtıcı konsolunda yeşil &quot;başlat düğmesine&quot; basarak yazdırma işlemine başlayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. hazırlama ve baskı hücre içeren Jelatin Bioink <ol><li> Minimum Essential Medium alfa ortamında (αMEM) içinde% 2 jelatin çözülür (% 10 FBS ve% 2 antibiyotik / antimycot ile desteklenmiş2 saat boyunca 60 ° C&#39;de IC) bioink çözüm hazırlanması için. </li><li> Ön kültür αMEM /% 10 FBS ile 10 cm doku kültür tabaklarında% 70 ortak akışa kadar mezenkimal kök hücreleri tanımlayan kırmızı flöresanlı protein (RFP MSC&#39;ler). 37 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca 1 x tripsin-EDTA çözeltisi ile orta kaplama ve kaldırarak süspansiyona eklenen hücre salgısıdır. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 1000 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile hücreler pelet ve supernatant çıkarın. 1x PBS 0.5 ml hücre pelletini ve bir hemasitometre kullanılarak hücre yoğunluğu sayısı. </li><li> Bioink oda sıcaklığına soğumaya bırakıldıktan sonra, yavaşça 5 x 10 6 hücre mL-1 bir son konsantrasyon elde etmek için bioink RFP-MSC nin süspansiyonuna yeterli hacimde karıştırılır. </li><li> mühürlü başlığı ile bir baskı enjektöre hücre taşıyan bioink dökün. yazdırılabilir bir viskoziteye ulaşmak için 4 ° C&#39;ye yüklenen şırınga Chill. </li><li> otomatik yüklenen şırınga yerleştirinRobotik dağıtma sistemi hava basınç hatları takın ve. Şırınga Luer mührünü çıkarın ve baskı ağzına takılır. </li><li> 5 mm, 0,05 MPa geri basınç kullanarak ince çizgiler halinde cellularized bioinks a&#39;ya / 27 G iğne / meme aracılığıyla 10 ml şırınga sn yazma hızı önceden programlanmış birikimi sonra bir polistiren filmi yüzeyine (silindirik üzerinde tavsiye konik) Adım 2.1 açıklanan model öncesi kazınmış oluklar üzerine cellularized bioink yerleştirmek için. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 1 saat inkübe edildikten sonra, bir ters flüoresan mikroskop kullanılarak görüntülemeden önce 24 saat (hücreler algılar ve kazınmış özelliklerine tepki sağlamak için) için hücreler (% 10 FBS ve antibiyotikler ile takviye edilmiş), 10 ml büyüme ortamı ilave ve inkübe 10X bir büyütmede gösterilmiştir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ma, Z., Ringeisen , R. B., Spargo, J. B., Wu, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cell and Organ Printing. , 137-159 (2010).</li><li>Kaji, H., Camci-Unal, G., Langer, R., Khademhosseini, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+systems+for+the+generation+of+patterned+co-cultures+for+controlling+cell-cell+interactions.">Engineering systems for the generation of patterned co-cultures for controlling cell-cell interactions.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1810 (3), 239-250 (2011).</li><li>Goubko, C. A., Cao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+multiple+cell+types+in+co-cultures:+A+review.">Patterning multiple cell types in co-cultures: A review.</a> Materials Science and Engineering: C. 29 (6), 1855-1868 (2009).</li><li>Pati, F., Jang, J., Lee, J. W., Cho, D. W., Yoo, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation. , 123-152 (2015).</li><li>Derby, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Printing+and+prototyping+of+tissues+and+scaffolds.">Printing and prototyping of tissues and scaffolds.</a> Science. 338 (6109), 921-926 (2012).</li><li>Malda, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=25th+anniversary+article:+Engineering+hydrogels+for+biofabrication.">25th anniversary article: Engineering hydrogels for biofabrication.</a> Adv Mater. 25 (36), 5011-5028 (2013).</li><li>Billiet, T., Vandenhaute, M., Schelfhout, J., Van Vlierberghe, S., Dubruel, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+trends+and+limitations+in+hydrogel-rapid+prototyping+for+tissue+engineering.">A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 33 (26), 6020-6041 (2012).</li><li>Skardal, A., Yoo, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation. , 1-17 (2015).</li><li>Irvine, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Printing+cell-laden+gelatin+constructs+by+free-form+fabrication+and+enzymatic+protein+crosslinking.">Printing cell-laden gelatin constructs by free-form fabrication and enzymatic protein crosslinking.</a> Biomed Microdevices. 17 (1), 16 (2015).</li><li>Bhuthalingam, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+3D+printing+method+for+cell+alignment+and+differentiation.">A novel 3D printing method for cell alignment and differentiation.</a> International Journal of Bioprinting. 1, 57-65 (2015).</li><li>Curtis, A., Wilkinson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topographical+control+of+cells.">Topographical control of cells.</a> Biomaterials. 18 (24), 1573-1583 (1997).</li><li>Tay, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropatterned+matrix+directs+differentiation+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+towards+myocardial+lineage.">Micropatterned matrix directs differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells towards myocardial lineage.</a> Exp Cell Res. 316 (7), 1159-1168 (2010).</li><li>Tay, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-inspired+micropatterned+platform+to+steer+stem+cell+differentiation.">Bio-inspired micropatterned platform to steer stem cell differentiation.</a> Small. 7 (10), 1416-1421 (2011).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+laser+machining-induced+topographic+pattern+promotes+up-regulation+of+myogenic+markers+in+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Direct laser machining-induced topographic pattern promotes up-regulation of myogenic markers in human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Acta Biomater. 8 (2), 531-539 (2012).</li><li>Kolind, K., Leong, K. W., Besenbacher, F., Foss, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidance+of+stem+cell+fate+on+2D+patterned+surfaces.">Guidance of stem cell fate on 2D patterned surfaces.</a> Biomaterials. 33 (28), 6626-6633 (2012).