Biz mikroskobu üzerinde yararlı tartışmalar için Gary Laevsky teşekkür ederiz. NIH tarafından finanse edildi Bu çalışma ERG R01GM061107 ve R01GM067758 verir

Not: kas kaldırma (Şekil 1) için prosedür larva fileto hazırlanması için daha önce tarif edilen yöntemlerin bir modifikasyonudur. Önce ve kas kaldırılmasını takip adımlar kısaca özetlenen ve okuyucu daha detaylı açıklamalar için önceki çalışmaların 10, 11 anılır. Soğuk tuzlu su içinde 1 Dissect Larva <ol><li> Soğuk HL3.1 tuz 15 veya soğuk Ca 2 + içermeyen HL3.1 tuzlu 11 (Tablo 1) bir çalışma seyreltme hazırlayın. çanak alt kapak için yeterli, soğuk tuz ile bir silikon elastomer çanak larva yerleştirin. NOT: tuzlu seçimi ile ilgili Tartışma bakın. </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1x HL3.1 tuzlu su (pH 7.2) </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM HEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mM NaCI </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5 mM KCI </td></tr><tr><td> 1.5 mM CaCl2 (Ca 2 + içermeyen tuzlu için ihmal) </td></tr><tr><td> 4 mM MgCl2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 mM NaHCO 3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM trehaloz </td></tr><tr><td> 115 mM sükroz </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4 ° C&#39;de filtre sterilize ve mağaza </td></tr><tr><td> Not: hemolimf böcek Kompozisyon taklit </td></tr></tbody></table> Soğuk Tuzlu Tablo 1. Bileşimi. <ol start="2"><li> ventral yüzü yukarı bakacak şekilde larva yerleştirin. larva ventral yüzeyi anteriordan posterior çalışan birincil larva trakea tüpler tarafından karın Dentical kemer ve sırt tarafında ile tespit edilebilir. ön-arka yönde larva gerin ve bir baş ve kuyruk pinböcek pimleri kullanarak çanak diseksiyon silikon elastomer. bir ucunda başlayan ve diğer doğru ilerlemektedir, ventral orta hat boyunca kesmek için ince diseksiyon makas kullanın. NOT: Bu yönelim da nöronların yaygın çalışılan dorsal küme korur. </li><li> Larva açık kesildikten sonra, bir kitap açma gibi diseksiyon çanak dört köşe pin. MSS, gut, ve trakea gibi iç organları kapmak ve çıkarmak için forseps kullanın. fileto gergin ama maksimum gerilir böylece böcek işaretçilerine ayarlayın. NOT: Kaslar segmental sınırları vücut duvarına bağlı kalır. kas gövde duvarının en kapak rağmen, sırt orta çizgisi yakınındaki dar bölgede mevcut değildir. </li></ol> 2. Kas Kaldırma <ol><li> kas dokusu yoktur larva, dorsal orta hat bulun. Bu en düz olan oryantasyon kas dokusunun altında eklenir öyle ki tek bir forseps çatal yerleştirin. </li><li> Buradan başlayarakdorsal orta hat, segmentinde ön sınırına yakın, dikkatli forseps ve epidermis arasındaki teması en aza indirmek için özen kas ve epidermis arasında forseps çatal kaydırın. </li><li> bir çapa noktada vücut duvarına kas eki kırmak için yukarı forseps çekin. ilgi kalan hemi-segmenti (ler) için bu işlemi tekrarlayın. NOT: Bu protokol, her da nöron dendrit alanının arka korunması optimize eder. dendrit alanın ön kısmını korumak için, her segmentin arka ucundaki forseps çatalı eklemek için en iyisidir. </li><li> larva fileto maksimum her yöne gerilir şekilde böcek pimleri tekrar ayarlayın. </li><li> yine de, 25 dakika süreyle PBS içinde soğuk taze hazırlanmış% 4 formaldehit ile kesme çanak tutturulmuş iken fileto düzeltildi. </li><li> PBS 5 kez durulayın. </li><li> conta en aza indirmek için özen dikkatle kalan bağlantı noktalarından kas dokusu çekmeye için forseps kullanabilirepidermis ile ct. </li><li> Sabitlemesini ve 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpüne diseksiyon çanak fileto çıkarın. Daha önce 11 açıklandığı gibi, sonraki tüm yıkama, engelleme ve immünofloresan boyama adımları uygulayın. </li></ol> 3. Dağı Larva Fileto <ol><li> İlk mümkün olduğunca örnek olarak düz hale getirmek için ince diseksiyon makas kullanarak baş ve kuyruk çıkarın. Lamel bakan fileto iç yüzeyi ile antifade mountant bir lamel fileto monte edin. </li><li> lamel bir mikroskop lamı yerleştirin ve montaj orta dağıtmak için hafifçe bastırın. üzerinde bir mikroskop lamı çevirin ve tırnak cilası kullanarak slayt lamel mühür. Slaytlar, en az bir ay süreyle -20 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branching+out:+mechanisms+of+dendritic+arborization.">Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 11 (5), 316-328 (2010).</li><li>Corty, M. M., Matthews, B. J., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecules+and+mechanisms+of+dendrite+development+in+Drosophila.">Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136 (7), 1049-1061 (2009).