The authors thank the Canadian Blood Services for a Graduate Fellowship Program Award to T.N.T. This research received financial support from the Canadian Blood Services' Centre for Innovation, funded by the federal government (Health Canada) and the provincial and territorial ministries of health. The views herein do not reflect the views of the federal, provincial, or territorial governments in Canada.

araştırma etik kurulu / kurumsal inceleme kurulu tarafından insan örneklerin kullanımı için onay almak ve tüm insan donörlerden imzalı onayını alın. MMA, aynı zamanda hayvan kullanımı etik onaylandıktan sonra, insan deneyinde benzer şekilde fare PBMC&#39;ler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir. MMA aseptik doku kültürü teknikleri uygulanmaktadır. NOT: Şekil 1&#39;e bakınız. NOT: Biz yöntem yalnızca bir &quot;kısa vadeli&quot; kültür yöntemi olarak, aseptik teknik korumak için tahlil sırasında bir seviye 2 biyosınırlılık kabine kullanımını tavsiye rağmen, bakteri tahlili kirletmesine için gerçekten yeterli zaman yoktur. Bir seviye 2 biyosınırlılık kabine var, yerine sadece bu deney için bir tane satın almaz, bu nedenle, tahlil açık bankta, bir biyosınırlılık kabine dışında gerçekleştirilebilir. % 5 CO2 içeren bir 37 ° C kuluçka makinesi kullanımı, bununla birlikte, bir seçenek değildir ve kullanılmalıdıren iyi sonuçlar. 1. Periferik Kan Mononükleer Hücre İzolasyon <ol><li> sağlıklı bir donörün ya da asit sitrat dekstroz (ACD) antikoagülan (sarı-kapaklı) ihtiva eden Vacutainers kullanılarak venipunktür yoluyla bir hastanın insan tam kan alınmasıdır. Not: Tam kan bir sonraki aşamada 11 geçmeden önce 36 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında (18-22 ° C), ACD saklanabilir. Normal olarak, tam kan Ekim 1-2 mL&#39;lik boşaylı tüpler deneyi için yeterlidir. </li><li> Tam Kan 1 seyreltilir: 1 h / (% 10 fetal bovin serumu, 20 mM HEPES, ve 0.01 mg / ml gentamisin ile takviye edilmiş RPMI-1640), sıcak tam RPMI ortamında h. </li><li> Üretici tarafından tavsiye edilen şekilde yoğunluk gradyan santrifüj ile seyreltildi tam kandan periferal kan mononükleer hücreleri (PBMC), izole (Malzeme listesine bakınız). yoğunluk gradyanı üzerinde çok yavaş seyreltilmiş kan tabakanın (oda sıcaklığı, 18-22 ° C sıcaklığa getirilmiştir). NOT: Mixi miktarını en aza indirindikkatli bir şekilde damla damla kan karışımı katman veya bir pipet kullanarak kan uygun ayrılması için arayüzde ng. <ol><li> Kan karışımı yavaş yavaş yoğunluk gradyanı yakın pipet ucu yerleştirerek ve çok yavaş tüp tarafı aşağı çalıştırmak için kan karışımı sağlayarak yoğunluk gradyanı üst üzerinde katman izin verin. </li><li> 50 mL deney ölçekli tabaka kan (15 ml tüp içinde) yoğunluk gradyanı 3 mL üstünde karışımı ya da katmanın yoğunluğu gradyanı (15 mL üstünde kan karışımı 35 mL ve 10 mL bağlı olarak tüp). Tipik olarak, tam kan, 10 ml bir verici-to-verici varyasyon ile 10.000.000 PBMC&#39;ler verir. NOT: Bu yoğunluk gradyanı ile kan karışımının karıştırma olduğu çok önemlidir. Kan karışımı yoğunluk gradiyenti üzerinde katman ve tüm kan yoğunluğu degrade üstünde olana kadar yavaş yavaş artacaktır. </li><li> Frensiz 30 dakika boyunca 700 xg&#39;de katmanlı karışımı santrifüj. centrPlazma, ince beyaz tabaka (PBMC ihtiva eden), yoğunluk gradyanlı malzemesi, granülositler ve eritrosit: ifuged karışımı (üstten alta doğru) 5 katmanlara ayrılması gerekir. </li><li> Çıkarın ve plazma çoğunluğu atmak ve dikkatli bir Pasteur pipeti ve bir emme ampul kullanarak yeni bir 15-ml tüp içine buffy coat (hücre) içerik alın. Not: ince beyaz tabaka tabakasının kaldırılması etkili tabakasının dış çevresinde dairesel bir hareketle gerçekleştirirken tüpün karşısında pipet ucu ile, Pasteur pipeti ile emme uygulanması ile yapılır. </li></ol></li><li> yıkama arasında (tam fren ile), 10 dakika boyunca 350 x g&#39;de santrifüj izole edilen PBMC, pH 7.3 fosfat tamponlu tuz (PBS) içinde üç kez yıkanır. tam RPMI ortamı içinde PBMC topağı sulandırın. pelet boyutuna bağlı olarak, orta 3-7 ml yeterlidir. </li><li> tripan mavisi ve hemasitometre kullanarak PBMC güvenin. Sadece tripan mavisi ile boyanan edilmeyen hücreleri saymak. Reconstituttam RPMI ortamı içinde 1.750.000 hücre / ml e PBMC&#39;ler. </li><li> 8 bölmeli sürgünün her oyuğuna Tohum 400 uL (700,000 hücre). 37 ° C, tamamen nemlendirilmiş bir doku kültürü inkübatörü içinde inkübe slayt monosit / makrofajlar yapışmasının sağlanması için 1 saat süre ile (% 5 CO2 ile takviye edilmiş). </li></ol> Yapıştırılır Monositler 2. Ön arıtma NOT: fagositozu inhibe veya geliştirmek için yollar arıyor Bu adım gereklidir. <ol><li> Ön muamele çıkar ilaç (lar) ya da bileşim (ler) ile birlikte monosit yapıştırılır. tam RPMI ortamı kullanılarak istenen konsantrasyona ilaç (lar) veya diğer test malzemesi sulandırın. Not: Örneğin, IVIG, 200 ug / mL, genellikle insan monositlerini kullanıldığında fagositoz bir% 95-100 inhibisyonunu elde etmek için kullanılır. </li><li> Aspire (adım 1.6) sonra 1 saatlik inkübasyondan sonra, 8 bölmeli slayt herhangi yıkanarak yapışmayan hücreler ihtiva eden üst sıvıyı atmak ve. 400 ile değiştirinBir ilaç veya başka bir tedavi uL 37 ° C &#39;de 1 saat süre ile inkübe edilir. <ol><li> aspirasyon ve 8 bölmeli slayt çözümler