The authors would like to acknowledge the funding received from the American Heart Association (SDG12SDG9130039).

1. İskele Liposome Hazırlık Not: İdeal olarak, bu ilk uygulamalar DOPC (1,2-dioleoil-sn -glisero-3-fosfokolin veya PC) DGS-NTA (Ni2 +) (1,2-dioleoil oluşan nispeten basit ve idi iskelesi (kullanmalıdır - sn -glisero-3 - [(N - (5-amino-1-karboksipentil) iminodiasetik asit) sukkinil]. (nikel tuzu)) Yapı bu deneylerin rahatsız lipid yük, esneklik ve eğrilik tek tek faktörler olarak dahil edilebilir potansiyeli olan zara yakın etkileşimlerini değiştirmek. Bu değişiklikler, fosfatidilserin veya kardiyolipin (CL), fosfatidiletanolamin (DOPE veya PE) veya galaktosil (β) seramid gibi özel lipit bileşenlerin, belirlenen miktarda eklenmesi ile elde edilebilir. <ol><li> Temiz bir cam test tüpünde kloroform içinde çözündürülmüş olan lipitler birleştirin. ince bir lipid film meydana getirmek üzere tüp dönerken kuru azot gazı ile çözücü buharlaşır. Bir centrifuga olan, kalan solventin çıkması37 ° C&#39;de 1 saat l evaporatör. NOT: Çeşitli lipozom formülasyonları protokollerde kullanılmaktadır aşağıda açıklanan: iskele lipozomlar (3.3 mol% DGS-NTA (Ni 2+) / 96.7 mol% DOPC), kardiyolipine ile iskele lipozomlar (3.3 mol% DGS-NTA (Ni 2+) / 10 mol% &#39;si kardiyolipin / 86.7 mol% DOPC), kardiyolipin esnek iskele lipozomlar (3.3 mol%&#39; si DGS-NTA (Ni2 +) /% 10 mol kardiyolipin / 35 mol% &#39;si DOPE / 51.7 mol% DOPC) ve zenginleştirilmiş bir iskele lipozomlar (% 10 mol DGS-NTA (Ni2 +) / 35 mol% &#39;si DOPE / 40 mol%&#39; si DOPC / 15 mol% &#39;si kardiyolipin). </li><li> 37 ° C&#39;ye ön-ısıtılmış, Tampon A (25 mM HEPES (4- (2-hidroksietil) -1-piperazinetansülfonik asit), KOH ile 7.5 değerine ayarlandı, 150 mM KCI, pH) ilave nihai lipid konsantrasyonu 1 olacak şekilde - 2 mM arasındadır. Tam lipid karışımı (Şekil 1a) tekrar süspansiyon arada sırada burgaç gibi karıştırılarak 37 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika kuluçkalayın. </li><li> tamamen donmuş (Roug kadar sıvı azot tüpü, plastik bir test tüpüne transfer koyunhly 30 s), ve tam çözülmüş (yaklaşık 1 oluncaya kadar 37 ° C su banyosu içinde yer - 2 dakika). 4 dondurma-çözme döngüsü (Şekil 1b) bir toplam tekrar edin. </li><li> 4 filtre destekleri ve tampon maddesi içinde bir polikarbonat filtresi ıslatma ve üretici talimatlarına göre ekstruder araya getirilmesiyle, bir lipid ekstruder hazırlayın. filtre üzerinden 21 kez lipid çözeltisi a&#39;ya. Homojen bir boyut dağılımına (Şekil 1c) sağlamak için yumuşak, sabit basınç kullanın. NOT: Bu protokol açıklanan Bütün deneyler için, bir 1.0 um polikarbonat filtre ekstrüzyon için kullanılmıştır. Anyonik lipidler ile Drp1 etkileşimi 50 nm ile 400 nm arasında, 12 ya da daha büyük 13 arasında lipozom çaplarının çeşitli gözlenebilir. Bu nedenle, 1 um&#39;lik filtre boyutu her iki GTPaz aktivitesi ve elektron mikroskopisi için ideal olarak seçilmiştir. Diğer lipozom çapları istenirse, dev tek lamelli vesiküller 14,15 (GUVs) ya da küçük unilamell hazırlanmasıar kullanılabilir 16 (SUV) vezikülleri. Dinamik ışık saçılım lipozom boyutu heterojen 13 değerlendirmek için de kullanılabilir. