Bu çalışma, (ABR&#39;ye RLM ve R01NS25217 ve P30NS048154 için F32 NS059120) NIH hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

Yazarlar herhangi mali çıkarlarını beyan ederim.

Burada tarif edilen yöntemler, omuriliğin en az diseksiyon sonra zebra balığı embriyolarının duyu ve motor nöronların elektriksel ve morfolojik özelliklerini belirlemek için izin verir. Nöronlar, en az 1 saat, bu kayıtların üzerine uygulanan süre sağlıklı kalması. Nöronlar, standart tam hücre konfigürasyonu kullanılarak kaydedilmiştir da çekirdekli yamalardan gibidir; ikinci yöntem iyon akımlarının 9 detaylı bir biyofiziksel çalışma engelleyebilirler yer kelepçe...

<html> George Streisinger, omurgalı gelişimi 10 genetik analizi için bir model sistem olarak yaygın zebrabalıkları olarak bilinen Danio rerio kullanımını öncülük etmiştir. Model de dahil olmak üzere birçok avantaj sunmaktadır: (1) nispeten basit ve pahalı olmayan bir hayvancılık; (2) dış gübreleme, erken olgunlaşma aşamalarındaki embriyolar kolay erişim sağlayan; ve (3) saydam bir embriyo, oluştuklarında hücreler, dokular ve organlarda doğrudan ve tekrar gözlemler imkan verir. takip eden yıllarda, birçok ilerlemeler daha da zebrabalıkları modelin gücünü artırmıştır. Özellikle, ileri genetik ekranlar ve tam genom dizileme çabalar çok gelişim süreçleri 11, 12, 13, 14 mutasyonlar ve kritik genlerin tanımlanmasında önemli roller oynadığı,&quot;&gt; 15, 16. Gateway klonlama yöntemleri transkripsiyon aktivatörü gibi (TALENS) ile örneklenen,. Transgenik rutin bir uygulama 17, 18 yaklaşır genom düzenleme son ilerlemelere ve kümelenmiş düzenli aralıklı bırakılmış kısa palindromik tekrarlar (CRISPR) -Cas9 nükleazlar, mutasyonların hedeflenen giriş için izin, hem de knock-out ve knock-in 22. Kombine, bu yöntemler Zebra balığı belirli davranışları ve çok sayıda insan hastalıkların altında yatan genetik mekanizmaların çalışma için güçlü bir model yapmak, 21, 20, 19 yaklaşır 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Bu eser geliştirmek odaklanırZihinsel düzenleme ve nöronal gelişim elektriksel aktivitenin rolü. Odak Zebra balığı modeli çeşitli avantajlar sağladığı için omurilik üzerindedir. Birincisi, embriyonik ve larva aşamasında zebrafish erişmek için nispeten kolaydır; Dolayısıyla, bir eksik nöronlar ve daha basit devreyi 28, 29 sahip gelişimsel aşamalarında omurilik fonksiyonunu çalışabilirsiniz. Ayrıca, zebra balığı omurilik transkripsiyon karakteristik ve ayırt edici desen ile gösterilir, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 faktörler gibi diğer omurgalı benzer nöronların, çeşitli bir grubu vardır. omurilik devrelerinin fonksiyonunu altında yatan mekanizmaları ortaya çıkarmak amacı zebrafish çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu, özelliklelokomosyonunu destekleyen olanlar, anlaşılır larva aşamalarında 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 odaklandık. Bununla birlikte, omurilik lokomotif ağları oluşturan nöronların çok erken evrelerinde de farklılaşmasını başlatmak, ~ 9-10 saat sonra fertilizasyon (HPF) 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51. Bu bakışa göre, spinal nöronların morfolojik ve elektriksel özellikleri ortaya ve embriyonik ve larva aşamaları arasında değişiklik bir Overa için önemli olan, anlamayarak nasıllokomotor devre oluşumu ve işlevi ll anlama. Burada tarif edilen yöntemler, diseksiyon spinal nöronların yama kelepçe kayıtları sağlamak ve başarılı bir şekilde embriyonik aşamada (~ 17-48 büyük büyütme) ve larva aşamalarında (~ 3-7 gün sonra döllenme [dpf]) de uygulanmıştır. Bu yaklaşım ilgi nöronların erişim sağlamak için gereken diseksiyon miktarını sınırlar. Protokol kayıt odasına embriyo ya da larva takmak için, oldukça ince bir tungsten iğnesi, kullanılan bu veteriner dikiş yapıştırıcı zebra balığı, spinal nöronların kayıt için diğer yayınlanmış yöntemlerin çoğunda farklıdır. İki farklı yaklaşımların kullanılabilirliği (yani, tungsten pimi karşı sütür tutkal) elektrofizyolojik analizi için zebrafish embriyolar veya larva monte etmek için alternatif seçenekler araştırmacılar kendi özel deneysel hedeflere ulaşmak için sağlar. İlk olarak, bir pop erişmek ve kayıt prosedürleri<html> birincil duyu nöronlarının ABS ayarlaması, Rohon-Sakal hücreler tarif edilir. Bu nöronların hücre gövdeleri dorsal omurilik içinde yalan. Rohon-Sakal hücreleri, çok sayıda omurgalı türlerinde de mevcuttur erken gelişim ayırt ve embriyonik dokunun yanıtı 6, 44, 47, 48 altında yer alır. İkinci olarak, erişim ve spinal motor nöron kayıt prosedürleri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Zebra balığı spinal motor nöronlar nöron iki dalgaları sırasında ortaya çıkar. Daha önce doğumlu primer motor nöronların hemisegment 45, 46, 49 başına mevcut 3-4 primer motor nöron, gastrülasyon (~ 9-16 HPF) sonunda ortaya çıkar. Bunun aksine, ikinci motor nöron Daha sonra doğan popülasyonu daha çok ve ~ 14 büyük büyütme başlayarak uzun bir süre sırasında ortaya çıkanef &quot;&gt; 45, 50. orta gövde bölümlerinin sekonder motor nöron oluşum en çok 51 büyük büyütme 50 ile tamamlanır. İkincil motor nöronlar amniotları motor nöronlarının muadili olarak kabul edilir 46. İlginç bir şekilde, omurga üstünde nöronlar, dopamin ile, lokomosyon düzenleyen larva ve ikinci motor nöron oluşumu embriyo ve genç larva 50, 51. birincil ve ikincil motor nöronlar her biri birçok farklı alt tipi içerirler. her bir primer motor nöron alt tipi projeleri basmakalıp bir sonuçlanan karakteristik kas grubu uyaran çevresel bir akson, aksonal yörünge tanımlanması. Genel olarak, ikinci motor nöronlar, daha önce birinci motor nöronlar tarafından kurulan aksonal yolları takip ederler. bu nedenle, aksonal yörüngeleri ile ilgili olarak, birinci ve ikinci motor nöronların haricinde, benzer olduğu aksonal kalınlığı ve somata boyutuprimer motor nöronlar 45 için daha büyük yeniden. Üçüncüsü, internöron birkaç türlerinden kayıt için yöntemler tartışılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu gibi durumlarda, diğer omurilik hücreleri çıkarılması için sınırlı bir miktarda gereklidir ve bu nedenle omurilik Rohon-Sakal hücreleri veya motor nöron kayıtlar için daha az sağlamdır.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum filter/Storage bottle, 0.22 mm pore</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter 0.2 mm</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>6780-2502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricaine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-5040</td>
