Nous remercions Gary Laïevski pour des discussions utiles sur la microscopie. Ce travail a été financé par le NIH accorde R01GM061107 et R01GM067758 à ERG

Remarque: La procédure de destitution musculaire (Figure 1) est une modification des méthodes décrites précédemment pour la préparation des filets larvaires. Les étapes qui précèdent et suivent le retrait du muscle sont décrites brièvement et le lecteur est renvoyé aux travaux antérieurs 10, 11 pour des descriptions plus détaillées. 1. Disséquer Larve dans une solution saline froide <ol><li> Préparer une dilution de travail de solution saline froide HL3.1 15 ou Ca 2+ froid -free HL3.1 saline 11 (tableau 1). Placez la larve dans un plat en élastomère de silicone avec juste assez de solution saline froide pour couvrir le fond du plat. REMARQUE: Voir Discussion concernant le choix d&#39;une solution saline. </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1x HL3.1 solution saline (pH 7,2) </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM de HEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mM de NaCl, </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5 mM KCI </td></tr><tr><td> 1,5 mM de CaCl2 (omettre de Ca 2+ solution saline -free) </td></tr><tr><td> 4 mM de MgCl2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 mM NaHCO 3 </td></tr><tr><td> mM tréhalose 5 </td></tr><tr><td> 115 mM de saccharose, </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> Filtre stériliser et conserver à 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> imite Composition insectes hémolymphe: Note </td></tr></tbody></table> Tableau 1. Composition de Cold Saline. <ol start="2"><li> Positionner la larve à la face ventrale. La surface ventrale de la larve peut être identifiée par les ceintures abdominales et dentical la face dorsale par les principaux tubes trachéaux larvaires course d&#39;avant en arrière. Étirez la larve dans le sens antéro-postérieur et la broche de la tête et la queue à unélastomère silicone disséquant plat utilisant des broches d&#39;insectes. Utilisez des ciseaux fins de dissection pour couper le long de la ligne médiane ventrale, en commençant à une extrémité et en progressant vers l&#39;autre. NOTE: Cette orientation préserve le cluster dorsal couramment étudié des neurones DA. </li><li> Après la larve est découpée, épingler les quatre coins de la boîte de dissection, comme si l&#39;ouverture d&#39;un livre. Utilisez une pince pour saisir et retirer les organes internes, y compris le système nerveux central, de l&#39;intestin et de la trachée. Ajustez les broches d&#39;insectes de sorte que le filet est tendu mais pas au maximum étiré. NOTE: Les muscles sont ancrés à la paroi du corps au niveau des limites segmentaires. Bien que les muscles couvrent la majeure partie de la paroi du corps, ils sont absents dans une région étroite à proximité de la ligne médiane dorsale. </li></ol> 2. Muscle Removal <ol><li> Repérez la ligne médiane dorsale de la larve, où le tissu musculaire est absent. Positionner une pince à broche unique de telle sorte qu&#39;il puisse être inséré sous le tissu musculaire dans la plate orientation possible. </li><li> À partir dela ligne médiane dorsale, près de la limite antérieure du segment, faites glisser soigneusement la griffe de pince entre le muscle et de l&#39;épiderme, en prenant soin de réduire au minimum le contact entre la pince et de l&#39;épiderme. </li><li> Tirez la pince vers le haut pour briser l&#39;attachement du muscle à la paroi du corps à un point d&#39;ancrage. Répétez ce processus pour l&#39;hémi-segment (s) d&#39;intérêts restants. NOTE: Ce protocole permet d&#39;optimiser la préservation de la partie postérieure de chaque champ dendritique des neurones da. Afin de préserver la partie antérieure du champ dendrites, il est préférable d&#39;insérer la pince griffe à l&#39;extrémité postérieure de chaque segment. </li><li> Re-ajuster les broches d&#39;insectes tels que le filet larvaire est au maximum tendue dans toutes les directions. </li><li> Fixer le filet alors qu&#39;il est encore cloué au plat de dissection en utilisant le froid, fraîchement préparé formaldéhyde 4% dans du PBS pendant 25 min. </li><li> Rinçage 5 fois dans du PBS. </li><li> Utilisez une pince pour tirer précieusement le tissu musculaire à partir des points d&#39;ancrage restants, en prenant soin de minimiser contact avec l&#39;épiderme. </li><li> Détacher et retirer le filet du plat de dissection à un tube de 1,5 ml. Effectuer toutes les lessives, le blocage, et des étapes ultérieures immunofluorescence de coloration, comme décrit précédemment 11. </li></ol> 3. Monter le larvaire Fillet <ol><li> Tout d&#39;abord enlever la tête et la queue en utilisant des ciseaux fins de dissection afin de rendre l&#39;échantillon le plus plat possible. Monter le filet sur une lamelle en antifade milieu de montage avec la surface intérieure du filet face à la lamelle. </li><li> Placez une lame de microscope sur la lamelle et appuyez doucement pour disperser le milieu de montage. Retournez la lame de microscope sur et sceller la lamelle sur la lame à l&#39;aide de vernis à ongles. Les diapositives peuvent être conservés à -20 ° C pendant au moins un mois. </li></ol>