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Emoto, K., Kim, M. D., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+that+regulate+establishment,+maintenance,+and+remodeling+of+dendritic+fields.">Mechanisms that regulate establishment, maintenance, and remodeling of dendritic fields.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 30, 399-423 (2007).</li><li>Kim, M. E., Shrestha, B. R., Blazeski, R., Mason, C. A., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+establish+dendrite-substrate+relationships+that+promote+dendritic+self-avoidance+and+patterning+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Integrins establish dendrite-substrate relationships that promote dendritic self-avoidance and patterning in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 79-91 (2012).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+regulate+repulsion-mediated+dendritic+patterning+of+Drosophila+sensory+neurons+by+restricting+dendrites+in+a+2D+space.">Integrins regulate repulsion-mediated dendritic patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons by restricting dendrites in a 2D space.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 64-78 (2012).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Xu, P., Kim, C. C., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+functions+in+epithelial+cells+to+regulate+scaling+growth+of+dendrite+arbors+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">The microRNA bantam functions in epithelial cells to regulate scaling growth of dendrite arbors in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 63 (6), 788-802 (2009).</li><li>Jiang, N., Soba, P., Parker, E., Kim, C. C., Parrish, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+regulates+a+developmental+transition+in+epithelial+cells+that+restricts+sensory+dendrite+growth.">The microRNA bantam regulates a developmental transition in epithelial cells that restricts sensory dendrite growth.</a> Development. 141 (13), 2657-2668 (2014).</li><li>Meltzer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermis-derived+Semaphorin+promotes+dendrite+self-avoidance+by+regulating+dendrite-substrate+adhesion+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Epidermis-derived Semaphorin promotes dendrite self-avoidance by regulating dendrite-substrate adhesion in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 89 (4), 741-755 (2016).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+cells+are+the+primary+phagocytes+in+the+fragmentation+and+clearance+of+degenerating+dendrites+in+Drosophila.">Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 81 (3), 544-560 (2014).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+dissection.">Drosophila larval NMJ dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Moore, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+Drosophila+larval+peripheral+sensory+neuron+dendrites+and+axons+using+genetic+mosaics.">Morphological analysis of Drosophila larval peripheral sensory neuron dendrites and axons using genetic mosaics.</a> J Vis Exp. (57), e3111 (2011).</li><li>Gustafsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surpassing+the+lateral+resolution+limit+by+a+factor+of+two+using+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy.</a> J Microscopy. 198 (2), 82-87 (2000).</li><li>Ashdown, G. W., Cope, A., Wiseman, P. W., Owen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+flow+quantified+beyond+the+diffraction+limit+by+spatiotemporal+image+correlation+of+structured+illumination+microscopy+data.">Molecular flow quantified beyond the diffraction limit by spatiotemporal image correlation of structured illumination microscopy data.</a> Biophys J. 107 (9), L21-L23 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, W., Yan, Z., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sound+response+mediated+by+the+TRP+channels+NOMPC,+NANCHUNG,+and+INACTIVE+in+chordotonal+organs+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Sound response mediated by the TRP channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE in chordotonal organs of Drosophila larvae.</a> PNAS. 10 (33), 13612-13617 (2013).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurogenet. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Landry, C., Galko, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+signaling+mediates+UV-induced+nociceptive+sensitization+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Cytokine signaling mediates UV-induced nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae.</a> Curr Biol. 19 (10), 799-806 (2009).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