değiştirirken, zayıf yapışmış hücreler kaldırın yok ki sıvıların akışını kontrol etmek emin olun. Ayrıca, bir seferde sadece 2-3 boş kuyular ile çalışmak ve kuyu kurumasını önlemek. Not: Genellikle, her bir tedavi, teknik üç kez gerçekleştirilir. </li></ol></li></ol> R 3. Opsonizasyon 2 R 2 Kırmızı Kan Hücreleri Not: Burada kullanılan R2 R2 kan toplama merkezinde (Kanada Kan Hizmetleri) elde edilmiştir, ancak aynı zamanda ticari olarak temin edilebilir. Opsonize R2 R2 eritrosit FcyR aracılı fagositozu için bir pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılır. Naif R2 R2 1 aya kadar 4 ° C &#39;de Alsever çözeltisi (uzatmak için, raf ömrü) saklanmalıdır. Alsever çözeltisi içinde yapılan ve 0.8 oluşmaktadırAğ / hac% trisodyum sitrat (dihidrat), ağ% 1.9 / hac dekstroz, ağ% 0.42 / hac sodyum klorür ve% 0.05 w / h sitrik asit (monohidrat) w. R2 eşittir R ise 2 hücreleri, R1 R2, 1 R1, R1 R, ya da R 2R, kullanılabilir diğer Rh fenotiplenir hücreleri, mevcut değildir. <ol><li> Yıkama R2 R2 (CDE / CDE) PBS içinde kırmızı kan hücreleri, her biri 5 dakika 350 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile üç kez olmak üzere toplam. NOT: Gerekli eritrosit miktarı deneysel büyüklüğüne bağlıdır ve arka hesaplanmış olabilir. Eritrositler bağlı liziz veya yüzer çıkarılması sırasında, her yıkama sırasında kaybolur yana zaman, eritrosit aşırı miktarda yıkayın. Örneğin, teknik üç kez yapılan 5 tedavileri ve 2 kontrolleri, tüm bir deneyde, 21 kuyu toplam vardır. 400 uL / ​​oyuk, 1.25% eritrosit karışımı ile 21 kuyu paketlenmiş 105 uL, RBC gerekli opsonize gösterir. 200 RBC ul başlangıçta yıkanmalıdır ve 150 &amp; #181 L fagositoz adım için eritrosit yeterli bir miktarda olduğundan emin olmak için opsonize edilmelidir. </li><li> 1 ile yıkandı, R2 R2 pelet opsonize: insan serumundan 1 h / h poliklonal anti-D antikorları ve aralıklı karıştırma ile, 37 ° C&#39;de 1 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. Not: poliklonal anti-D antikorları mevcut değilse, ticari olarak temin edilebilir monoklonal anti-D antikoru, ya da kan bankaları ve nakli yoluyla elde edilebilir, normal olarak Rh bağışıklık profilaksisi için kullanılan anti-D, kullanmak mümkündür Hizmetler. tahlil kurarken, ve un-titre poliklonal antikorların çok geçiş ne zaman ya da bir monoklonal antikor geçiş Optimizasyon test, başında yapılmalıdır. Bu bir antiglobulin testi 3+ ile 4 + ve sayılan 100 monositler başına 70-90 arasında fagosite RBCs bir fagositoz sonucu (IAT) sonuç için gerekli optimal konsantrasyonunu veya anti-D hacmini tespit etmektir. </li><li> opsonize yıkayınD R2 R2 her biri 5 dakika 350 x g&#39;de santrifüj kullanılarak PBS içinde üç kez olmak üzere toplam. Not: R 2 R2 başarılı opsonizasyon dolaylı IAT&#39;yi gerçekleştirerek kontrol edilebilir. Kısaca, sekonder poliklonal anti-insan antikorları, RBC yüzeylerde primer opsonizasyon antikorların bağlandığı ilave edilir ve yükseltilmiş sinyal hemaglütinasyon şeklinde gözlenebilir. Ayrıntılı bir üretici protokolü ek malzemeler dosyasında bulunabilir. </li><li> % 1.25 hacim / hacim tam RPMI ortamı kullanılarak yıkanarak R2 R2 pelet sulandırın. Not: Aşırı opsonize edilmiş R2 R2, bir haftaya kadar 4 ° C &#39;de Alsever çözeltisi içindeki saklanabilir. </li></ol> 4. Fc reseptör aracılı fagositoz <ol><li> 8 bölmeli slayt ilaç veya orta süpernatan aspire ve% 1.25 hacim / hacim R2 R2 kanşımı 400 uL ekleyin. 2 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> kıçtaer inkübasyon 2 saat, üreticinin adaptörler kullanarak odaları kaldırın. Bir kağıt havlu üzerine aşırı R2 R 2 kapalı hafifçe sürün. slayt kurumasına olmadığından emin olun. </li><li> PBS ile 100 ml beher doldurun. Batmak ve yavaş yavaş un-fagosite R2 R2 çoğunluğu kaldırmak için ileri ve geri (30-40 vuruş civarında) slayt hareket ettirerek slayt yıkayın. </li><li> PBS slaytı çıkarın. Bir kağıt havlu ya da doku ve kullanarak aşırı PBS kapalı ıslatın slayt hava-kurutun. </li><li> 45 sn için% 100 metanol hava ile kurutulmuş slayt düzeltildi. Ardından, sabit slayt hava kurutun. NOT: Slaytlar gibi Grünwald-Giemsa 21 veya Wright-Giemsa 22 olarak, aşağı boyanması için daha uyumlu başka bir yöntemi kullanarak tespit edilebilir. </li><li> Bir Elvanol montaj orta (veya başka bir piyasada mevcut montaj orta) ev yapımı-ve eklemek lamelleri kullanarak slayt monte edin. NOT: Elvanol montaj orta / h po ağırlık% 15 oluşurPBS lyvinyl alkol reçinesi ve% 30 hac / hac gliserin. Bütün reçine eridikten kadar karışım ısıtıldı ve gliserin berrak bir karışım. Bu, diğer ticari olarak temin edilebilen montaj ortamı ile ikame edilmiş olabilir. </li><li> montaj ölçümü gecede önce kurumasını bekleyin. </li></ol> Fagositoz 5. Niceleme <ol><li> Bir faz-kontrast mikroskop ve 40X objektif lens kullanarak el ile en az 200 monositler ve bu monositler içinde fagosite R2 R2 sayısının sayılmasıyla fagositik etkinlik miktarını ölçmek. Aynı anda monosit sayısını ve fagosite R2 R2 sayısını ölçmek için her el bir sayaç var. </li><li> Monositler sayısına göre fagosite R2 R2 sayısına bölünmesiyle ve 100 Express ortalama (SEM) ortalama ± standart sapma olarak veri (ortalama fagositik indeks) ile çarparak ortalama fagositik indeksi edinin. </li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