			<td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a-bugarotoxin</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>11032-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrodotoxin</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>4368-28-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa-549 hydrazine salt</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-10438</td>
			<td>fluorescent dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin-X centrifuge tube filter</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>8161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microscope slide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-550C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184</td>
			<td>silicone elastomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>30-0038</td>
			<td>inner and outer diameters of 0.78 and 1.0 mm (thin walled glass capillaries)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td>1-000-1000-100</td>
			<td>inner and outer diameters of 1.13 and 1.55 mm (thick walled glass capillaries)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniature barbed polypropylene fitting&#160;</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>6365-90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond tissue adhesive&#160;</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase XI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>&#160;Model P-97&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Axopatch 200B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head stage</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>CV203BU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized micromanipulator&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon tubing</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-169-1B</td>
			<td>ID 1/16 IN, OD 1/8 IN and WALL 1/32 IN (flexible laboratory tubing)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HC-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pharmaseal Three-Way Stopcocks&#160;</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>K75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitizer</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axioskop2 FS plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40x/0.80w Achroplan objective</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition and analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td>Axon Instruments</td>
			<td colspan="2">PClamp 10 - Clampex and Clampfit&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>Model P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Dissection and Recording Solutions(in mM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">All solutions, except the intracellular, are stable for ~ 2 - 3 months when filtered (0.22 mm filter cups) and stored at room temperature (RT).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">The intracellular solution is filtered (0.2 mm syringe filters) and stored frozen (-20&#176;C) in small aliquots that are individually thawed on the day of use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Dissection/Ringer&#8217;s solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">145 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.8 CaCl2.2H2O, 10 HEPES; pH 7.4 (with NaOH)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Pipette (intracellular) recording solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">135 KCl, 10 EGTA-acid, 10 HEPES; pH 7.4 (with KOH).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Bath (extracellular) recording solution/voltage and current-clamp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">125 NaCl, 2 KCl, 10 CaCl2.2H2O, 5 HEPES; pH 7.4 (with NaOH).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Alexa-594 hydrazine salt stock solution.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">Prepare a 13.2 mM stock in ddH2O, aliquot (~ 100 &#181;l) and store at -20&#176;C. For use, dilute the stock solutiond 132 fold with pipette solution to a final concentration of 100 mM. After dilution, filter the Alexa-594 containing pipette solution&#160; with a centrifuge tube filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immobilizing agents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">0.4 % ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt (Tricaine)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">Prepare a 0.4% stock solution in 0.2M Tris, pH9 (0.4 g Tricaine/100 ml 0.2 M Tris</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">Adjust pH to 7 with NaOH and store at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">For use, dilute the stock solution ~ 25 fold in embryo media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 &#956;M &#945;-bungarotoxin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">Prepare a 250 &#956;M stock in ddH2O (1 mg/500 &#956;l), prepare 100 &#181;l aliquots, and sotre at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">For use, dilute 2,500-fold with extracellular solution to a final concentration of 100 nM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mM Tetrodotoxin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">Prepare a 1 mM stock in ddH2O (1 mg/3 ml), prepare 100 &#181;l aliquots, and sotre at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">For use, dilute 2,000-fold with extracellular solution to a final concentration of 500 nM.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

