Ringraziamo Gary Laevsky per le discussioni utili su microscopia. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dal NIH concede R01GM061107 e R01GM067758 di ERG

Nota: La procedura per la rimozione muscolare (Figura 1) è una modifica di metodi precedentemente descritti per la preparazione di filetti larvale. Le fasi che precedono e seguono la rimozione del muscolo sono descritti brevemente e si rinvia al precedente lavoro 10, 11 per una descrizione più dettagliata. 1. Dissect Larva a Saline freddo <ol><li> Preparare una diluizione di lavoro di freddo HL3.1 salina 15 o Ca 2+ freddo -free HL3.1 salina 11 (Tabella 1). Posizionare la larva in un elastomero siliconico piatto con sufficiente soluzione salina fredda per coprire il fondo del piatto. NOTA: Si veda la discussione per quanto riguarda la scelta di soluzione salina. </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1x HL3.1 salina (pH 7,2) </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM HEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mM NaCl </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5 mM KCl </td></tr><tr><td> 1,5 mm CaCl 2 (omettere per Ca 2+ salina-free) </td></tr><tr><td> 4 mM MgCl 2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 mM NaHCO 3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM trealosio </td></tr><tr><td> 115 mm di saccarosio </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> Filtro sterilizzare e conservare a 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> imita Composizione insetti emolinfa: Nota </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. Composizione del freddo Saline. <ol start="2"><li> Posizionare la larva con il lato ventrale. La superficie ventrale della larva può essere identificato dalle cinture dentical addominali e dal lato dorsale dai tubi tracheali larvali primarie in esecuzione da anteriore a posteriore. Allungare la larva in direzione antero-posteriore e il pin la testa e la coda a unelastomero di silicone dissezione piatto con perni di insetti. Utilizzare forbici dissezione fini per tagliare lungo la linea mediana ventrale, cominciando ad un&#39;estremità e procedendo verso l&#39;altro. NOTA: Questo orientamento conserva il cluster dorsale comunemente studiate di DA neuroni. </li><li> Dopo la larva è tagliato aperto, appuntare i quattro angoli al piatto dissezione come se l&#39;apertura di un libro. Utilizzare pinze per afferrare e rimuovere gli organi interni, tra cui il sistema nervoso centrale, intestino, e la trachea. Regolare i perni di insetti in modo che il filetto è tesa, ma non al massimo allungato. NOTA: I muscoli sono ancorati alla parete del corpo ai confini dei singoli settori. Sebbene muscoli coprono la maggior parte della parete del corpo, sono assenti in una stretta regione vicino alla linea mediana dorsale. </li></ol> Rimozione 2. muscolare <ol><li> Individuare la linea mediana dorsale della larva, dove il tessuto muscolare è assente. Posizionare una singola pinza polo tale da poter essere inserito sotto il tessuto muscolare nella piatta orientamento possibile. </li><li> A partire dalinea mediana dorsale, vicino al confine anteriore del segmento, far scorrere con attenzione la pinza polo tra il muscolo e dell&#39;epidermide, avendo cura di minimizzare il contatto tra le pinze e dell&#39;epidermide. </li><li> Estrarre la pinza verso l&#39;alto per rompere l&#39;attacco del muscolo alla parete del corpo in un punto di ancoraggio. Ripetere questo processo per il restante emi-segmento (s) di interesse. NOTA: Questo protocollo ottimizza preservazione posteriore di ciascun campo dendrite da neurone. Per preservare la parte anteriore del campo dendrite, è preferibile inserire il polo pinza alla estremità posteriore di ciascun segmento. </li><li> Riadattare perni insetti tale che il filetto larvale è massimamente stirato in tutte le direzioni. </li><li> Fissare il filetto mentre è ancora bloccato al piatto dissezione con freddo, preparati al momento formaldeide 4% in PBS per 25 min. </li><li> Lavare 5 volte in PBS. </li><li> Utilizzare pinze per estrarre delicatamente via il tessuto muscolare dai punti di ancoraggio restanti, avendo cura di ridurre al minimo contact con l&#39;epidermide. </li><li> Sblocca e rimuovere il filetto dal piatto dissezione in una provetta da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga. Eseguire tutte le successive di lavaggio, il blocco, e passi immunofluorescenza, come descritto in precedenza 11. </li></ol> 3. Montare il larvale Filetto <ol><li> Prima rimuovere la testa e la coda con le forbici dissezione sottili al fine di rendere il campione più piatta possibile. Montare il filetto su un vetrino in antifade di montaggio con la superficie interna del raccordo di fronte al vetrino. </li><li> Posizionare un vetrino da microscopio sul vetrino e premere delicatamente per disperdere la soluzione di montaggio. Capovolgere il vetrino da microscopio sopra e sigillare il vetrino sul vetrino utilizzando smalto. Diapositive possono essere conservati a -20 ° C per almeno un mese. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branching+out:+mechanisms+of+dendritic+arborization.">Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 11 (5), 316-328 (2010).