İşte bir protokol Drosophila larva filetosu kas dokusunun elle çıkarılması için açıklanmıştır. Bu protokol daha önce larva diseksiyon teknikleri 10,11 tarif değiştirir. Larva bir silikon elastomer çanak disseke sonra, dorsal orta hat yer almaktadır. Tek bir forseps uçlu olarak, en düz mümkün olan yönde, dikkatli bir şekilde dorsal orta hattın yakınlarındaki, kas dokusu ve epidermis arasına yerleştirilir. forseps yavaşça ilgi her larva segmentinde bir çapa noktasından a...

Drosophila larvalarının dendritik arborization (DA) nöronları dolayı genetik manipülasyona amenability ve görüntülenebilir kolaylığına nöronal gelişim çalışmak için değerli bir model sunmaktadır. Bu duyusal nöronlar dendrit morfolojilerinden 1-3 kontrol sayısız yolların belirlenmesinde etkili olmuştur. da nöronların dört sınıfları (sınıf I - IV) larva epidermis innerve. Bu nöronlar kendi dendritler büyük ölçüde iki boyutlu diziler 4,5 oluşturan, bazal membran ve epidermis arasında yalan. Dört sınıfların, sınıf IV da nöronların diğer hayvanların duyusal nöronlar gibi en çok dallı milleri ve sahip, bu milleri detaylandırılması onların gelişiminde 6-9 komşu dokulardan içsel faktörlerin yanı sıra kuyruklar, özellikle epidermis gerektirir . Çalışmalar nasıl böyle nöronal ve ekstra nöronal gerçeği belirlemek içinors Immünofloresan in situ protein ifade algılamak için yeteneği dendrit morfolojilerinden fayda kontrol eder. Larva dış kütikül antikorlara aşılmaz, ama bu engel kolayca köklü diseksiyon yöntemlerinin 10,11 ile larva filetosu hazırlanması ile aşılır. Ancak, bazal membran sadece iç yatıyor vücut duvarı kas dokusu da nöron ve epidermal hücrelerin görselleştirme yönelik çeşitli zorluklar getirmektedir. İlk olarak, kas dokusu, vücut duvarının en çizgileri, büyük ölçüde nöronal veya epidermal dokudan kaynaklanan floresan sinyalleri örttüğü. Bu esas olarak örnek sinyal gürültü oranını azaltır. İkinci olarak, çok sayıda alakalı proteinler kas dokusu, hem de nöronlar veya epidermis eksprese edilebilir. Bu, kas kaynaklı floresans sinyali nöron veya epidermis bir floresans sinyalinin daha belirsiz algılama muhtemeldir. Son olarak, mikroskopi teknolojilerinde gelişmeleralt difraksiyon çözünürlükte numune B izin görüntüleme ve epidermal hücrelerin 12,13 nöronlarda ifade edilen proteinleri lokalizasyonu ayırt ve çevresindeki özellikle yararlı olabilir. Ancak gürültü oranı ve lamel numune yakın güçlü bir sinyal süper çözünürlük mikroskopi faydaları aracılığıyla görüntüleme. sinyal gürültü oranını azaltmak için ek olarak, larva vücut duvarı kas mesafeleri böylece süper çözünürlük mikroskobu yöntemlerle elde edilebilir, geliştirilmiş görüntü çözünürlüğü sınırlayıcı lamel gelen da nöronlar. immünofloresan analizi için zorluklar yanında, kas dokusu larva vücut duvarı duyusal nöronlardan elektrofizyolojik kayıt için bir engel sunar. Onun kaldırma bu nedenle duyu nöronlarının 14 nörofizyolojik manipülasyon yararlanır. Burada Drosophila larvalarının kas dokusunun elle çıkarılması için bir yönteme ilişkindir açıklanmaktadır. Bizim protokol p göstermektediraksi kas dokusu tarafından bulanıklaştırılmaktadır proteinlerin ermits immünofloresan görüntüleme, sınıf IV da nöronlar görselleştirilmesi için sinyal gürültü oranını iyileştirir ve daha da nöronlarda protein ve hücresel yapıların mekansal ilişkileri ayırmak için süper çözünürlük mikroskobu kullanılmasını sağlar ve epidermis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1299">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:413px;">Dumont #5 tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">72701-D</td>
			<td style="width:432px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>for dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fostec 8375 light source</td>
			<td>Artisan Technology Group</td>
			<td>62792-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36970</td>
			<td>for structured illumination microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro cover glass, 22x22 mm, No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>C615.16</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11011</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