zebrafish in situ spinal cord preparation for electrophysiological recordings from spinal sensory and motor neurons

İlk gelişimsel model olarak tanıtılan Zebra balığı, diğer pek çok alanda popülerlik kazanmıştır. hızla gelişen organizma çok sayıda büyütme kolaylığı, embriyonik optik netlik ile birlikte, bu modelin ilk zorlayıcı nitelikleri olarak görev yaptı. Son yirmi yılda, bu modelin başarısı daha da büyük ölçekli mutajenez ekranlarına kendi uyumluluğuyla ve transgenesis kolaylığı ile tahrikli edilmiştir. Daha yakın zamanlarda, gen düzenleme yaklaşımlar modelinin gücünü genişletmiştir. nöro çalışmalar için, zebra balığı embriyo ve larva birden çok yöntem uygulanabilir olan bir model sunmaktadır. Burada, nöronların, elektrik eksitabiliteye temel bir özelliğinin çalışma izin yöntemleri üzerinde durulacak. Zebra balığı spinal nöronların elektrofizyolojik çalışma için Bizim hazırlık bir kayıt odasına hazırlık sabitlemek için veteriner dikiş tutkal kullanımını içerir. kayıt için alternatif yöntemlerzebra balığı embriyolarının ve larva ince bir tungsten pimi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, kullanılarak bölmesine hazırlama eki içerir. O kadar 4 larva dorsal tarafına monte etmek için kullanılmış olsa da bir tungsten pim çoğunlukla, bir yanal yönde hazırlama monte etmek için kullanılır. dikiş tutkal her iki doğrultuda embriyolar ve larvaları monte etmek için kullanılmıştır. tutkal kullanılarak, en az bir diseksiyon ve böylece sonuç olarak ortaya çıkan zarar vermeden, bir enzimatik işlem kullanılmadan spinal nöronlar erişimi sağlayan, gerçekleştirilebilir. Ancak, larva için, omuriliği çevreleyen kas dokusu çıkarmak için kısa bir enzim tedavisi uygulamak gerekir. Burada tarif edilen yöntemler, birçok developmentÃ motor nöronlar, internöronlar ve duyu nöronlarının içsel elektriksel özelliklerini incelemek için kullanılmıştırL 6, 7, 8, 9 aşamaları.

Başarıyla dpf larvaları ile 7 17 büyük büyütme embriyolar Rohon-Sakal nöronlardan kaydettik (Şekil 5A ve 5B). Rohon-Sakal hücreler kaydedildi preparasyon sırt tarafı yukarı monte edilmiştir. Bu tür montaj bunların yüzeysel sırt konum ve büyük soma boyutlarına göre Rohon-Sakal hücrelerinin açık tanımlanmasına izin verir. Kimlik ek bu nöronların basmakalıp hiperpolarize dinlenme membran potansiyelinin (Şekil 5,</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons at JoVE.com

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Bu yazıda zebra balığı embriyolarının ve larva spinal nöronların elektrofizyolojik kayıtları için yöntemleri tarif eder. Hazırlık yerinde nöronları korur ve genellikle asgari diseksiyonu kapsar. Bu yöntemler, erken larva aşamalarında ilk elektrik uyarılma alımından spinal nöronların çeşitli elektrofizyolojik çalışmaları için izin verir.

Zebra balığı<em&gt; Situ</em&gt; Omurilik Omurilik duyusal ve motor nöronlar gelen Elektrofizyolojik Recordings Hazırlık

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

zebrafish-situ-spinal-cord-preparation-for-electrophysiological

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

11.4K Görüntüleme.  University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UCAMC).  Bu yazıda zebra balığı embriyolarının ve larva spinal nöronların elektrofizyolojik kayıtları için yöntemleri tarif eder. Hazırlık yerinde nöronları korur ve genellikle asgari diseksiyonu kapsar. Bu yöntemler, erken larva aşamalarında ilk elektrik uyarılma alımından spinal nöronların çeşitli elektrofizyolojik çalışmaları için izin verir. 