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de haddelenmiş lipozomlar saklayın ve 3 sonra atın - 5 d. </li></ol> Protein Bağlanma Analizi İskele Lipozomlar 2. Kullanım <ol><li> Örnek hazırlama <ol><li> En az 15 dakika boyunca, skafold lipozomlar (50 uM son% 40 mol PC / 35 mol% &#39;si PE / 15 mol%&#39; si CL /% 10 mol DGS-NTA (Ni2 +)) (5 uM nihai) MffΔTM His ile etiketlenmiş inkübe Tampon A + BME&#39;de oda sıcaklığında (25 mM HEPES, 150 mM KCI, 10 mM β-merkaptoetanol (BME), pH, KOH ile 7.5 değerine ayarlanır). Bir mff içermeyen kontrol için, NTA (Ni2 +) maruz kalan bir His-etiketli kontrol bağlamak için (GFP gibi) protein ve kalkan lipozomlar inkübe edin. Not: Önceki bir çalışmada 2&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi MffΔTM ifade edildi ve saflaştınldı. GFP benzer şekilde saflaştırılmıştır fakat iyon değişim aşaması çıkartılmıştır. BME, bu experimen için gerekli olants Drp1 faaliyet ve montaj özelliklerini değiştirebilir oksidasyona karşı duyarlı olduğu için. </li><li> Drp1 (son 2 uM) ilave edilir ve oda sıcaklığında 1 saat inkübe edilir. Not: Önceki bir çalışmada 2&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi Drp1 ifade edildi ve saflaştınldı. Drp1 ile kuluçkalamadan sonra, membran deformasyon bağlayıcı nükleotid etkisi 2 ile mM MgCI2 ve 1 ya mM GTP, 1 mM GMP-PCP veya Tampon A + BME, bir saat daha inkübe ederek araştırılabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Negatif Leke Transmisyon Elektron Mikroskobu (EM) Analizler <ol><li> Aktarım 5 laboratuar film tabakaya örnek ul ve örnek bir karbon ile kaplanmış Cu / Rh Düzeneği. , Örnek üzerinde ızgara 1 dakika inkübe filtre kağıdı üzerinde aşırı sıvı leke ve% 2 uranil asetat bir damla transfer. 1 dakika kuluçkalayın filtre kağıdı üzerinde aşırı leke leke ve bir ızgara kutusuna aktarılır. Vakum O / N altında saklayın tam kuruma sağlamak. </li><li> Bir transmisyon elektron Microsc kullanarak görüntü örnekleri18.500 at ope - 30,000X büyütme protein ve lipozom morfolojileri 17 ultrastrüktürel değişiklikleri gözlemek için. Not: ultrastrüktürel değişiklikler, ImageJ 13 gibi, görüntü analizi yazılımı kullanılarak belirlenebilir (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). Protein dekorasyon çıplak lipit şablonları ile karşılaştırıldığında ölçülebilir. Buna ek olarak, boru biçimli bölümlerin çapları düzenekleri 13 en dış kısmından ölçülebilir. Daha detaylı analiz cryo-elektron mikroskobu 17 kullanılarak yapılabilir. Bu yöntem, bu kaplama örneği, ağır metal lekeleri kullanılmadan çözücünün görüntü doğal protein-yağ derlemeler için kullanılabilir. Bu şekilde, altta yatan lipit morfolojisi değişiklikler dahil olmak üzere negatif leke, belirgin olmayan ayrıntılı yapısal özellikler, incelenir ve ölçülebilir. </li></ol></li></ol> Enzimatik Deneyi ilişkin yapı lipozomların 3. Not: A Colorimetrik GTPaz tahlil 18 GTP hidrolizi yoluyla fosfat kurtuluş ölçmek için kullanılmıştır. Alternatif GTPaz deneyleri 19 mevcuttur ve gerektiğinde uygulanabilir. <ol><li> (150 uM nihai) iskele lipozomlar Tampon A + BME (hacim = 30 ul) içinde, oda sıcaklığında 15 dakika boyunca birlikte His-etiketli MffΔTM (mff) Fis1ΔTM (Fis1), veya GFP (tüm 5 uM nihai) inkübe edin. Drp1 (500 nM nihai) ilave edin ve oda sıcaklığında (hacim = 80 ul) ilave bir 15 dakika kuluçkalayın. Not: Fis1 mff 2&#39;ye benzer şekilde saflaştırılmıştır, fakat iyon değişim kromatografisi adımı atlandı. His-etiketli GFP amacı NTA (Ni2 +) baş gruplarım korumak ve diğer proteinler ile spesifik olmayan yük etkileşimleri önlemektir. herhangi bir etki GFP yokluğunda gözlemlenen ise, o zaman bu denetim gerekmeyebilir. (Ilgilenilen proteine ​​benzer boyutta) alternatif bloke proteinler de kullanılabilir, ancak GFP SCAF etkileşimlerin doğrudan