MMA doku kültürü ve mikroskopi hem de uzmanlık gerektiren zahmetli bir tekniktir. başarı sağlamak için birkaç kritik adımlar vardır: monosit tek tabaka 1) nesil; RBCs 2) opsonizasyon, ve 3) manuel miktar. Monosit tek tabakalı odası slayt çok güçlü bir şekilde bağlı değildir, bu yüzden, fizyolojik pH tahlilinde 11 boyunca muhafaza edilmesi ve PBMC yeterli sayıda tohumlanır edilmelidir. yapıştırılır hücreleri bozacağı Dinç pipetleme, kaçınılmalıdır. Bir yaklaşım her zaman kaldırmak ve odanın aynı köşesinden çözümler ekleyebilir ve hareket yavaş ve istikrarlı olmasını sağlamak için olmaktır. Benzer şekilde, fazla RBC çıkarmak için son yıkama aşaması sırasında, hareket yavaş ve sabit olmalıdır. hala un-fagosite eritrosit çoğunluğunu kaldırılırken Bu tek tabaka minimal rahatsızlık sağlar. Yetersiz yıkama manuel nereye yapar kirlenmesine eritrosit yüksek arka plan yol açacaktırntification zor. İkinci olarak, R2 R2 eritrosit yeterli fagositoz kontrolü için 80-120 arasında bir ortalama fagositik endeksi elde etmek için opsonize gerekmektedir. Bu istenen fagositik aralığı sayma kolaylığı arasında bir denge ve istatistiksel analiz için fagositoz yeterli miktarda muhafaza (örneğin, 5&#39;ten fazla olan monositler eritrositler doğru ölçmek zordur fagosite). opsonızasyonu derecesi bir IAT tarafından teyit edilebilir ve 4+ için 3+ arasında bir okuma gereklidir. 2 eritrosit var yüzer koyu kırmızı olduğunda, yıkama sırasında aşırı liziz, ya da atılmalıdır R 2R fagositoz önemli bir azalma nedeniyle depolama hücrelerinin yaşlanmaya deneylerde zaman. laboratuar personeli arasındaki ve deneyler arasındaki sayıları karşılaştırarak özellikle Son olarak, mikroskop kullanarak manuel miktar yanıltıcı olabilir. her bir aynı alan inceleyerek, ya da sadece daha fazla hücre sayılarak, Daha tutarlı bir sayısı elde edilebilir. deneyimli bir teknisyen ve eğitim slaytları belirli bir dizi kullanımı ile yan-yana eğitim tavsiye edilir. MMA önemli bir eleştiri manuel miktar adım öznellik olduğunu. Ancak, yeterli eğitim, tutarlılık farklı sayaçlar üzerinden elde edilebilir. Başka bir sınırlama insan örnekleri ile ilgili veri varyasyon kaynağıdır 2 R 2 yüzey antijeni ifade seviyeleri, monosit fagositik yeteneklerine ve Ar içsel donör için-donör farklılıklarıdır. Diğer alternatif teknikler FcyR aracılı fagositozu incelenmesi için kullanılabilir. Ticari kitler çoğunluğu fagositoz izlemek için flüoresan çıkış kullanır (örneğin, bioparticles, pH&#39;a duyarlı floresan proteini veya IgG-etiketli floresan lateks boncuk). Floresan çıkış kullanımı daha objektif ölçümü teklif yok, ama bir de con gerekiyorbir flüoresan mikroskop ya da bir akış sitometresinde yanı sıra ticari olarak temin edilebilen kitler üzerine takip eden bağımlı kullanımı ile ortaya çıkan durumu, maliyet ve eğitim sider. Son olarak, bu deney, bir araştırma söz bağlı olarak değiştirilebilir. Fagositoz ilaç engellenmesini test ederken, örneğin, monositler ön tedavi edilebilir ya da ilaç ve opsonize edilmiş RBCs (yani, bir rekabet deneyi) her ikisi ile ko-inkübe edilmiştir. farklı alt kimerik antikorlar veya yeniden birleştirici yapıları antikorların aşağı doğru sinyal de test edilebilir. Evrensel bir antijen boş kanın 24 gelişiminde son buluşlarla, MMA fagositoz tetikleyen bir alçaltılmış etkinliği gerçekten var olup olmadığını değerlendirmek için çeşitli antikorlar ile bu antijen boş RBCs ilk ekranlarında yararlanılabilir.