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	<li>Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branching+out:+mechanisms+of+dendritic+arborization.">Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 11 (5), 316-328 (2010).</li><li>Corty, M. M., Matthews, B. J., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecules+and+mechanisms+of+dendrite+development+in+Drosophila.">Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136 (7), 1049-1061 (2009).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Emoto, K., Kim, M. D., Jan, Y. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+establish+dendrite-substrate+relationships+that+promote+dendritic+self-avoidance+and+patterning+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Integrins establish dendrite-substrate relationships that promote dendritic self-avoidance and patterning in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 79-91 (2012).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+regulate+repulsion-mediated+dendritic+patterning+of+Drosophila+sensory+neurons+by+restricting+dendrites+in+a+2D+space.">Integrins regulate repulsion-mediated dendritic patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons by restricting dendrites in a 2D space.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 64-78 (2012).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Xu, P., Kim, C. C., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+functions+in+epithelial+cells+to+regulate+scaling+growth+of+dendrite+arbors+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">The microRNA bantam functions in epithelial cells to regulate scaling growth of dendrite arbors in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 63 (6), 788-802 (2009).</li><li>Jiang, N., Soba, P., Parker, E., Kim, C. C., Parrish, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+regulates+a+developmental+transition+in+epithelial+cells+that+restricts+sensory+dendrite+growth.">The microRNA bantam regulates a developmental transition in epithelial cells that restricts sensory dendrite growth.</a> Development. 141 (13), 2657-2668 (2014).</li><li>Meltzer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermis-derived+Semaphorin+promotes+dendrite+self-avoidance+by+regulating+dendrite-substrate+adhesion+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Epidermis-derived Semaphorin promotes dendrite self-avoidance by regulating dendrite-substrate adhesion in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 89 (4), 741-755 (2016).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+cells+are+the+primary+phagocytes+in+the+fragmentation+and+clearance+of+degenerating+dendrites+in+Drosophila.">Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 81 (3), 544-560 (2014).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+dissection.">Drosophila larval NMJ dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Moore, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+Drosophila+larval+peripheral+sensory+neuron+dendrites+and+axons+using+genetic+mosaics.">Morphological analysis of Drosophila larval peripheral sensory neuron dendrites and axons using genetic mosaics.</a> J Vis Exp. (57), e3111 (2011).</li><li>Gustafsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surpassing+the+lateral+resolution+limit+by+a+factor+of+two+using+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy.</a> J Microscopy. 198 (2), 82-87 (2000).</li><li>Ashdown, G. W., Cope, A., Wiseman, P. W., Owen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+flow+quantified+beyond+the+diffraction+limit+by+spatiotemporal+image+correlation+of+structured+illumination+microscopy+data.">Molecular flow quantified beyond the diffraction limit by spatiotemporal image correlation of structured illumination microscopy data.</a> Biophys J. 107 (9), L21-L23 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, W., Yan, Z., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sound+response+mediated+by+the+TRP+channels+NOMPC,+NANCHUNG,+and+INACTIVE+in+chordotonal+organs+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Sound response mediated by the TRP channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE in chordotonal organs of Drosophila larvae.</a> PNAS. 10 (33), 13612-13617 (2013).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurogenet. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Landry, C., Galko, M. 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Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à dévoiler.