</li><li>Agrawal, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smooth+Muscle+Cell+Alignment+and+Phenotype+Control+by+Melt+Spun+Polycaprolactone+Fibers+for+Seeding+of+Tissue+Engineered+Blood+Vessels.">Smooth Muscle Cell Alignment and Phenotype Control by Melt Spun Polycaprolactone Fibers for Seeding of Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels.</a> International Journal of Biomaterials. 2015, (2015).</li><li>Chang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+modulation+of+primary+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells+by+short-term+culture+on+micropatterned+substrate.">Phenotypic modulation of primary vascular smooth muscle cells by short-term culture on micropatterned substrate.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e88089 (2014).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+cell+alignment+in+vitro.">Engineering cell alignment in vitro.</a> Biotechnol Adv. 32 (2), 347-365 (2014).</li><li>Blaeser, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+Shear+Stress+in+3D+Bioprinting+is+a+Key+Factor+to+Balance+Printing+Resolution+and+Stem+Cell+Integrity.">Controlling Shear Stress in 3D Bioprinting is a Key Factor to Balance Printing Resolution and Stem Cell Integrity.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 5 (3), 326-333 (2016).</li><li>Nery, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+mesenchymal+stem+cells:+From+immunophenotyping+by+flow+cytometry+to+clinical+applications.">Human mesenchymal stem cells: From immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to clinical applications.</a> Cytometry Part A. 83A (1), 48-61 (2013).</li><li>Guvendiren, M., Lu, H. D., Burdick, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shear-thinning+hydrogels+for+biomedical+applications.">Shear-thinning hydrogels for biomedical applications.</a> Soft Matter. 8 (2), 260-272 (2012).</li><li>Markstedt, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+Bioprinting+Human+Chondrocytes+with+Nanocellulose-Alginate+Bioink+for+Cartilage+Tissue+Engineering+Applications.">3D Bioprinting Human Chondrocytes with Nanocellulose-Alginate Bioink for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications.</a> Biomacromolecules. 16 (5), 1489-1496 (2015).</li><li>Kolesky, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+bioprinting+of+vascularized,+heterogeneous+cell-laden+tissue+constructs.">3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs.</a> Adv Mater. 26 (19), 3124-3130 (2014).</li><li>Merceron, T. K., Murphy, S. V., Yoo, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation. , 249-270 (2015).</li><li>Carrow, J. K., Kerativitayanan, P., Jaiswal, M. K., Lokhande, G., Gaharwar, A. K., Yoo, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation. , 229-248 (2015).</li><li>Lee, K. V., Turksen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bioprinting in Regenerative Medicine. , 33-66 (2015).</li><li>Ozbolat, I. T., Hospodiuk, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+advances+and+future+perspectives+in+extrusion-based+bioprinting.">Current advances and future perspectives in extrusion-based bioprinting.</a> Biomaterials. 76, 321-343 (2016).</li><li>Li, M., Tian, X., Schreyer, D. J., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+needle+geometry+on+flow+rate+and+cell+damage+in+the+dispensing-based+biofabrication+process.">Effect of needle geometry on flow rate and cell damage in the dispensing-based biofabrication process.</a> Biotechnol Prog. 27 (6), 1777-1784 (2011).</li><li>Nikkhah, M., Edalat, F., Manoucheri, S., Khademhosseini, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+microscale+topographies+to+control+the+cell-substrate+interface.">Engineering microscale topographies to control the cell-substrate interface.</a> Biomaterials. 33 (21), 5230-5246 (2012).</li><li>Khademhosseini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+patterning+for+fabrication+of+contractile+cardiac+organoids.">Microfluidic patterning for fabrication of contractile cardiac organoids.</a> Biomed Microdevices. 9 (2), 149-157 (2007).</li><li>Chelli, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+cell+alignment+by+patterning+gradients+of+the+extracellular+matrix+protein+laminin.">Neural cell alignment by patterning gradients of the extracellular matrix protein laminin.</a> Interface Focus. 4 (1), 20130041 (2014).</li><li>Aubin, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+3D+cell+alignment+and+elongation+in+microengineered+hydrogels.">Directed 3D cell alignment and elongation in microengineered hydrogels.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (27), 6941-6951 (2010).</li><li>B&#233;duer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+adult+human+neural+stem+cells+differentiation+through+surface+micropatterning.">Engineering of adult human neural stem cells differentiation through surface micropatterning.</a> Biomaterials. 33 (2), 504-514 (2012).</li><li>Bian, W., Jackman, C. P., Bursac, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+structural+and+functional+anisotropy+of+engineered+cardiac+tissues.">Controlling the structural and functional anisotropy of engineered cardiac tissues.</a> Biofabrication. 6 (2), 024109 (2014).</li><li>Chen, P. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+large+perfusable+macroporous+cell-laden+hydrogel+scaffolds+using+microbial+transglutaminase.">Fabrication of large perfusable macroporous cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds using microbial transglutaminase.</a> Acta Biomater. 10 (2), 912-920 (2014).</li><li>Bertassoni, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct-write+bioprinting+of+cell-laden+methacrylated+gelatin+hydrogels.">Direct-write bioprinting of cell-laden methacrylated gelatin hydrogels.</a> Biofabrication. 6 (2), 024105 (2014).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+patterned+substrates+for+bioartificial+blood+vessels+-+The+effect+of+hydrogels+on+aligned+cells+on+a+biomaterial+surface.">3D patterned substrates for bioartificial blood vessels - The effect of hydrogels on aligned cells on a biomaterial surface.</a> Acta Biomater. 26, 159-168 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare they have no competing financial interest.