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay originally developed to better predict blood transfusion outcomes in patients with auto- or alloantibodies to red blood cells (RBCs)1-5. By assessing the effect of anti-RBC antibodies in mediating Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis using this in vitro assay, it is possible to predict the clinical outcome in vivo. Indeed, the MMA has been used successfully to avoid immune destruction of antibody-bound RBCs, despite the transfusion of serologically incompatible blood5. The typical pre-transfusion procedure for compatibility testing, also termed crossmatching, involves serological methods that include typing the patient's blood for ABO and Rh antigens and screening for the presence of anti-RBC antibodies in the patient6. Blood matched for ABO/Rh is selected, and if antibodies are present, an attempt to identify them is made so that blood for transfusion can be further selected to avoid these antigens. An ideal crossmatch result occurs when all donor blood is serologically compatible with the patient's blood, which reduces the risk of post-transfusion hemolysis7. However, this system falls short for the small group of patients who have become alloimmunized upon repeated transfusion or pregnancy. These patients produce alloantibodies against specific RBC antigens. Some produce antibodies to antigens of very high frequency in the general population, and thus become progressively more difficult to crossmatch8,9. Adding to the complexity, not all alloantibodies are clinically significant; in other words, the binding of an alloantibody to RBCs detected by a serology test does not necessarily result in hemolysis when antigen-positive, incompatible blood is transfused. The MMA was originally developed to assess the potential clinical significance of serologically incompatible blood in a transfusion setting1-5.
Since extravascular hemolysis of antibody-bound RBCs is known to be mediated by the mononuclear phagocyte system, primary monocytes/macrophages are utilized in the development of diagnostic assays. The first assay to study the interaction of monocytes, RBCs, and antibodies was published in 1975, but the sub-optimal conditions used led only to rosette formation (the binding of RBCs to the periphery of the monocyte), and no phagocytosis was observed10. Significant modifications to the assay were made by several groups, leading to an assay for which the level of phagocytosis of alloantibody-bound RBCs could be correlated to the clinical outcome of hemolysis1-5. Recently, the optimal storage conditions of clinical samples and further optimization of assay conditions were examined to enhance the utility of a clinical MMA crossmatch using autologous patient samples11.
Three other diagnostic techniques have been employed in addition to the MMA in predicting transfusion outcomes: the 51Cr release test, the rosette test, and the chemiluminescence test (CLT). In the 51Cr release test, the patient is injected with 51Cr-labeled donor RBCs, and the half-life of the labeled RBCs is monitored and is predictive of post-transfusion survival or clearance12,13. As this method uses radioactive materials, it is rarely performed anymore. The rosette test involves mixing and incubating monocytes with RBCs and quantifying the level of rosette formation (with no phagocytosis)14. The clinical significance of antibodies in vivo involves active phagocytosis by macrophages found in the spleen and/or the liver; thus, this method does not provide a relevant readout of phagocytosis. The CLT uses luminol to monitor the oxidative burst during monocyte phagocytosis of RBC, since luminol fluoresces blue when oxidized in the phagosome15. This method is good, but contamination by neutrophils can confound the readout. Parallel comparisons have been made to evaluate the sensitivity, practicality, and reproducibility of the four available methods, and both the CLT and MMA were ranked superior16. However, the CLT has been mainly utilized in assessing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), and the assay's optimal pH of 8.0 might compromise the level of phagocytosis11.
In addition to its diagnostic and clinical utility, the MMA has been modified for other research purposes. Indeed, the MMA can not only serve as a functional assay to address discrepancies between serology and biology, it has also been used to retrospectively investigate the cause of hemolysis after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy17. It has also been used to examine the structure-function of chemical inhibitors of Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis18-20 and to study the downstream signaling of Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis21. In our laboratory, in addition to using a human MMA, we are developing a murine MMA using primary mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and autologous RBCs. The rationale is to screen antibodies that can induce Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis as an intermediate to developing an in vivo autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) mouse model (unpublished data). The various modifications focus on different aspects of the IgG antibody and Fc&#947;R interaction that induce phagocytosis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1148">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) vacutainers</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">REF364606</td>
			<td style="width:405px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>HEP003.100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Multicell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">080150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15710-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:395px;">Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">17-1440-03</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.gelifesciences.com/">https://www.gelifesciences.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">8-chamber slides</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Lab-Tek-ll</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">154534</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:395px;">R2R2 (cDE/cDE) red blood cells&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Canadian Blood Services</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Commercially available (e.g. http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/product/reagent-red-blood-cells)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:395px;">Polyclonal anti-D from human serum</td>
			<td>Gamma Biologics</td>
			<td>DIN 02247724</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with commercially available monoclonal anti-D or with Rh immune globulin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">100% methanol</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Caledon</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6700-1-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Polyvinyl alcohol resin</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P8136</td>
			<td>Can be substituted with commercially available mount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">UltraPure glycerine</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15514-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">48366 067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Novaclone anti-IgG</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Immucorgamma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">5461023</td>
			<td>Optional for IAT (http://www.fda.gov/downloads/biologicsbloodvaccines/.../ucm081743.pdf)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a monocyte monolayer assay to evaluate fc&#947; receptor-mediated phagocytosis