görselleştirme sağlarlipozomlar katlayın. </li><li> Bir ısıl transfer tüpleri, 37 ° C olarak ayarlanmış ve GTP ve MgCI2 ilave reaksiyonları başlatmak (sırasıyla 1 mM, 2 mM son; hacim = 120 uL). </li><li> İstenen zaman noktalarında (örneğin, t = 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 dakika), Mg + 2 ve kenetlenmesi reaksiyonu durdurmak için 0.5 M EDTA 5 uL ihtiva eden bir mikro-titre plaka çukurlarına reaksiyon 20 ul transfer. </li><li> Sonuçları kalibre etmek için Tampon A + BME içinde KH 2 PO 4 sulandırarak fosfat standartlar kümesi hazırlayın. standartlar yararlı bir dizi 100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 10, 5 ve 0 uM&#39;dir. 0.5 M EDTA 5 uL ihtiva eden çukurlara, her biri 20 uL ekleyin. </li><li> Her bir oyuğa 150 ul malakit yeşil maddesi (1 mM malakit yeşili karbinol, 10 mM amonyum molibdat tetrahidrat, ve 1 N HCl) ekleyin ve OD ilave edildikten sonra 650 5 dakika okuyun. Not: GTP kararsız asittir ve malakit yeşili maddesi varlığında hidrolize olur. Bu t sağlamakmalakit reaktifi ekleme ve okuma arasındaki o zaman tekrarlanabilir sonuçlar sağlamak için sabittir. </li><li> Fosfat konsantrasyonunun bir fonksiyonu olarak aykırı OD 650 işaretlenmesiyle standart bir eğri oluşturur. Bir numunede OD 650 ve fosfat konsantrasyonu arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için lineer regresyon kullanın. </li><li> Doğrusal regresyon kullanılarak uM fosfat protein Reaksiyon numunelerin OD 650 dönüştürün. Zamanın bir fonksiyonu olarak, fosfat konsantrasyon çizilerek her reaksiyon karışımı, fosfat üretimi oranını belirlemek ve Drp1 konsantrasyonu (0.5 uM) ile hızının bölünmesiyle kedi k dönüştürmek. NOT: Sadece ilk doğrusal oran fosfat nesil oranını belirlemek için kullanılması gerektiğini ve 3 veri noktalarının en az kullanılmalıdır. Reaksiyonun oranı, ilk üç veri noktası doğrusal değildir yeterince hızlı olması halinde bir işaret (örneğin, doğrusal bir uyum R2 az 0.9)en az 3 zaman noktaları ile ificantly kısa zaman süreci yapılmalıdır. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A., Poolman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+diffusion+of+membrane+proteins.">Lateral diffusion of membrane proteins.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 131 (35), 12650-12656 (2009).</li><li>Gambin, Y., Reffay, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+of+the+lateral+mobility+of+transmembrane+peptides+with+hydrophobic+mismatch.">Variation of the lateral mobility of transmembrane peptides with hydrophobic mismatch.</a> J Phys Chem. B. 114 (10), 3559-3566 (2010).</li><li>Wilson-Kubalek, E. M., Brown, R. E., Celia, H., Milligan, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+nanotubes+as+substrates+for+helical+crystallization+of+macromolecules.">Lipid nanotubes as substrates for helical crystallization of macromolecules.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 95 (14), 8040-8045 (1998).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu protokol, yekpare zar proteinleri içeren, protein-protein etkileşimlerinin araştırılması için bir yöntem sunmaktadır. modüler lipozom iskele kullanarak, araştırmacılar lipid yakın bir ortamda bir veya daha fazla protein aktivitesini değerlendirmek yeteneğine sahiptirler. 26 - Daha önce yapılan çalışmalar, plazma zarının 24 reseptör enzim için de benzer bir yöntem gösterilmiştir. Biz lipit kofaktör birleştirmek ve mitokondriyal fisyon makine mechanoenzymat...