Bu prosedürün kritik bir adım süreci, özellikleri, hücre sedimantasyon izin kanama / bioink yayma olmadan yazdırmak, kayma gerilmesi hücre ölümü olmadan hücreleri teslim ve istenmeyen soy doğru farklılaşma tetiklemek olmamalıdır olarak kök hücrelerin gerçek bioprinting doğumdur. beklenen hücre hizalama meydana başarısız olursa, o zaman bioink viskozite baskı için uygunluğu açısından değerlendirilmelidir. Bioink hücreleri desenli polimer yüzeyine tortu sağla...

Hücre yerleştirme kasıtlı desenlendirme in vivo hücresel organizasyonun 1 taklit kültürlerin oluşumunu sağlar. Nitekim, birden fazla hücre tipleri arasındaki etkileşim içine araştırmalar mekansal yerleştirme 2,3 düzenleyerek yardım edilebilir. Çoğu desenlendirme sistemleri teşvik veya sonraki pasif hücre birikimi ile hücre yapışmasını önlemek için yüzey modifikasyon prosedürleri güveniyor. Bioprinting hücre dağılımları üzerinde 1 mekansal ve zamansal kontrol sunuyor. Bu fonksiyonlara ek olarak, bioprinting geometrik olarak kompleks yapı iskelesi 4 üretilmesi için bir teknik, basit bir hızlı ve düşük maliyetli bir yöntem olarak tarif edilmiştir. Bu bilgisayar tasarım yazılımı kullanan ve üretim süreci 4 içine hücrelerin girişine izin verir. Bioprinting sistemleri lazer tabanlı olarak çalışma prensiplerine göre sınıflandırılır edilmiştir, mürekkep püskürtmeli tabanlı veya 4 ekstrüzyon tabanlı. Gerçekçi bir süre 4-6 içinde klinik olarak önemli boyutta organize yapıların imalatı izin verdiği Ekstrüzyon bioprinting en umut verici olarak tarif edilmiştir. Bir hücrenin dayanma hidrojel bioink mekanik ya da geri basınç destekli ekstrüzyon biri tarafından gerçekleştirilir. Burada yer alan yöntemde, geri dönüş basıncı kullanılmıştır. belirtildiği gibi, hücreler, bir cytocompatible bioink teslim edilir. Böyle bir bioink zararlı kayma gerilimi üretmeden hücrelerin teslim destek ve çöken ya da 7-10 ( &quot;baskı kanaması&quot; olarak anılacaktır) yayılma olmadan basılı izidir bütünlüğünü korumak için yeterli bir viskozite olması gerekmektedir. kendi yapışan yüzeyi ile hücrelerin etkileşim hücre davranışını etkilemek için bilinmektedir. Yüzey topoğrafyası hücre şekli, yönü 11, ve hatta fenotip kontrol edebilirsiniz. Özel olarak, oluklar ve kanallar imalat indüklediği gösterilmiştirçok sayıda hücre türleri üzerinde gerilmiş, ince uzun morfolojisi. Bu morfoloji kabul multipotent ve pluripotent hücreler fenotipini belirler bulunmuştur. Örneğin, oluklar hizaya zaman, mezenkimal kök hücreler (MSC) sentetik 10,14-17 üzerinde kasılma fenotip kabul kardiyomiyositlerinin 12,13 ve damar düz kas hücrelerine karşı farklılaşma kanıt gösterebilir. Kanallar veya oluklar hizalayarak hücre, örneğin, derin reaktif iyon dağlama, elektron demeti, doğrudan lazer baskı, femtosaniye laser, fotolitografi ve plazma kuru aşındırma 18 için, bir dizi yöntem vasıtasıyla bir polimerik yüzey üzerinde oluşturulabilir. Bu yaklaşımlar, çoğu zaman alıcıdır karmaşık bir düzeneği gerekli ve oluşturulan desen şeklinde sınırlayıcı olabilir. Buna ek olarak, bioprinting olan model vermenin senkronize olmayan ve anında Hücreselleştirmeden izin vermemektedir. otomatik bir bir koordineli kontrollü hareketdağıtım sistem çözümleri birikimi için karmaşık desenleri takip edebilirsiniz. Burada mikro kontrollü hareket hücre yönlendirme için kanalları oluşturmak için kullanılabilir gösterilmektedir. Bir sivriltilmiş kalem veya neşter ekstrüzyon şırınga yerine baskı kafası takılır ve ekipmanları daha sonra çizim yazılımı gözetiminde polimer yüzeyi aşındırma edebilirsiniz. yöntemi, desen tasarım esnekliği sağlar ve genel olarak, polistiren, PTFE ve polikaprolakton gibi Biomühendislik kullanılan polimerik materyallere uygulanabilir. Çatlatma, bir sonraki aşamada olduğu gibi, hücreler, çizik oluklar, doğrudan bioprinted edilebilir. Burada kullanılan jelatin bioink iz korumak ve biriken hücreler kazınmış özellikleri hissetmeye izin hem başardı. kazınmış oluklarına bioprinted mezenkimal kök hücrelerin farklı hatlarda kendilerine boyunca uzamaya gösterildi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="448">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:151px;">Robotic Dispensing System</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Janome</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">2300N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Plasma Machine</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Femto Science</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Covance</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">USB Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Optical Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">IX71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Spreadsheet</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Excel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:151px;">Printing Co-ordinate Software</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Janome</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">JR C-Points</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:151px;">Imaging Software</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">National Institutes of Health (NIH)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Stylus (Blade)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">OLFA</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">AK-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">5ml printing syringe</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">San-ei Tech</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">SH10LL-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">30G printing needle</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">San-ei Tech</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">SH30-0.25-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:151px;">1mm polystyrene sheets</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Purchased locally</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">10270-098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:151px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:151px;">Gelatin from porcine skin, Gel strength 300, Type A</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">9000-70-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">&#945;MEM</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">41061-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:151px;">Antibiotc antimycotic</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">A5955-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:151px;">Red Fluorescent Protein Mesenchymal Stem Cells (RFP-MSCs)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Cyagen Biosciences Incorporation</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">RASMX-01201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated robotic dispensing technique for surface guidance and bioprinting of cells