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express Fc&#947;Rs (e.g., Fc&#947;RI, Fc&#947;RIIA, Fc&#947;RIIB, and Fc&#947;RIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of Fc&#947;R-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate Fc&#947;Rs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo Fc&#947;R-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of Fc&#947;R-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.

Şekil 1, yukarıda belirtilen prosedür çok önemli adımı takip ederek, MMA tekrarlanabilir gerçekleştirilebilir. IVIG, Şekil 2&#39;de fagositoz engellenmesi için bir örnek olarak kullanılmıştır. IVIG, böylece fagositoz alt sonucu inhibe bağlanan ve Fc reseptörleri bloke bilinmektedir. Kullanılan IVIG miktarının titre edilmesiyle, doza bağlı bir inhibisyon hangi / ml Tüm (Şekil 2A) olarak inhibe etmedi / mL 0.5 ug altında% 100 inhibisyon yakındır ve konsantrasyonlarına yol 200 ug üzerindeki konsantrasyonlarda, görülmektedir. Fagositik endeksler dönüştürülmüş ve% 0 inhibisyon / ml belirlenebilir 3 ug bir IC50 (Şekil 2B) olan bir inhibisyon eğrisi olarak R2 R2 pozitif kontrol normalize edildiğinde. Sürekli tahlili gerçekleştirmek ek olarak quantificaDeneyin tion bazen zor olabilir. Şekil 3, çeşitli MMA slaytların faz-kontrast mikroskobu görüntüleri topluluğudur. Mikroskopi tecrübesi ile, biri kirletici RBC (Şekil 3B), ya da bir fagosite RBC (Şekil 3B) bir vakuol bir monosit ayırt edebilirsiniz. Hücreler ve / veya kalıntı yoğun kümeleri miktar (Şekil 3E ve F) sırasında kaçınılmalıdır. Ayrıca, bir kaçının aşırı opsonizasyon monosit iç overcrowds ve doğru miktarının (Şekil 3C) müdahale artan fagositoz yol açacak R2 R 2 RBC. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55039/55039fig1.jpg" /> MMA 1. şematik diyagramı Şekil. MMA önemli adımlardan bir adım adım tasviri: tam kandan PBMC izole yapıştırılmış monocyt beslemeopsonize R2 R2, ve oda slaytlar yıkama ile es. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55039/55039fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55039/55039fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2. İntravenöz IgG (IVIG) MMA kullanılarak in vitro fagositozu inhibe eder. IVIG fagositosisi bastırmak bilinmektedir ve insan MMA bir inhibisyon kontrolü olarak kullanılmıştır. Muamele edilmemiş R2 R2 kontrolle kıyaslandığında IVIG (A) titrasyon fagositoz doza bağlı olarak önlenmesi ile sonuçlandı. Sonuçlar ortalama n = 3 deney (SEM) ortalama ± standart sapma göstermektedir. Istatistiksel analiz Student t-testi kullanılarak yapılmıştır: ** p≤0.01 ve *** p≤0.001. (B) bir IC50 O ile IVIG önleme eğrisiF 3 ug / ml (kesikli çizgi). Sonuçlar işlenmemiş R2 R2 (% 0 inhibisyon) normalize verileri gösterir; n = 3 deney ortalama ± SEM. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55039/55039fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/55039/55039fig3.jpg" /> 40X büyütme altında örnek slaytlar Şekil 3. Faz-kontrast mikroskobu görüntüleri. (A) monositler arka plan (beyaz oklar) çok az kirletici, un-fagosite R2 R2 ile, ortalama (ayırt edici bir hale ışıltı ile siyah oklar) 1-2 R 2 R 2 fagosite ettiği mükemmel slayt. Fagosite R2 R2 için yanlış olabilir bu slaytta gösterildiği gibi (B), monositler bazen genişlemiş olması vakuoller (beyaz oklar). (C &lt;/ strong&gt;) fazla 4-5 R 2 monosit başına R2 (siyah oklar fagosite, opsonize aşırı R2 R2 olmuştur zaman) R2 2 monosit ve farklı hücre içinde kalabalık beri doğru, zor sayma hale sınırları ayırt edilemez. (D) slayt yetersiz yıkama yapıştırılır eritrosit için yanlış olabilir bol R2 R2 kontaminasyon (beyaz oklar) yol açar. (E) Bazen, monositler ve kirletici eritrositler kümeleri oluşturabilir. Kümeler de kaçınılmalıdır bakteri kontaminasyonu, gösterir. (F) monositler miktarının esnasında önüne geçilmesi gerekmektedir daha büyük agregalar oluşturabilirler. görüntülemek için alanları rasgele seçim kullanarak, panel A MMA düzgün yapılmış ise genellikle gözlenmektedir budur. Ölçek çubuğu 20 mm. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55039/55039fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Lütfen buraya tıklayınız</a>Bu rakamın büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate FcÃŽÂ³ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis at JoVE.com