Zara yakın protein-protein etkileşimlerini incelemek bağlı 1 dahil bütün zar proteinlerinin doğal ortamından yansıtan zorluk zorlu bir çalışmadır. Bu deterjan, çözündürme gerekliliği ve proteoliposomes protein tutarsız yönlendirmesine bağlıdır. Bu sorunları önlemek için amacıyla, bütün zar proteinlerinin çözünür etki His-Tag füzyon proteinleri olarak ifade edilmiştir, burada bir strateji bulunmaktadır ve bu bu çözünür fragmanları lipid de NTA (Ni2 +) ana grupları ile etkileşimler yoluyla iskele lipozomlara tutturulmuş yüzey. Bu iskeleler kullanılarak, lipid yakın protein etkileşimleri, lipid ve protein bileşimlerinin bir aralığı üzerinde araştırılabilir. Biz etkili bu pr modüle lipit etkileşimleri mitokondriyal fisyon kompleksinin montajını yöneten kritik protein-protein etkileşimleri araştırmak ve incelemek için bu yöntemi uyguladıkkapsayabilecektir 2. Mitokondriyal parçalanma sırasında Dynamin-ilişkili protein 1 (Drp1) 3 adı verilen bir korunmuş membran yeniden modelleme proteini, enerji homeostazı, apoptotik sinyali ve diğer birçok düzenleyen hücresel sinyallere yanıt olarak dış mitokondriyal zarın (OMM) yüzeyi için görevlendirilir İntegral mitokondrial süreçler. 8 - Bu büyük, sitozolik GTPaz ayrılmaz OMM proteinleri 4 etkileşim yoluyla mitokondri yüzeyine işe alınır. Bu tür bir protein rolü Mitokondrial Fizyon Faktörü (mff), in vitro olarak Drp1 ile belirgin bir zayıf etkileşim aydınlatmak için zor olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, genetik çalışmalar net bir şekilde mff başarılı bir mitokondriyal fisyon 7,8 için gerekli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu yazıda anlatılan yöntem Drp1-MFF etkileşimleri teşvik eşzamanlı lipit etkileşimleri tanıtarak önceki eksikliklerin üstesinden gelmek başardı. Genel olarak, bu yeni tahlil reveamitokondriyal fisyon kompleksinin montajını rehberlik temel etkileşimleri açtı ve bu temel moleküler makinenin devam eden yapısal ve işlevsel çalışmalar için yeni bir aşama sağladı. Bugüne kadar, Drp1 ve mff arasındaki etkileşimlerin incelenmesi mff 9, esneklikleri ile komplike olan, Drp1 heterojenitesi 2,10 polimerler, ve zorluk arındırıcı ve sağlam bir transmembran alanı 11, tam uzunlukta mff yeniden yapılandırmak. Biz onun transmembran (MffΔTM-His 6) eksik His-etiketli MFF sulandırmak için NTA (Ni 2+) iskele lipozomlar kullanarak bu zorlukların ele. E aşırı ifade edildiğinde MffΔTM derece çözünür olduğunu, bu strateji, avantajlı olmuştur. E. coli ve bu izole protein kolayca iskele lipozomlar üzerinde yeniden çözüldü. Bu lipit şablonlarına gergin olduğunda, MFF membran yüzeyinde aynı, dışa bakan yönünü üstlendi.Bu avantajlar, örneğin kardiyolipin gibi mitokondriyal lipidler, ek olarak, membran 11 mff katlama ve sağlam bir yapıya eklenmiştir. Kardiyolipin de bu bozukluğu bölge stabilize etmek ve fisyon makine aksamını kolaylaştırabilir Drp1 2,12 değişken alanı ile etkileşime girer. Bu sağlam yöntem zara yakın protein etkileşimlerini değerlendirmek istiyoruz gelecek çalışmalar için yaygın olarak uygulanabilir. Ek bağlantısı / afinite etkileşimler kullanımı sayesinde, bu membran yeniden oluşturma çalışmaları sofistike hücreleri içinde membran yüzeyinde bulunan ek karmaşıklık taklit etmek için arttırılabilir. Aynı zamanda, lipid bileşimleri, daha doğru bir şekilde, bu makromoleküler kompleksler doğal ortamları taklit etmek için modifiye edilebilir. Özet olarak, bu yöntem, kritik hücresel proc sırasında membran morfolojileri şekillendirmede göre proteinlerin katkı ve lipidler incelemek için bir araç sağlaresses.