</li><li>Corty, M. M., Matthews, B. J., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecules+and+mechanisms+of+dendrite+development+in+Drosophila.">Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136 (7), 1049-1061 (2009).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Emoto, K., Kim, M. D., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+that+regulate+establishment,+maintenance,+and+remodeling+of+dendritic+fields.">Mechanisms that regulate establishment, maintenance, and remodeling of dendritic fields.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 30, 399-423 (2007).</li><li>Kim, M. E., Shrestha, B. R., Blazeski, R., Mason, C. A., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+establish+dendrite-substrate+relationships+that+promote+dendritic+self-avoidance+and+patterning+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Integrins establish dendrite-substrate relationships that promote dendritic self-avoidance and patterning in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 79-91 (2012).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+regulate+repulsion-mediated+dendritic+patterning+of+Drosophila+sensory+neurons+by+restricting+dendrites+in+a+2D+space.">Integrins regulate repulsion-mediated dendritic patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons by restricting dendrites in a 2D space.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 64-78 (2012).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Xu, P., Kim, C. C., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+functions+in+epithelial+cells+to+regulate+scaling+growth+of+dendrite+arbors+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">The microRNA bantam functions in epithelial cells to regulate scaling growth of dendrite arbors in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 63 (6), 788-802 (2009).</li><li>Jiang, N., Soba, P., Parker, E., Kim, C. C., Parrish, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+regulates+a+developmental+transition+in+epithelial+cells+that+restricts+sensory+dendrite+growth.">The microRNA bantam regulates a developmental transition in epithelial cells that restricts sensory dendrite growth.</a> Development. 141 (13), 2657-2668 (2014).</li><li>Meltzer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermis-derived+Semaphorin+promotes+dendrite+self-avoidance+by+regulating+dendrite-substrate+adhesion+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Epidermis-derived Semaphorin promotes dendrite self-avoidance by regulating dendrite-substrate adhesion in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 89 (4), 741-755 (2016).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+cells+are+the+primary+phagocytes+in+the+fragmentation+and+clearance+of+degenerating+dendrites+in+Drosophila.">Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 81 (3), 544-560 (2014).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+dissection.">Drosophila larval NMJ dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Moore, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+Drosophila+larval+peripheral+sensory+neuron+dendrites+and+axons+using+genetic+mosaics.">Morphological analysis of Drosophila larval peripheral sensory neuron dendrites and axons using genetic mosaics.</a> J Vis Exp. (57), e3111 (2011).</li><li>Gustafsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surpassing+the+lateral+resolution+limit+by+a+factor+of+two+using+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy.</a> J Microscopy. 198 (2), 82-87 (2000).</li><li>Ashdown, G. W., Cope, A., Wiseman, P. W., Owen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+flow+quantified+beyond+the+diffraction+limit+by+spatiotemporal+image+correlation+of+structured+illumination+microscopy+data.">Molecular flow quantified beyond the diffraction limit by spatiotemporal image correlation of structured illumination microscopy data.</a> Biophys J. 107 (9), L21-L23 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, W., Yan, Z., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sound+response+mediated+by+the+TRP+channels+NOMPC,+NANCHUNG,+and+INACTIVE+in+chordotonal+organs+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Sound response mediated by the TRP channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE in chordotonal organs of Drosophila larvae.</a> PNAS. 10 (33), 13612-13617 (2013).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurogenet. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Landry, C., Galko, M. 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Qui un protocollo è descritto per la rimozione manuale del tessuto muscolare da Drosophila filetti larvale. Questo protocollo modifica precedentemente descritto tecniche di dissezione larvali 10,11. Dopo la larva è sezionato in un piatto elastomero siliconico, la linea mediana dorsale si trova. Una singola pinza polo, nella sua più piatto possibile orientamento, è attentamente inserito tra il tessuto muscolare e l&#39;epidermide, vicino alla linea mediana dorsale. Le pinze sono delicatamente tira...