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay that utilizes isolated primary monocytes obtained from mammalian peripheral whole blood to evaluate Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis.

Bir Monosit Tek tabakalı Testi Kullanımı Fcy reseptör aracılı fagositoz değerlendirin

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly ...

use-monocyte-monolayer-assay-to-evaluate-fc-receptor-mediated

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Toronto. The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay that utilizes isolated primary monocytes obtained from mammalian peripheral whole blood to evaluate Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis.

Video: Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Fare Uygulama M hücreleri tarafından Bakteriyel Alımı değerlendirin Peyer Patch Bağırsak Loop Testi bağlandı

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Use of Interferon-&gamma; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

A protocol has been developed to overcome the difficulties of isolating and characterizing rare T cells specific for pathogens, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), that cause localized infections. The steps involved are identifying region(s) of HPV proteins that contain T-cell epitope(s) from a subject, selecting for the peptide-specific T cells based on interferon-&gamma; (IFN-&gamma;) secretion, and growing and characterizing the T-cell clones (Fig. 1). Subject 1 was a patient who was recently diagnosed with a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion by biopsy and underwent loop electrical excision procedure for treatment on the day the T cells were collected1. A region within the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) E6 and E7 proteins which contained a T-cell epitope was identified using an IFN- g enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay performed with overlapping synthetic peptides (Fig. 2). The data from this assay were used not only to identify a region containing a T-cell epitope, but also to estimate the number of epitope specific T cells and to isolate them on the basis of IFN- &gamma; secretion using commercially available magnetic beads (CD8 T-cell isolation kit, Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA). The selected IFN-&gamma; secreting T cells were diluted and grown singly in the presence of an irradiated feeder cell mixture in order to support the growth of a single T-cell per well. These T-cell clones were screened using an IFN- &gamma; ELISPOT assay in the presence of peptides covering the identified region and autologous Epstein-Barr virus transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs, obtained how described by Walls and Crawford)2 in order to minimize the number of T-cell clone cells needed. Instead of using 1 x 105 cells per well typically used in ELISPOT assays1,3, 1,000 T-cell clone cells in the presence of 1 x 105 autologous LCLs were used, dramatically reducing the number of T-cell clone cells needed. The autologous LCLs served not only to present peptide antigens to the T-cell clone cells, but also to keep a high cell density in the wells allowing the epitope-specific T-cell clone cells to secrete IFN-&gamma;. This assures successful performance of IFN-&gamma; ELISPOT assay. Similarly, IFN- &gamma; ELISPOT assays were utilized to characterize the minimal and optimal amino acid sequence of the CD8 T-cell epitope (HPV 16 E6 52-61 FAFRDLCIVY) and its HLA class I restriction element (B58). The IFN- &gamma; ELISPOT assay was also performed using autologous LCLs infected with vaccinia virus expressing HPV 16 E6 or E7 protein. The result demonstrated that the E6 T-cell epitope was endogenously processed. The cross-recognition of homologous T-cell epitope of other high-risk HPV types was shown. This method can also be used to describe CD4 T-cell epitopes4.