Ici , un protocole est décrit pour le retrait manuel du tissu musculaire à partir des filets de Drosophila larves. Ce protocole modifie précédemment décrit les techniques de dissection larvaires 10,11. Après la larve est disséquée dans un plat en élastomère de silicone, la ligne médiane dorsale est située. Une pince à broche unique, dans son orientation la plus plane possible, est soigneusement inséré entre le tissu musculaire et l&#39;épiderme, à proximité de la ligne médiane dors...

Larvaires arborisation dendritique (da) neurones de drosophile fournissent un excellent modèle pour l&#39; étude du développement neuronal en raison de leur susceptibilité à la manipulation génétique et la facilité avec laquelle ils peuvent être visualisés. Ces neurones sensoriels ont joué un rôle dans l&#39;identification de nombreuses voies qui contrôlent dendrites morphogenèse 1-3. Quatre classes de neurones DA (classe I - IV) innervent l&#39;épiderme larvaire. Ces neurones se trouvent entre la membrane basale et l&#39;épiderme, avec leurs dendrites formant matrices bidimensionnelles en grande partie à 4,5. Sur les quatre classes, la classe IV neurones DA ont les tonnelles plus fortement ramifiée et, comme les neurones sensoriels d&#39;autres animaux, l&#39;élaboration de ces tonnelles exige des facteurs intrinsèques, ainsi que des indices de tissus voisins, en particulier l&#39;épiderme, pour leur développement 6-9 . Les études pour déterminer la façon dont ces neurones et fait extra-neuronalSOR avantage de contrôler la morphogenèse dendritique de la capacité à détecter l&#39; expression de la protéine in situ par immunofluorescence. La cuticule externe de la larve est impénétrable aux anticorps, mais cet obstacle est facilement surmontée par la préparation des filets larvaires grâce à des méthodes de dissection bien établies 10,11. Cependant, le tissu musculaire de la paroi du corps qui se trouve juste à l&#39;intérieur de la membrane de sous-sol présente de nombreux défis à la visualisation des neurones DA et des cellules de l&#39;épiderme. D&#39;abord, le tissu musculaire, qui tapisse la plupart de la paroi du corps, obscurcit considérablement des signaux fluorescents provenant d&#39;un tissu neuronal ou épidermique. Ceci réduit considérablement le rapport signal sur bruit dans l&#39;échantillon. D&#39;autre part, de nombreuses protéines pertinentes peuvent être exprimées dans le tissu musculaire, ainsi que dans les neurones ou de l&#39;épiderme. Ce signal de fluorescence dérivées du muscle est susceptible d&#39;obscurcir davantage la détection d&#39;un signal de fluorescence provenant du neurone ou de l&#39;épiderme. Enfin, les progrès dans les technologies de microscopie pasl&#39; imagerie d&#39; un permis poids d&#39;échantillons à une résolution de sous-diffraction et peut être particulièrement utile pour discerner la localisation de protéines qui sont exprimées dans les neurones et les cellules épidermiques entourant 12,13. Cependant, l&#39;imagerie par microscopie de super-résolution bénéficie d&#39;un signal fort par rapport au bruit et à proximité de l&#39;échantillon à la lamelle. En plus de réduire le rapport signal à bruit, les larves de la paroi du corps muscle distances neurones DA de la lamelle couvre-objet, ce qui limite la résolution de l&#39;image améliorée qui peut être obtenue avec des procédés de microscopie de super-résolution. En plus de difficultés pour l&#39;analyse d&#39;immunofluorescence, le tissu musculaire présente une barrière à l&#39;enregistrement électrophysiologique des neurones sensoriels dans la paroi du corps de la larve. Son retrait profite donc la manipulation neurophysiologique des neurones sensoriels 14. Voici une méthode pour l&#39; extraction manuelle du Drosophila tissu musculaire larvaire est décrite. Nous démontrons que notre protocole permites immunofluorescence imagerie des protéines qui sont autrement obscurcie par le tissu musculaire, améliore le rapport signal sur bruit pour la visualisation de la classe IV neurones DA, et permet l&#39;utilisation de super-résolution microscopique afin de mieux discriminer les relations spatiales des protéines et des structures cellulaires en neurones DA et l&#39;épiderme.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1299">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:413px;">Dumont #5 tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">72701-D</td>
			<td style="width:432px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>for dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fostec 8375 light source</td>
			<td>Artisan Technology Group</td>
			<td>62792-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36970</td>
			<td>for structured illumination microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro cover glass, 22x22 mm, No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>C615.16</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11011</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