Larvali arborizzazione dendritica (DA) neuroni Drosophila forniscono un modello valido per lo studio dello sviluppo neuronale a causa della loro riconducibilità alla manipolazione genetica e la facilità con cui possono essere esposte. Questi neuroni sensoriali sono state fondamentali per l&#39;identificazione di numerosi sentieri che controllano dendrite morfogenesi 1-3. Quattro classi di Da neuroni (classe I - IV) innervare l&#39;epidermide larvali. Questi neuroni si trovano tra la membrana basale e l&#39;epidermide, con i loro dendriti formazione di matrici sostanzialmente bidimensionali 4,5. Dei quattro classi, la classe IV DA neuroni hanno le pergole più altamente ramificata e, come i neuroni sensoriali di altri animali, l&#39;elaborazione di questi pergole richiede fattori intrinseci come pure spunti da tessuti vicini, in particolare l&#39;epidermide, per il loro sviluppo 6-9 . Gli studi per determinare come tale neuronale e infatti extra-neuronaleors controllare beneficio morfogenesi dei dendriti dalla capacità di rilevare l&#39;espressione della proteina in situ mediante immunofluorescenza. La cuticola esterno della larva è impenetrabile agli anticorpi, ma questo impedimento è facilmente superabile dalla preparazione di filetti larvale attraverso metodi dissezione consolidati 10,11. Tuttavia, il tessuto muscolare parete del corpo che si trova appena interno alla membrana basale presenta varie sfide verso visualizzazione DA neuroni e cellule epidermiche. Innanzitutto, il tessuto muscolare, quali linee maggior parte della parete del corpo, oscura notevolmente segnali fluorescenti provenienti da tessuto neuronale o epidermico. Questo riduce notevolmente il rapporto segnale-rumore nel campione. Secondo, molte proteine ​​rilevanti possono essere espressi nel tessuto muscolare e nei neuroni o dell&#39;epidermide. Questo segnale di fluorescenza muscolare derivato probabilmente ancora rilevamento oscura di un segnale di fluorescenza dal neurone o epidermide. Infine, i progressi nelle tecnologie di microscopia nol&#39;imaging permesso w di campioni con risoluzione sub-diffrazione e può essere particolarmente utile nel discernere la localizzazione delle proteine che vengono espresse in neuroni e cellule epidermiche circostanti 12,13. Tuttavia, l&#39;imaging via super-risoluzione benefici microscopia da un forte rapporto segnale-rumore e la vicinanza del campione al vetrino. Oltre a ridurre il rapporto segnale rumore, la parete del corpo larvali distanze muscolari DA neuroni dal vetrino, limitando così la risoluzione dell&#39;immagine migliorata che può essere ottenuto con metodi di microscopia super-risoluzione. Oltre le sfide per l&#39;analisi di immunofluorescenza, tessuto muscolare presenta una barriera alla registrazione elettrofisiologica da neuroni sensoriali nella parete del corpo larvale. La sua rimozione beneficia pertanto manipolazione neurofisiologica dei neuroni sensoriali 14. Qui un metodo per la rimozione manuale di Drosophila tessuto muscolare larvale è descritto. Abbiamo dimostrato che il nostro protocollo permits immagini immunofluorescenza di proteine ​​che sono altrimenti oscurata da tessuto muscolare, migliora il rapporto segnale-rumore per la visualizzazione di classe IV DA neuroni, e consente l&#39;utilizzo della microscopia super-risoluzione per discriminare meglio relazioni spaziali di proteine ​​e strutture cellulari in DA neuroni e l&#39;epidermide.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1299">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:413px;">Dumont #5 tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">72701-D</td>
			<td style="width:432px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>for dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fostec 8375 light source</td>
			<td>Artisan Technology Group</td>
			<td>62792-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36970</td>
			<td>for structured illumination microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro cover glass, 22x22 mm, No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>C615.16</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11011</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