Use of Interferon-&#947; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Characterizing T-cell epitopes of pathogens that cause localized infections such as human papillomavirus is a challenge because of limited number of T cells in circulation. A method is described in which rare T cells were isolated and were characterized starting with a very small number of cells.

Human Papillomavirüs Roman T hücre epitopları Karakterizasyonu için interferon-γ Enzim bağlı immünospot Assay Kullanımı

A protocol has been developed to overcome the difficulties of isolating and characterizing rare T cells specific for pathogens, such as human ...

A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells3-5. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator &#946;-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells6, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies1. Originally published by Naal et al.1, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease7-11, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function2. In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using &#949;280 = 4,200 L/M/cm)12. This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.

Mast cell degranulation, the release of allergic mediators, is important in allergy, asthma, and parasite defense. Here we demonstrate techniques1 for assessing effects of drugs and toxicants on degranulation, methodology recently utilized to exhibit the powerful inhibitory effect of antibacterial agent triclosan2.

Organik Solvent kullanımı olmadan Triklosan Etkileri: RBL-2H3 Mast Hücre Degranülasyon üzerinde kimyasal etkileri değerlendirmek için bir Mikroplaka Testi

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a ...

Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

Granulocytes play a key role in the body&#8217;s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte function, in general these are limited in terms of the information they can provide. For example, most existing assays merely provide a percentage of how many granulocytes are activated following a single, fixed length incubation. Complicating matters, most assays focus on only one aspect of function due to limitations in detection technology. This report demonstrates a technique for simultaneous measurement of granulocyte phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. By measuring both of these functions at the same time, three unique phenotypes of activated granulocytes were identified: 1) Low Activation (minimal phagocytosis, no oxidative burst), 2) Moderate Activation (moderate phagocytosis, some oxidative burst, but no co-localization of the two functional events), and 3) High Activation (high phagocytosis, high oxidative burst, co-localization of phagocytosis and oxidative burst). A fourth population that consisted of inactivated granulocytes was also identified. Using assay incubations of 10, 20, and 40-min the effect of assay incubation duration on the redistribution of activated granulocyte phenotypes was assessed. A fourth incubation was completed on ice as a control. By using serial time incubations, the assay may be able to able to detect how a treatment spatially affects granulocyte function. All samples were measured using an image-based flow cytometer equipped with a quantitative imaging (QI) option, autosampler, and multiple lasers (488, 642, and 785 nm).

Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

This method demonstrates a technique for assessing granulocyte function by simultaneously measuring phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. Image-based flow cytometry allowed for the identification of three distinct subsets of activated granulocytes that all differed in their relative functional capacity.

Görüntü tabanlı Sitometrisi Tekniği Granülosit Fonksiyonu Değişiklikleri değerlendirin<em&gt; İn Vitro</em

Granulocytes play a key role in the body&#8217;s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte ...

Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides the necessary methodology to add this assay to an exercise immunology arsenal. The first step in this assay is to prepare two aliquots ("H" and "F") of whole blood (heparin). Then, dihydroethidium is added to the H aliquot, and both aliquots are incubated in a warm water bath followed by a cold water bath. Next, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is added to the H aliquot and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled S. aureus is added to the F aliquot (bacteria:phagocyte = 8:1), and both aliquots are incubated in a warm water bath followed by a cold water bath. Then, trypan blue is added to each aliquot to quench extracellular fluorescence, and the cells are washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Next, the red blood cells are lysed, and the white blood cells are fixed. Finally, a flow cytometer and appropriate analysis software are used to measure granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and OB activity. This assay has been used for over 20 years. After heavy and prolonged exertion, athletes experience a significant but transient increase in phagocytosis and an extended decrease in OB activity. The post-exercise increase in phagocytosis is correlated with inflammation. In contrast to normal weight individuals, granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis is chronically elevated in overweight and obese participants, and is modestly correlated with C-reactive protein. In summary, this flow cytometry-based assay measures the phagocytosis and OB activity of phagocytes and can be used as an additional measure of exercise- and obesity-induced inflammation.

The purpose of this manuscript is to present a method for measuring monocyte and granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in human blood samples.

İnsan Kanı Ölçüm Granülosit ve Monosit Fagositoz ve Oksidatif Burst Etkinlik

The granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst (OB) activity assay can be used to study the innate immune system. This manuscript provides ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and pathogenesis of inflammation. Isolation and study of DCs have been important in biological research because of their distinctive features. Although they are essential key mediators of the immune system, DCs are very rare in blood, accounting for approximately 0.1 - 1% of total blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, alternatives for isolation methods rely on the differentiation of DCs from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The utilization of proper isolation techniques that combine simplicity, affordability, high purity, and high yield of cells is imperative to consider. In the current study, two distinct methods for the generation of DCs will be compared. Monocytes were selected by adherence or negatively enriched using magnetic separation procedure followed by differentiation into DCs with IL-4 and GM-CSF. Monocyte and MDDC viability, proliferation, and phenotype were assessed using viability dyes, MTT assay, and CD11c/ CD14 surface marker analysis by imaging flow cytometry. Although the magnetic separation method yielded a significant higher percentage of monocytes with higher proliferative capacity when compared to the adhesion method, the findings have demonstrated the ability of both techniques to simultaneously generate monocytes that are capable of proliferating and differentiating into viable CD11c+ MDDCs after seven days in culture. Both methods yielded &gt; 70% CD11c+ MDDCs. Therefore, our results provide insights that contribute to the development of reliable methods for isolation and characterization of human DCs.