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using scaffold liposomes to reconstitute lipid-proximal protein-protein interactions in vitro

In vitro bütün zar proteinlerinin çalışmalar sıklıkla bir hidrofobik zar geçiş alanına varlığı ile karmaşıktır. Dahası bu çalışmaları komplike, lipozomlar içine deterjan-çözünmüş membran proteinlerinin yeniden birleştirilmesi protein topoloji zorlamak için imkansız bir stokastik süreçtir. Bu kağıt bir lipozom tabanlı iskele kullanan bu zorlu tekniklere alternatif bir yöntem sunuyor. Protein çözünürlüğü transmembran alanının silinmesi ile arttırılır ve bu amino asitler, bir His-etiketi olarak bir bağlama yarımı ile değiştirilir. Bu bağlama Lipozomun yüzeyinde üniform bir protein topoloji zorlar, (nitrilotriasetik asit His-etiketli proteinleri (NTA (Ni2 +)) tarafından koordine Ni 2+) bir ankraj grubu ile etkileşime girer. bütünsel zar proteini, mitokondriyal Fizyon Faktörü (mff) ile Dynamin ilişkili protein 1 (Drp1) arasındaki etkileşim, inve olarak, burada bir örnek sunulmuşturBu yapı iskelesi lipozom yöntemiyle stigated. Bu çalışmada, verimli bir şekilde GTPaz aktivitesi stimüle lipozom yüzeyine çözünebilir Drp1 işe mff yeteneğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, Drp1 belirli lipid mevcudiyetinde mff dekore edilmiş lipit şablonu tubulate edebildi. Bu örnek, yapısal ve işlevsel tahliller kullanılarak iskele lipozomlar etkinliğini göstermektedir ve Drp1 aktivitesinin düzenlenmesinde mff rolü vurgulamaktadır.

Drp1 ve mff arasındaki etkileşim mitokondriyal reaksiyonu için önemli olduğu gösterilmiştir, ancak bu etkileşim, in vitro olarak özetlemek zor olmuştur. Amacımız daha iyi Drp1 ve MFF etkileşim burada hücresel ortamı taklit etmek oldu. Bu amaçla, lipozomlar NTA (Ni2 +) ana grupları arasında sınırlayıcı konsantrasyonlarını ihtiva eden yukarıda tarif edildiği gibi bir lipid filmi rehidre ile hazırlanmıştır. Çözeltisi (Şekil 1a)</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro at JoVE.com

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

This paper describes a method for assessing the interactions and assemblies of integral membrane proteins in vitro with various partner factors in a lipid-proximal environment.

İskele Lipozomlar kullanarak Lipid-proksimal protein-protein etkileşimleri Sulandırın için<em&gt; İn Vitro</em

Studies of integral membrane proteins in vitro are frequently complicated by the presence of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Further complicating ...

using-scaffold-liposomes-to-reconstitute-lipid-proximal-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

8.8K Görüntüleme.  Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. This paper describes a method for assessing the interactions and assemblies of integral membrane proteins in vitro with various partner factors in a lipid-proximal environment. 

Video: Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

Fluorescence Anisotropy as a Tool to Study Protein-protein Interactions

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the function of a living organism. Once an interaction has been identified and validated it is necessary to characterize it at the structural and mechanistic level. Several biochemical and biophysical methods exist for such purpose. Among them, fluorescence anisotropy is a powerful technique particularly used when the fluorescence intensity of a fluorophore-labeled protein remains constant upon protein-protein interaction. In this technique, a fluorophore-labeled protein is excited with vertically polarized light of an appropriate wavelength that selectively excites a subset of the fluorophores according to their relative orientation with the incoming beam. The resulting emission also has a directionality whose relationship in the vertical and horizontal planes defines anisotropy (r) as follows: r=(IVV-IVH)/(IVV+2IVH), where IVV and IVH are the fluorescence intensities of the vertical and horizontal components, respectively. Fluorescence anisotropy is sensitive to the rotational diffusion of a fluorophore, namely the apparent molecular size of a fluorophore attached to a protein, which is altered upon protein-protein interaction. In the present text, the use of fluorescence anisotropy as a tool to study protein-protein interactions was exemplified to address the binding between the protein mutated in the Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SBDS) and the Elongation factor like-1 GTPase (EFL1). Conventionally, labeling of a protein with a fluorophore is carried out on the thiol groups (cysteine) or in the amino groups (the N-terminal amine or lysine) of the protein. However, SBDS possesses several cysteines and lysines that did not allow site directed labeling of it. As an alternative technique, the dye 4&#39;,5&#39;-bis(1,3,2 dithioarsolan-2-yl) fluorescein was used to specifically label a tetracysteine motif, Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys, genetically engineered in the C-terminus of the recombinant SBDS protein. Fitting of the experimental data provided quantitative and mechanistic information on the binding mode between these proteins.

Protein interactions are at the heart of a cell&#39;s function. Calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques are commonly used to characterize them. Here we describe fluorescence anisotropy as a tool to study the interaction between the protein mutated in the Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SBDS) and the Elongation factor-like 1 GTPase (EFL1).

Protein-protein etkileşimleri çalışmak için aracı olarak floresan Anizotropi

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the function of a living organism. Once an interaction has been identified and validated it is ...