Bu el yazması bir otomatik robot dağıtım sistemini kullanarak bir hidrojel bioink bu özelliklere hücrelerin doğrudan teslim takiben hücre rehberlik özelliklerinin tanıtım açıklar. hücrelerin doğru tortu ve özellikleri anlamda verir gibi belirli bioink seçildi. dağıtma sistemi bir geri basınç destekli yazıcı kafasını kullanarak hidrojel bioinks içinde canlı hücreleri bioprints. Ancak, bilenmiş kalemle veya neşter ile yazıcı kafasını değiştirerek, dağıtım sistemi de yüzey aşındırma yoluyla topografik ipuçları oluşturmak için kullanılabilir. stylus hareketi X, Y 10 mikron adımları ve Z yönlerinde programlanabilir. desenli oluk oluklar &#39;yönü ile uyum içinde uzunlamasına bir morfolojisi benimsemeye bunları etkileyen, mezenkimal kök hücreleri yönlendirmek başardık. desenlendirme düz çizgiler, iç içe daireler ve sinüzoidal dalgalar halinde komplo yazılımı kullanılarak dizayn edilebilir. Bir sonraki işlem, fibro içindepatlamalar ve mezenkimal kök hücreleri, bir karşı basınç tahrik ekstrüzyon yazıcı kafasının bioprinting için,% 2 jelatin bioink içinde süspansiyon haline getirildi. Hücre taşıyan bioink sonra gravürü için kullanılan aynı programlanmış koordinatları kullanılarak basılmıştır. bioprinted hücreler duyu ve kazınmış oluklar doğrultusu boyunca onların uzatılmış yönelim gösterdiği gibi kazınmış özelliklere tepki başardık.