Drosophila larva dendritik arborization (da) nöronların nöronal morfolojilerinden mekanizmaları araştırmak için popüler bir modeldir. Da nöronlar böylece epidermal inerve ettikleri hücreleri ve immünofloresan hem nöronal ve epidermally ifade edilen proteinlerin in situ görselleştirme kendi analiz yararları ile iletişim gelişir. immünofloresan deneyleri için larva filetosu hazırlamak geleneksel yöntemler nöronal ve epidermal proteinleri görüntüleme için çeşitli zorluklar sunarak, vücut duvarının en kapsar kas dokusu bozulmamış bırakın. Burada Drosophila larva filetosu gelen kas dokusunu çıkarmak için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu protokol, aksi takdirde kas dokusu tarafından gizlenmiş olan proteinlerin görüntüleme sağlayan sinyal gürültü oranını artırır ve da nöron gelişimini incelemek için süper çözünürlük mikroskobu kullanımını kolaylaştırır.

Birlikte zar işaretleyici ile etiketlenmiş sınıf IV da nöronlar ile Septat birleşme proteinleri Coracle (Cora) ve Diskleri-büyük (DLG) co-görselleştirmek için immünofloresan deneylerinde sinyal gürültü oranını artırmak için, kas kaldırma prosedürü yararını göstermektedir CD4 tdTomato. Cora önce da nöron dendritler epidermal hücreler tarafından alınmış ve da nöronun morfogenezine ve fonksiyonu ile ilişkili olarak ele 4,6-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larva dendritik arborization (da) nöronları kullanarak nöronal morfolojilerinden Çalışmaları Immünofloresan nöronal ve epidermal proteinlerin in situ görselleştirme yarar. Larva vücut duvarı kas dokusu kaldırarak da nöronlar ve çevresindeki epidermal hücrelerin immünoflüoresans analizi artıran bir prosedür açıklanmaktadır.

Kaldırılması<em&gt; Drosophila</emDuyu Nöronlar ve Epidermal Hücre İmmünofloresan Analizi Larvaların Fileto dan&gt; Kas Dokusu

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

removal-drosophila-muscle-tissue-from-larval-fillets-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K Görüntüleme.  Princeton University.  Drosophila larva dendritik arborization (da) nöronları kullanarak nöronal morfolojilerinden Çalışmaları Immünofloresan nöronal ve epidermal proteinlerin in situ görselleştirme yarar. Larva vücut duvarı kas dokusu kaldırarak da nöronlar ve çevresindeki epidermal hücrelerin immünoflüoresans analizi artıran bir prosedür açıklanmaktadır. 

Video: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Bozulmamış Duyu Organ Öncü Hücreler Canlı hücre Görüntüleme Drosophila Pupa

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Nörobilim

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Morfolojik analiz Drosophila</emGenetik Mozaikler> Larvaların Periferik Duyusal Nöron Dendritler ve Aksonlar

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Larva, Pupa ve Erişkin diseksiyonu ve İmmünohistokimya<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Retinaları

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

Içinde larvaların Devre Fonksiyonel Analiz Drosophila</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

In Koku Reseptör Nöronlar Tüm Dağı ile immün<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Anten

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Canlı Görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva nöroblastomun

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

Biyokimyasal Analiz için Duyu Nöronlar gelen üretim ve Aksonlar izolasyonu gözenekli Filtre Kullanma

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Civciv Embriyolar itibaren İzolasyon ve Disosiye Duyu Nöronlar Kültür

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

Amerikan Bullfrog of sacculus (Saç Hücrelerinin fizyolojik hazırlanması<em&gt; Rana catesbeiana</em&gt;)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

Kaldırılması

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Bozulmamış Duyu Organ Öncü Hücreler Canlı hücre Görüntüleme Drosophila Pupa

Morfolojik analiz Drosophila Larvaların Periferik Duyusal Nöron Dendritler ve Aksonlar

Larva, Pupa ve Erişkin diseksiyonu ve İmmünohistokimya

Içinde larvaların Devre Fonksiyonel Analiz Drosophila

In Koku Reseptör Nöronlar Tüm Dağı ile immün

Canlı Görüntüleme

Biyokimyasal Analiz için Duyu Nöronlar gelen üretim ve Aksonlar izolasyonu gözenekli Filtre Kullanma

Civciv Embriyolar itibaren İzolasyon ve Disosiye Duyu Nöronlar Kültür

Amerikan Bullfrog of sacculus (Saç Hücrelerinin fizyolojik hazırlanması

Yanıt koku nöronlar Optogenetic uyarılması olarak Drosophila larva davranışını izlemek