Biyokimya

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange (HDX) measured at rapid time scales is uniquely suited to detect structures and hydrogen bonding networks that are briefly populated, allowing for the characterization of transient conformers in native ensembles. Coupling of HDX to mass spectrometry offers several key advantages, including high sensitivity, low sample consumption and no restriction on protein size. This technique has advanced greatly in the last several decades, including the ability to monitor HDX labeling times on the millisecond time scale. In addition, by incorporating the HDX workflow onto a microfluidic platform housing an acidic protease microreactor, we are able to localize dynamic properties at the peptide level. In this study, Time-Resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TRESI-MS) coupled to HDX was used to provide a detailed picture of residual structure in the tau protein, as well as the conformational shifts induced upon hyperphosphorylation.

Conformational flexibility plays a critical role in protein function. Herein, we describe the use of time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to hydrogen-deuterium exchange for probing the rapid structural changes that drive function in ordered and disordered proteins.

Zaman çözülmesi elektro sprey iyonizasyon Hidrojen-döteryum Değişim Kütle Spektrometre Protein Yapısı ve Dinamikleri incelenmesi için

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

Biotinylated Cell-penetrating Peptides to Study Intracellular Protein-protein Interactions

Here we present a protocol to study intracellular protein-protein interactions that is based on the widely used biotin-avidin pull-down system. The modification presented includes the combination of this technique with cell-penetrating sequences. We propose to design cell-penetrating baits that can be incubated with living cells instead of cell lysates and therefore the interactions found will reflect those that occur within the intracellular context. Connexin43 (Cx43), a protein that forms gap junction channels and hemichannels is down-regulated in high-grade gliomas. The Cx43 region comprising amino acids 266-283 is responsible for the inhibition of the oncogenic activity of c-Src in glioma cells. Here we use TAT as the cell-penetrating sequence, biotin as the pull-down tag and the region of Cx43 comprised between amino acids 266-283 as the target to find intracellular interactions in the hard-to-transfect human glioma stem cells. One of the limitations of the proposed method is that the molecule used as bait could fail to fold properly and, consequently, the interactions found could not be associated with the effect. However, this method can be especially interesting for the interactions involved in signal transduction pathways because they are usually carried out by intrinsically disordered regions and, therefore, they do not require an ordered folding. In addition, one of the advantages of the proposed method is that the relevance of each residue on the interaction can be easily studied. This is a modular system; therefore, other cell-penetrating sequences, other tags, and other intracellular targets can be employed. Finally, the scope of this protocol is far beyond protein-protein interaction because this system can be applied to other bioactive cargoes such as RNA sequences, nanoparticles, viruses or any molecule that can be transduced with cell-penetrating sequences and fused to pull-down tags to study their intracellular mechanism of action.

This is a protocol to study intracellular protein-protein interactions based on the biotin-avidin pull-down system with the novelty of combining cell-penetrating sequences. The main advantage is that the target sequence is incubated with living cells instead of cell lysates and therefore the interactions will occur within the cellular context.

İntraselüler Protein-protein etkileşimleri çalışmaya Biotinylated hücre Penetran peptidler

Here we present a protocol to study intracellular protein-protein interactions that is based on the widely used biotin-avidin pull-down system. The ...

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Single-molecule F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has become a widely used biophysical technique to study the dynamics of biomolecules. For many molecular machines in a cell proteins have to act together&#160;with interaction partners in a functional cycle to fulfill their task. The extension of two-color to multi-color smFRET makes it possible to simultaneously probe more than one interaction or conformational change. This not only adds a new dimension to smFRET experiments but it also offers the unique possibility to directly study the sequence of events and to detect correlated interactions when using an immobilized sample and a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM). Therefore, multi-color smFRET is a versatile tool for studying biomolecular complexes in a quantitative manner and in a previously unachievable detail.
Here, we demonstrate how to overcome the special challenges of multi-color smFRET experiments on proteins. We present detailed protocols for obtaining the data and for extracting kinetic information. This includes trace selection criteria, state separation, and the recovery of state trajectories from the noisy data using a 3D ensemble Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Compared to other methods, the kinetic information is not recovered from dwell time histograms but directly from the HMM. The maximum likelihood framework allows us to critically evaluate the kinetic model and to provide meaningful uncertainties for the rates.
By applying our method to the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), we are able to disentangle the nucleotide binding and the global conformational changes of the protein. This allows us to directly observe the cooperativity between the two nucleotide binding pockets of the Hsp90 dimer.

Here, we present a protocol to obtain three-color smFRET data and its analysis with a 3D ensemble Hidden Markov Model. With this approach, scientists can extract kinetic information from complex protein systems, including cooperativity or correlated interactions.

Üç renkli tek molekül FRET Protein etkileşimleri korelasyon çalışma için kullanma

Single-molecule F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has become a widely used biophysical technique to study the dynamics of biomolecules. For ...