Örnek sonuçlar karşı basınç destekli robot dağıtma sistemi yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve bioink baskı (Şekil 1 A), hem de gerçekleştirmek için bir çekme-bazlı bioprinter olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu polimer yüzeylerinin kazınmış olukların oluşturulması için kullanılabilir, ve daha sonra özellikleri (Şekil 1 B ve C) için doğrudan bir cep taşıyıcı bioink baskı. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Robotic Dispensing Technique for Surface Guidance and Bioprinting of Cells at JoVE.com

Automated Robotic Dispensing Technique for Surface Guidance and Bioprinting of Cells

This protocol describes a bioprinting methodology using an automated robotic depositing system that incorporates etched topographical guidance cues with the precision deposition of a cell bearing hydrogel bioink. The printed cells are directly delivered to the etched features and are able to sense and orientate with them.

Hücre Yüzey Rehberlik ve Bioprinting için Otomatik Robotik Dağıtım Tekniği

This manuscript describes the introduction of cell guidance features followed by the direct delivery of cells to these features in a hydrogel bioink using ...

automated-robotic-dispensing-technique-for-surface-guidance

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

6.3K Görüntüleme.  Nanyang Technological University. This protocol describes a bioprinting methodology using an automated robotic depositing system that incorporates etched topographical guidance cues with the precision deposition of a cell bearing hydrogel bioink. The printed cells are directly delivered to the etched features and are able to sense and orientate with them.

Video: Automated Robotic Dispensing Technique for Surface Guidance and Bioprinting of Cells

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting 3D cellular construct can often be more relevant to studying the molecular events and cell-cell interactions than similar experiments studied in 2D. To create effective 3D cultures with high cell viability throughout the scaffold the culture conditions such as oxygen and pH need to be carefully controlled as gradients in analyte concentration can exist throughout the 3D construct. Here we describe the methods of preparing biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors and their incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds along with their subsequent preparation for the culture of mammalian cells. The pH responsive scaffolds can be used as tools to determine microenvironmental pH within a 3D cellular construct. Furthermore, we detail the delivery of pH responsive nanosensors to the intracellular environment of mammalian cells whose growth was supported by electrospun PLGA scaffolds. The cytoplasmic location of the pH responsive nanosensors can be utilized to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) during ongoing experimentation.

Biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors can be incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds. The produced self-reporting scaffolds can be used for in&#160;situ monitoring of microenvironmental conditions whilst culturing cells upon the scaffold. This is beneficial as the 3D cellular construct can be monitored in real-time without disturbing the experiment.

3-Boyutlu Hücre Kültürü için Self-raporlama iskeleleri

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

Biyomühendislik

Bioprinting Cellularized Constructs Using a Tissue-specific Hydrogel Bioink

Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as organ replacements for implantation in patients, and also, when created on a smaller size scale as model "organoids" that can be used in in vitro systems for drug and toxicology screening.
Despite development of a wide variety of bioprinting devices, application of bioprinting technology can be limited by the availability of materials that both expedite bioprinting procedures and support cell viability and function by providing tissue-specific cues. Here we describe a versatile hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin-based hydrogel system comprised of a multi-crosslinker, 2-stage crosslinking protocol, which can provide tissue specific biochemical signals and mimic the mechanical properties of in vivo tissues. 
Biochemical factors are provided by incorporating tissue-derived extracellular matrix materials, which include potent growth factors. Tissue mechanical properties are controlled combinations of PEG-based crosslinkers with varying molecular weights, geometries (linear or multi-arm), and functional groups to yield extrudable bioinks and final construct shear stiffness values over a wide range (100 Pa to 20 kPa). Using these parameters, hydrogel bioinks were used to bioprint primary liver spheroids in a liver-specific bioink to create in vitro liver constructs with high cell viability and measurable functional albumin and urea output. This methodology provides a general framework that can be adapted for future customization of hydrogels for biofabrication of a wide range of tissue construct types.