Larvaires arborisation dendritique (da) neurones de drosophile sont un modèle populaire pour les mécanismes de la morphogenèse neuronale enquête. Neurones Da se développent dans la communication avec les cellules de l&#39; épiderme , ils innervent et donc leurs avantages de l&#39; analyse de la visualisation in situ des deux protéines neuronal et épidermique exprimées par immunofluorescence. Les méthodes traditionnelles de préparation des filets larvaires pour les expériences d&#39;immunofluorescence laissent intact le tissu musculaire qui couvre la majeure partie de la paroi du corps, présentant plusieurs défis à l&#39;imagerie des protéines neuronales et épidermiques. Nous décrivons ici un procédé pour éliminer le tissu musculaire à partir des filets de Drosophila larves. Ce protocole permet l&#39;imagerie des protéines qui sont autrement occulté par le tissu musculaire, améliore le rapport signal à bruit, et facilite l&#39;utilisation de nanoscope pour étudier da développement des neurones.

Nous démontrons l&#39;utilité de la procédure de retrait des muscles pour améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit dans des expériences d&#39;immunofluorescence pour co-visualiser les protéines cloisonnées de jonction Coracle (Cora) et disques-large (DLG) ainsi que des neurones da classe IV marquées avec le marqueur membranaire CD4- tdTomato. Cora a déjà été utilisé pour identifier les secteurs où da dendrites neuronales sont entourées par des cel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Des études de la morphogenèse neuronale utilisant la drosophile arborisation dendritique larvaire (da) neurones bénéficient de la visualisation in situ des protéines neuronales et épidermiques par immunofluorescence. Nous décrivons un procédé qui permet d&#39;améliorer l&#39;analyse par immunofluorescence des neurones DA et des cellules épidermiques entourant en retirant le tissu musculaire de la paroi du corps de la larve.

Enlèvement de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Muscle Tissue de Fillets larvaires pour immunofluorescence Analyse des neurones sensoriels et les cellules épidermiques

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

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Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K vues.  Princeton University.  Des études de la morphogenèse neuronale utilisant la drosophile arborisation dendritique larvaire (da) neurones bénéficient de la visualisation in situ des protéines neuronales et épidermiques par immunofluorescence. Nous décrivons un procédé qui permet d'améliorer l'analyse par immunofluorescence des neurones DA et des cellules épidermiques entourant en retirant le tissu musculaire de la paroi du corps de la larve. 

Vidéo: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Imagerie des cellules vivantes des cellules sensorielles de précurseurs d&#39;organes en Intact Drosophile Les chrysalides

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

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Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Analyse morphologique des Drosophile Larvaires périphérique dendrites et des axones des neurones sensoriels utilisant mosaïques génétiques

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Dissection et immunohistochimique de larve, de nymphe et adulte<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Rétines

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

Analyse fonctionnelle du circuit d&#39;alimentation des larves dans Drosophila</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Tout le mont immunomarquage des récepteurs olfactifs neurones dans le<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antenne

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Imagerie en direct de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; larves Neuroblastes

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

La production et l&#39;isolement des axones de neurones sensoriels de l&#39;analyse biochimique Utilisation des filtres poreux

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Isolement et culture de dissocié neurones sensoriels De embryons de poulet

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

Préparation physiologique des cellules ciliées de l&#39;sacculus du ouaouaron (<em&gt; Rana catesbeiana</em&gt;)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

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