Manipulating Living Cells to Construct Stable 3D Cellular Assembly Without Artificial Scaffold

Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer several advantages for the treatment of intractable diseases, and several studies have demonstrated the importance of 3-dimensional (3D) cellular assemblies in these fields. Artificial scaffolds have often been used to construct 3D cellular assemblies. However, the scaffolds used to construct cellular assemblies are sometimes toxic and may change the properties of the cells. Thus, it would be beneficial to establish a non-toxic method for facilitating cell-cell contact. In this paper, we introduce a novel method for constructing stable cellular assemblies by using optical tweezers with dextran. One of the advantages of this method is that it establishes stable cell-to-cell contact within a few minutes. This new method allows the construction of 3D cellular assemblies in a natural hydrophilic polymer and is expected to be useful for constructing next-generation 3D single-cell assemblies in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

We demonstrate a novel method for constructing a single-cell-based 3-dimensional (3D) assembly without an artificial scaffold.

Canlı hücreler yapay iskele olmayan istikrarlı 3D hücresel derleme oluşturmak için değiştirme

Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer several advantages for the treatment of intractable diseases, and several studies have demonstrated the ...

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

With increasing interest in RNA biology and the use of RNA molecules in sophisticated biotechnological applications, the methods to produce large amounts of recombinant RNAs are limited. Here, we describe a protocol to produce large amounts of recombinant RNA in Escherichia coli based on co-expression of a chimeric molecule that contains the RNA of interest in a viroid scaffold and a plant tRNA ligase. Viroids are relatively small, non-coding, highly base-paired circular RNAs that are infectious to higher plants. The host plant tRNA ligase is an enzyme recruited by viroids that belong to the family Avsunviroidae, such as Eggplant latent viroid (ELVd), to mediate RNA circularization during viroid replication. Although ELVd does not replicate in E. coli, an ELVd precursor is efficiently transcribed by the E. coli RNA polymerase and processed by the embedded hammerhead ribozymes in bacterial cells, and the resulting monomers are circularized by the co-expressed tRNA ligase reaching a remarkable concentration. The insertion of an RNA of interest into the ELVd scaffold enables the production of tens of milligrams of the recombinant RNA per liter of bacterial culture in regular laboratory conditions. A main fraction of the RNA product is circular, a feature that facilitates the purification of the recombinant RNA to virtual homogeneity. In this protocol, a complementary DNA (cDNA) corresponding to the RNA of interest is inserted in a particular position of the ELVd cDNA in an expression plasmid that is used, along the plasmid to co-express eggplant tRNA ligase, to transform E. coli. Co-expression of both molecules under the control of strong constitutive promoters leads to production of large amounts of the recombinant RNA. The recombinant RNA can be extracted from the bacterial cells and separated from the bulk of bacterial RNAs taking advantage of its circularity.

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

Here, we present a protocol to produce large amounts of recombinant RNA in Escherichia coli by co-expressing a chimeric RNA that contains the RNA of interest in a viroid scaffold and a plant tRNA ligase. The main product is a circular molecule that facilitates purification to homogeneity.

Escherichia coli içinde Viroid kaynaklı bir sistemi kullanarak dairesel bir iskele üzerinde rekombinant RNA'ların büyük ölçekli üretim

With increasing interest in RNA biology and the use of RNA molecules in sophisticated biotechnological applications, the methods to produce large amounts ...

A Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions at Cell-Cell Contacts

A variety of biological processes involves cell-cell interactions, typically mediated by proteins that interact at the interface between neighboring cells. Of interest, only few assays are capable of specifically probing such interactions directly in living cells. Here, we present an assay to measure the binding of proteins expressed at the surfaces of neighboring cells, at cell-cell contacts. This assay consists of two steps: mixing of cells expressing the proteins of interest fused to different fluorescent proteins, followed by fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy measurements at cell-cell contacts using a confocal laser scanning microscope. We demonstrate the feasibility of this assay in a biologically relevant context by measuring the interactions of the amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) across cell-cell junctions. We provide detailed protocols on the data acquisition using fluorescence-based techniques (scanning fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, cross-correlation number and brightness analysis) and the required instrument calibrations. Further, we discuss critical steps in the data analysis and how to identify and correct external, spurious signal variations, such as those due to photobleaching or cell movement.
In general, the presented assay is applicable to any homo- or heterotypic protein-protein interaction at cell-cell contacts, between cells of the same or different types and can be implemented on a commercial confocal laser scanning microscope. An important requirement is the stability of the system, which needs to be sufficient to probe diffusive dynamics of the proteins of interest over several minutes.