We describe a set of protocols that together provide a tissue-mimicking hydrogel bioink with which functional and viable 3-D tissue constructs can be bioprinted for use in in vitro screening applications.

Bioprinting cellularized dokuya özel Hidrojel Bioink kullanılarak dahil edilmesi

Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as ...

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Mirror therapy has been performed as effective occupational therapy in a clinical setting for functional recovery of a hemiplegic arm after stroke. It is conducted by eliciting an illusion through use of a mirror as if the hemiplegic arm is moving in real-time while moving the healthy arm. It can facilitate brain neuroplasticity through activation of the sensorimotor cortex. However, conventional mirror therapy has a critical limitation in that the hemiplegic arm is not actually moving. Thus, we developed a real-time 2-axis mirror robot system as a simple add-on module for conventional mirror therapy using a closed feedback mechanism, which enables real-time movement of the hemiplegic arm. We used 3 Attitude and Heading Reference System sensors, 2 brushless DC motors for elbow and wrist joints, and exoskeletal frames. In a feasibility study on 6 healthy subjects, robotic mirror therapy was safe and feasible. We further selected tasks useful for activities of daily living training through feedback from rehabilitation doctors. A chronic stroke patient showed improvement in the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale and elbow flexor spasticity after a 2-week application of the mirror robot system. Robotic mirror therapy may enhance proprioceptive input to the sensory cortex, which is considered to be important in neuroplasticity and functional recovery of hemiplegic arms. The mirror robot system presented herein can be easily developed and utilized effectively to advance occupational therapy.

We developed a real-time mirror robot system for functional recovery of hemiplegic arms using automatic control technology, conducted a clinical study on healthy subjects, and determined tasks through feedback from rehabilitation doctors. This simple mirror robot can be applied effectively to occupational therapy in stroke patients with a hemiplegic arm.

Hemiplejik Arms Fonksiyonel Kurtarma için Robotik Ayna Tedavi Sistemi

Mirror therapy has been performed as effective occupational therapy in a clinical setting for functional recovery of a hemiplegic arm after stroke. It is ...

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; represented by &#34;devices&#34; created as combinations of individual genetic components. However, manual assembly of such large numbers of devices is time-intensive, error-prone, and costly. The increasing sophistication and scale of synthetic biology research necessitates an efficient, reproducible way to accommodate large-scale, complex, and high throughput device construction.
Here, a DNA assembly protocol using the Type-IIS restriction endonuclease based Modular Cloning (MoClo) technique is automated on two liquid-handling robotic platforms. Automated liquid-handling robots require careful, often times tedious optimization of pipetting parameters for liquids of different viscosities (e.g. enzymes, DNA, water, buffers), as well as explicit programming to ensure correct aspiration and dispensing of DNA parts and reagents. This makes manual script writing for complex assemblies just as problematic as manual DNA assembly, and necessitates a software tool that can automate script generation. To this end, we have developed a web-based software tool, http://mocloassembly.com, for generating combinatorial DNA device libraries from basic DNA parts uploaded as Genbank files. We provide access to the tool, and an export file from our liquid handler software which includes optimized liquid classes, labware parameters, and deck layout. All DNA parts used are available through Addgene, and their digital maps can be accessed via the Boston University BDC ICE Registry. Together, these elements provide a foundation for other organizations to automate modular cloning experiments and similar protocols.
The automated DNA assembly workflow presented here enables the repeatable, automated, high-throughput production of DNA devices, and reduces the risk of human error arising from repetitive manual pipetting. Sequencing data show the automated DNA assembly reactions generated from this workflow are ~95% correct and require as little as 4% as much hands-on time, compared to manual reaction preparation.

Here, an automated workflow to perform modular DNA &#34;device&#34; assembly using a modular cloning DNA assembly method on liquid-handling robots is presented. The protocol uses an intuitive software tool for generating liquid handler picklists for combinatorial DNA device library generation, which we demonstrate using two liquid handling platforms.

Robot sıvı işleme derleme modüler DNA cihazların otomatik

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; ...