Larvali arborizzazione dendritica (DA) neuroni Drosophila sono un modello popolare per lo studio dei meccanismi di morfogenesi neuronale. Da neuroni sviluppano in comunicazione con le cellule epidermiche che innervano e quindi le loro prestazioni di analisi da in situ visualizzazione di entrambe le proteine neuronally e epidermally espresse mediante immunofluorescenza. I metodi tradizionali di preparazione di filetti larvale per esperimenti di immunofluorescenza lasciano intatto il tessuto muscolare che copre la maggior parte della parete del corpo, che presenta diverse sfide per l&#39;imaging neuronale e epidermiche proteine. Qui si descrive un metodo per la rimozione di tessuto muscolare dalla Drosophila filetti larvale. Questo protocollo permette l&#39;imaging di proteine ​​che sono altrimenti oscurata da tessuto muscolare, migliora il rapporto segnale rumore, e facilita l&#39;utilizzo della microscopia super-risoluzione per studiare da sviluppo neurone.

Dimostriamo l&#39;utilità della procedura di rimozione del muscolo per migliorare rapporto segnale-rumore in esperimenti di immunofluorescenza di co-visualizzare le proteine ​​di derivazione settate Coracle (Cora) e dischi-grandi dimensioni (DLG) insieme con classe IV DA neuroni marcati con il marcatore di membrana CD4- tdTomato. Cora è stato utilizzato in precedenza per identificare tratti dove DA dendriti dei neuroni sono racchiusi da cellule epidermi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studi di morfogenesi neuronale utilizzando Drosophila larvale arborizzazione dendritiche (bis) i neuroni beneficiano di visualizzazione situ delle proteine neuronali e epidermiche mediante immunofluorescenza. Descriviamo una procedura che migliora l&#39;analisi di immunofluorescenza di DA neuroni e cellule epidermiche circostanti, rimuovendo il tessuto muscolare dalla parete del corpo larvale.

Rimozione di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Tessuto muscolare da larvali Filetti per l&#39;analisi di immunofluorescenza dei neuroni sensoriali e cellule epidermiche

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K Views.  Princeton University.  Studi di morfogenesi neuronale utilizzando Drosophila larvale arborizzazione dendritiche (bis) i neuroni beneficiano di visualizzazione situ delle proteine neuronali e epidermiche mediante immunofluorescenza. Descriviamo una procedura che migliora l'analisi di immunofluorescenza di DA neuroni e cellule epidermiche circostanti, rimuovendo il tessuto muscolare dalla parete del corpo larvale. 

Video: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Live-cellula Imaging di cellule sensoriali Precursore in Organo intatto Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

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Neuroscienze

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Analisi morfologica del Drosophila Larvale dendriti sensoriali e periferico Neuron assoni utilizzo Mosaici genetici

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Dissezione e immunoistochimica di larvale, pupa e adulto<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Retine

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

Analisi funzionale del circuito di alimentazione larvale in Drosophila</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Tutta Monte immunomarcatura di recettore olfattivo neuroni nel<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Immagini dal vivo di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; larvali neuroblasti

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

Produzione e isolamento degli assoni dai neuroni sensoriali per l&#39;analisi biochimica Uso dei filtri porosi

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Isolamento e Cultura della dissociato neuroni sensoriali da embrioni di gallina

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

Preparazione fisiologico delle cellule ciliate dalla sacculus del toro americana (<em&gt; Catesbeiana Rana</em&gt;)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

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Live-cellula Imaging di cellule sensoriali Precursore in Organo intatto Drosophila Pupae

Analisi morfologica del Drosophila Larvale dendriti sensoriali e periferico Neuron assoni utilizzo Mosaici genetici

Dissezione e immunoistochimica di larvale, pupa e adulto

Analisi funzionale del circuito di alimentazione larvale in Drosophila

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Immagini dal vivo di

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Isolamento e Cultura della dissociato neuroni sensoriali da embrioni di gallina

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Il comportamento larvale della drosofila in risposta alla stimolazione optogenetica dei neuroni olfattivi di rilevamento