This study compares two different methods of human monocyte isolation for obtaining in vitro dendritic cells (DCs). Monocytes are selected by adherence or negatively enriched by magnetic separation. Monocyte yield and viability along with MDDC viability, proliferation and CD11c/CD14 surface marker expression will be compared between both methods.

Görüntüleme Sitometrisi ile İnsan Monosit türetilmiş dendritik hücrelerle Karakterizasyonu: İki Monosit İzolasyon Protokoller Arasında Bir Karşılaştırma

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and ...

Use of the Soft-agar Overlay Technique to Screen for Bacterially Produced Inhibitory Compounds

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, including work with bacteriophages and bacteriocins, proteinaceous antibacterial agents. This approach is relatively inexpensive, with minimal resource requirements. This technique consists of spotting supernatant from a donor strain (potentially harboring a toxic compound(s)) onto a solidified soft agar overlay that is seeded with a bacterial test strain (potentially sensitive to the toxic compound(s)). We utilized this technique to screen a library of Pseudomonas syringae strains for intraspecific killing. By combining this approach with a precipitation step and targeted gene deletions, multiple toxic compounds produced by the same strain can be differentiated. The two antagonistic agents commonly recovered using this technique are bacteriophages and bacteriocins. These two agents can be differentiated using two simple additional tests. Performing a serial dilution on a supernatant containing bacteriophage will result in individual plaques becoming less in number with greater dilution, whereas serial dilution of a supernatant containing bacteriocin will result a clearing zone that becomes uniformly more turbid with greater dilution. Additionally, a bacteriophage will produce a clearing zone when spotted onto a fresh soft agar overlay seeded with the same strain, whereas a bacteriocin will not produce a clearing zone when transferred to a fresh soft agar lawn, owing to the dilution of the bacteriocin.

We describe a simple method for screening bacterial cultures for the production of compounds inhibitory towards other bacteria.

Yumuşak agar üst tabaka tekniği kullanımı bakteriyel olarak üretilmiş önleyici bileşiklerin taranması için

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

Bir Yüksek verim Uyumlu Deneyi Makrofaj, pasajlamaya karşı ilaç etkinliğini değerlendirmektir<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos

The molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells need to be elucidated in more detail because of its role in immune and inflammatory intractable diseases. We herein developed an experimental method to investigate phagocytosis quantitatively using the fruit fly Drosophila, in which the gene network controlling engulfment reactions is evolutionally conserved from mammals. In order to accurately detect and count engulfing and un-engulfing phagocytes using whole animals, Drosophila embryos were homogenized to obtain dispersed cells including phagocytes and apoptotic cells. The use of dispersed embryonic cells enables us to measure in vivo phagocytosis levels as if we performed an in vitro phagocytosis assay in which it is possible to observe all phagocytes and apoptotic cells in whole embryos and precisely quantify the level of phagocytosis. We confirmed that this method reproduces those of previous studies that identified the genes required for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. This method allows the engulfment of dead cells to be analyzed, and when combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila, will reveal the complex phagocytic reactions comprised of the migration, recognition, engulfment, and degradation of apoptotic cells by phagocytes.

Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos

We herein describe a phagocytosis assay using the dispersed embryonic cells of Drosophila. It enables us to easily and precisely quantify in vivo phagocytosis levels, and to identify new molecules required for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.

Apoptotik Hücreler İçin Fagositoz Testi<em&gt; Drosophila</emEmbriyolar

The molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells need to be elucidated in more detail because of its role in immune and ...

A Novel In Vitro Wound Healing Assay to Evaluate Cell Migration

The aim of this work is to show a novel method to evaluate the ability of some immunomodulatory molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to stimulate cell migration. Importantly, cell migration is a rate-limiting event during the wound-healing process to re-establish the integrity and normal function of tissue layers after injury. The advantage of this method over the classical assay, which is based on a manually made scratch in a cell monolayer, is the usage of special silicone culture inserts providing two compartments to create a cell-free pseudo-wound field with a well-defined width (500 &#956;m). In addition, due to an automated image analysis platform, it is possible to rapidly obtain quantitative data on the speed of wound closure and cell migration. More precisely, the effect of two frog-skin AMPs on the migration of bronchial epithelial cells will be shown. Furthermore, pretreatment of these cells with specific inhibitors will provide information on the molecular mechanisms underlying such events.

A Novel In Vitro Wound Healing Assay to Evaluate Cell Migration

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the effect of peptides on the migration of bronchial epithelial cells. This method allows for the rapid and highly reproducible obtainment of quantitative data on the speed of cell migration and wound closure.

Roman Vitro hücre göç değerlendirmek için şifa tahlil yara

The aim of this work is to show a novel method to evaluate the ability of some immunomodulatory molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to ...