Microfluidic Bioprinting for Engineering Vascularized Tissues and Organoids

Engineering vascularized tissue constructs and organoids has been historically challenging. Here we describe a novel method based on microfluidic bioprinting to generate a scaffold with multilayer interlacing hydrogel microfibers. To achieve smooth bioprinting, a core-sheath microfluidic printhead containing a composite bioink formulation extruded from the core flow and the crosslinking solution carried by the sheath flow, was designed and fitted onto the bioprinter. By blending gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with alginate, a polysaccharide that undergoes instantaneous ionic crosslinking in the presence of select divalent ions, followed by a secondary photocrosslinking of the GelMA component to achieve permanent stabilization, a microfibrous scaffold could be obtained using this bioprinting strategy. Importantly, the endothelial cells encapsulated inside the bioprinted microfibers can form the lumen-like structures resembling the vasculature over the course of culture for 16 days. The endothelialized microfibrous scaffold may be further used as a vascular bed to construct a vascularized tissue through subsequent seeding of the secondary cell type into the interstitial space of the microfibers. Microfluidic bioprinting provides a generalized strategy in convenient engineering of vascularized tissues at high fidelity.

We provide a generalized protocol based on a microfluidic bioprinting strategy for engineering a microfibrous vascular bed, where a secondary cell type could be further seeded into the interstitial space of this microfibrous structure to generate vascularized tissues and organoids.

Mikrosıvısal Bioprinting mühendisliği için doku ve Organoids skarların

Engineering vascularized tissue constructs and organoids has been historically challenging. Here we describe a novel method based on microfluidic ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both cartilage and skin analogs were fabricated after bioink pre-cellularization utilizing a novel passive mixing unit technique. This technique was developed with the aim to simplify the steps involved in the mixing of a cell suspension into a highly viscous bioink. The resolution of filaments deposited through bioprinting necessitates the assurance of uniformity in cell distribution prior to printing to avoid the deposition of regions without cells or retention of large cell clumps that can clog the needle. We demonstrate the ability to rapidly blend a cell suspension with a bioink prior to bioprinting of both cartilage and skin analogs. Both tissue analogs could be cultured for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated both cell viability and deposition of tissue specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen I respectively.

Cartilage and skin analogs were bioprinted using a nanocellulose-alginate based bioink. The bioinks were cellularized prior to printing via a single step passive mixing unit. The constructs were demonstrated to be uniformly cellularized, have high viability, and exhibit favorable markers of differentiation.

Bioprinting kıkırdak ve cilt doku analogları bir roman pasif birimi teknik Bioink Precellularization için karıştırma kullanmak

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

Automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) can be a useful tool for cell culture engineers. They facilitate the simultaneous execution of a wide variety of experimental conditions while minimizing potential process variability. Applications of this approach include: clone screening, temperature and pH shifts,&#160;media and supplement optimization. Furthermore, the small reactor volumes are conducive to large Design of Experiments that investigate a wide range of conditions. This allows upstream processes to be significantly optimized before scale-up where experimentation is more limited in scope due to time and economic constraints. Automated microscale bioreactor systems offer various advantages over traditional small scale cell culture units, such as shake flasks or spinner flasks. However, during pilot scale process development&#160;significant care must be taken to ensure that these advantages are realized. When run with care, the system can enable high level automation, can be programmed to run DOE&#39;s with a higher number of variables&#160;and can reduce sampling time when integrated with a nutrient analyzer or cell counter. Integration of the expert-derived heuristics presented here, with current automated microscale bioreactor experiments can minimize common pitfalls that hinder meaningful results. In the extreme, failure to adhere to the principles laid out here can lead to equipment damage that requires expensive repairs. Furthermore, the microbioreactor systems have small culture volumes&#160;making characterization of cell culture conditions difficult. The number and amount of samples taken in-process in batch mode culture is limited as operating volumes cannot fall below 10 mL. This method will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of microscale bioreactor systems.

A detailed protocol for the concurrent operation of 48 parallel cell cultures under varied conditions in a microbioreactor system is presented. Cell culture process, harvest and subsequent antibody titer analysis are described.

Yüksek üretilen iş kullanımı otomatik Microbioreactor sistemi modeli Igg1 CHO hücrelerdeki imalatı için

Automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) can be a useful tool for cell culture engineers. They facilitate the simultaneous execution of a wide variety of ...