This protocol describes a fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy-based approach to investigate interactions among proteins mediating cell-cell interactions, i.e. proteins localized in cell junctions, directly in living cells. We provide detailed guidelines on instrument calibration, data acquisition and analysis, including corrections to possible artefact sources.

Bir floresan dalgalanma spektroskopisi tahlil Protein-Protein etkileşimlerinin hücre-hücre kişiler

A variety of biological processes involves cell-cell interactions, typically mediated by proteins that interact at the interface between neighboring ...

Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli

Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific mutations in DNA to investigate the interaction between small non-coding ribonucleic acid (sRNA) molecules and target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In addition, site-directed mutagenesis is used to map specific protein binding sites to RNA. A 2-step and 3-step PCR based introduction of mutations is described. The approach is relevant to all protein-RNA and RNA-RNA interaction studies. In short, the technique relies on designing primers with the desired mutation(s), and through 2 or 3 steps of PCR synthesizing a PCR product with the mutation. The PCR product is then used for cloning. Here, we describe how to perform site-directed mutagenesis with both the 2- and 3-step approach to introduce mutations to the sRNA, McaS, and the mRNA, csgD, to investigate RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions. We apply this technique to investigate RNA interactions; however, the technique is applicable to all mutagenesis studies (e.g., DNA-protein interactions, amino-acid substitution/deletion/addition). It is possible to introduce any kind of mutation except for non-natural bases but the technique is only applicable if a PCR product can be used for downstream application (e.g., cloning and template for further PCR).

Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli

Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This protocol describes how to do site-directed mutagenesis with a 2-step and 3-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based approach, which is applicable to any DNA fragment of interest.

Site yönettiği Mutagenesis in Vitro ve Escherichia Coli etkileşimlerde RNA ile örneği Vivo deneyler için

Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific mutations in DNA to investigate the interaction between small non-coding ribonucleic ...

Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA is a novel transcription activator found specifically in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia. Protein pulldown assays using affinity beads have revealed that GrgA binds two &#963; factors, namely &#963;66 and &#963;28, which recognize different sets of promoters for genes whose products are differentially required at developmental stages. We have used BLI to confirm and further characterize the interactions. BLI demonstrates several advantages over pulldown: 1) It reveals real-time association and dissociation between binding partners, 2) It generates quantitative kinetic parameters, and 3) It can detect bindings that pulldown assays often fail to detect. These characteristics have enabled us to deduce the physiological roles of GrgA in gene expression regulation in Chlamydia, and possible detailed interaction mechanisms. We envision that this relatively affordable technology can be extremely useful for studying transcription and other biological processes.

Application of Biolayer Interferometry BLI for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Interactions of transcription factors (TFs) with the RNA polymerase are usually studied using pulldown assays. We apply a Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) technology to characterize the interaction of GrgA with the chlamydial RNA polymerase. Compared to pulldown assays, BLI detects real-time association and dissociation, offers higher sensitivity, and is highly quantitative.

Transkripsiyon protein-protein etkileşimlerini Incelemek için Biolayer Interferometri (BLı) uygulaması

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA ...

Evaluation of Protein&#8211;Protein Interactions using an On-Membrane Digestion Technique

Numerous intracellular proteins physically interact in accordance with their intracellular and extracellular circumstances. Indeed, cellular functions largely depend on intracellular protein&#8211;protein interactions. Therefore, research regarding these interactions is indispensable to facilitating the understanding of physiologic processes. Co-precipitation of associated proteins, followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, enables the identification of novel protein interactions. In this study, we have provided details of the novel technique of immunoprecipitation-liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis combined with on-membrane digestion for the analysis of protein&#8211;protein interactions. This technique is suitable for crude immunoprecipitants and can improve the throughput of proteomic analyses. Tagged recombinant proteins were precipitated using specific antibodies; next, immunoprecipitants blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane pieces were subjected to reductive alkylation. Following trypsinization, the digested protein residues were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Using this technique, we were able to identify several candidate associated proteins. Thus, this method is convenient and useful for the characterization of novel protein&#8211;protein interactions.

Here, we present a protocol for an on-membrane digestion technique for the preparation of samples for mass spectrometry. This technique facilitates the convenient analysis of protein&#8211;protein interactions.

Bir on-membran sindirim tekniği kullanılarak protein-protein etkileşimlerinin değerlendirilmesi

Numerous intracellular proteins physically interact in accordance with their intracellular and extracellular circumstances. Indeed, cellular functions ...

İskele Lipozomlar kullanarak Lipid-proksimal protein-protein etkileşimleri Sulandırın için

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