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

A central question in developmental neurobiology is how neural stem and progenitor cells form the brain. To answer this question, one needs to label, manipulate, and follow single cells in the brain tissue with high resolution over time. This task is extremely challenging due to the complexity of tissues in the brain. We have recently developed a robot, that guide a microinjection needle into brain tissue upon utilizing images acquired from a microscope to deliver femtoliter volumes of solution into single cells. The robotic operation increases resulting an overall yield that is an order of magnitude greater than manual microinjection and allows for precise labeling and flexible manipulation of single cells in living tissue. With this, one can microinject hundreds of cells within a single organotypic slice. This article demonstrates the use of the microinjection robot for automated microinjection of neural progenitor cells and neurons in the brain tissue slices. More broadly, it can be used on any epithelial tissue featuring a surface that can be reached by the pipette. Once set up, the microinjection robot can execute 15 or more microinjections per minute. The microinjection robot because of its throughput and versality will make microinjection a broadly straightforward high-performance cell manipulation technique to be used in bioengineering, biotechnology, and biophysics for performing single-cell analyses in organotypic brain slices.

This protocol demonstrates the use of a robotic platform for microinjection into single neural stem cells and neurons in brain slices. This technique is versatile and offers a method of tracking cells in tissue with high spatial resolution.

Robotik Mikroenjeksiyon Kullanarak Beyin Dilimlerinde Tek Nöral Kök Hücre ve Nöronların Manipülasyonu

A central question in developmental neurobiology is how neural stem and progenitor cells form the brain. To answer this question, one needs to label, ...

3D Bioprinting of Murine Cortical Astrocytes for Engineering Neural-Like Tissue

Astrocytes are glial cells with an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal support and functionality. These cells also respond to neural injuries and act to protect the tissue from degenerative events. In vitro studies of astrocytes&#39; functionality are important to elucidate the mechanisms involved in such events and contribute to developing therapies to treat neurological disorders. This protocol describes a method to biofabricate a neural-like tissue structure rich in astrocytes by 3D bioprinting astrocytes-laden bioink. An extrusion-based 3D bioprinter was used in this work, and astrocytes were extracted from C57Bl/6 mice pups&#39; brain cortices. The bioink was prepared by mixing cortical astrocytes from up to passage 3 to a biomaterial solution composed of gelatin, gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA), and fibrinogen, supplemented with laminin, which presented optimal bioprinting conditions. The 3D bioprinting conditions minimized cell stress, contributing to the high viability of the astrocytes during the process, in which 74.08% &#177; 1.33% of cells were viable right after bioprinting. After 1 week of incubation, the viability of astrocytes significantly increased to 83.54% &#177; 3.00%, indicating that the 3D construct represents a suitable microenvironment for cell growth. The biomaterial composition allowed cell attachment and stimulated astrocytic behavior, with cells expressing the specific astrocytes marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and possessing typical astrocytic morphology. This&#160;reproducible protocol provides a valuable method to biofabricate 3D neural-like tissue rich in astrocytes that resembles cells&#39; native microenvironment, useful to researchers that aim to understand astrocytes&#39; functionality and their relation to the mechanisms involved in neurological diseases.

Here we report a method of 3D bioprinting murine cortical astrocytes for biofabricating neural-like tissues to study the functionality of astrocytes in the central nervous system and the mechanisms involving glial cells in neurological diseases and treatments.

Mühendislik Nöral Benzeri Dokular için Murine Kortikal Astrositlerin 3D Biyobaskı

Astrocytes are glial cells with an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal support and functionality. These cells also ...

Large-Scale, Automated Production of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids for 3D Bioprinting

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are a subpopulation of cells found in the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue recognized as a classical source of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Many studies have been published with ASCs for scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches, which mainly explored the behavior of these cells after their seeding on bioactive scaffolds. However, scaffold-free approaches are emerging to engineer tissues in vitro and in vivo, mainly by using spheroids, to overcome the limitations of scaffold-based approaches.
Spheroids are 3D microtissues formed by the self-assembly process. They can better mimic the architecture and microenvironment of native tissues, mainly due to the magnification of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Recently, spheroids are mainly being explored as disease models, drug screening studies, and building blocks for 3D bioprinting. However, for 3D bioprinting approaches, numerous spheroids, homogeneous in size and shape, are necessary to biofabricate complex tissue and organ models. In addition, when spheroids are produced automatically, there is little chance for microbiological contamination, increasing the reproducibility of the method.
The large-scale production of spheroids is considered the first mandatory step for developing a biofabrication line, which continues in the 3D bioprinting process and finishes in the full maturation of the tissue construct in bioreactors. However, the number of studies that explored the large-scale ASC spheroid production are still scarce, together with the number of studies that used ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting. Therefore, this article aims to show the large-scale production of ASC spheroids using a non-adhesive micromolded hydrogel technique spreading ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.

Here, we describe the large-scale production of adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ASC) spheroids using an automated pipetting system to seed the cell suspension, thus ensuring homogeneity of spheroid size and shape. These ASC spheroids can be used as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.