Video: Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Embriyonik Omurilik Commissural Nöronlar Diseksiyon ve Kültür

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Nörobilim

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

Larva Zebra balığı Omurilik Kesisi

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

Boyuna için bir Spinal Odası implantasyon için bir Prosedürü<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Fare Omurilik Görüntüleme

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

The Preparation of Oblique Spinal Cord Slices for Ventral Root Stimulation

Electrophysiological recordings from spinal cord slices have proven to be a valuable technique to investigate a wide range of questions, from cellular to network properties. We show how to prepare viable oblique slices of the spinal cord of young mice (P2 - P11). In this preparation, the motoneurons retain&#160;their axons coming out from the ventral roots of the&#160;spinal cord. Stimulation of these axons elicits back-propagating action potentials invading the motoneuron&#160;somas and exciting the motoneuron&#160;collaterals within the spinal cord. Recording of antidromic action potentials is an immediate, definitive and elegant way to characterize motoneuron identity, which surpasses&#160;other identification methods. Furthermore, stimulating the motoneuron collaterals is a simple and reliable way to excite the collateral targets of the motoneurons within the spinal cord, such as other motoneurons or Renshaw cells. In this protocol, we present antidromic recordings from the motoneuron somas as well as Renshaw cell excitation, resulting from ventral root stimulation.

We show how to prepare oblique slices of the spinal cord in young mice. This preparation allows for the stimulation of the ventral roots.

Ventral Kök Stimulation için eğik Omurilik Dilimleri hazırlanması

Electrophysiological recordings from spinal cord slices have proven to be a valuable technique to investigate a wide range of questions, from cellular to ...

Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information regarding glial activities at the cellular and molecular levels has been obtained through in vitro cell culture systems. The in vitro systems utilized, mainly include primary glia derived from neonatal brain cortical tissue and immortalized cell lines. However, these systems may not reflect the characteristics of spinal cord glial cells in vivo. In order to further investigate the roles of spinal cord glial cells in the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain using a culture system that better reflects the in vivo condition, our laboratory has developed a method to establish primary spinal cord mixed glial cultures from adult mice. Briefly, spinal cords are collected from adult mice and processed through papain digestion followed by myelin removal with a density-gradient medium. Single cell suspensions are cultured in complete Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle media (cDMEM) supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at 35.9 oC. These culture conditions were optimized specifically for the growth of mixed glial cells. Under these conditions, cells are ready to be used for experimentation between 12 - 14 d&#160;(cells are usually in log phase during this time) after the establishment of the culture (D 0) and can be kept in culture conditions up to D 21. This culture system can be used to investigate the responses of spinal cord glial cells upon stimulation with various substances and agents. Besides neuropathic pain, this system can be used to study glial responses in other diseases that involve pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells.

The development of neuropathic pain involves pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells. A reliable glial culture system derived from adult spinal cord tissue and designed for studying these cells in vitro is lacking. Therefore, we show here how&#160;to establish primary mixed glial cultures from adult mouse spinal cord tissue.

Yetişkin Fare Omurilik Doku İlköğretim Karışık glial Kültürler hazırlanması

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Yenidoğan Faresinden İzole Edilen Spinal Kord Nöronları İzolasyonu ve Kültürü

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Sinirsel aktivite Thy1kullanarak birincil somatosensor kortekste Imaging-GCaMP6s transgenik fareler

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms underlying sensory transmission, nociceptive regulation, and chronic pain or itch development. Implementations of electrophysiological recordings together with morphological studies based on the utility of acute spinal cord slices have further improved our understanding of neuronal properties and the composition of local circuitry in SG. Here, we present a detailed and practical guide for the preparation of spinal cord slices and show representative whole-cell recording and morphological results. This protocol permits ideal neuronal preservation and can mimic in vivo conditions to a certain extent. In summary, the ability to obtain an in vitro preparation of spinal cord slices enables stable current- and voltage-clamp recordings and could thus facilitate detailed investigations into the intrinsic membrane properties, local circuitry and neuronal structure using diverse experimental approaches.

Here, we describe the essential steps for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the in vitro spinal cord slice. This method allows the intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic transmission and morphological characterization of SG neurons to be studied.

Akut omurilik dilimleri hazırlanması gözlemliyorum Gelatinosa nöronlar bütün hücreli yama-kelepçe kayıt için

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...

Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice

Mammalian inspiratory rhythm is generated from a neuronal network in a region of the medulla called the preB&#246;tzinger complex (pBC), which produces a signal driving the rhythmic contraction of inspiratory muscles. Rhythmic neural activity generated in the pBC and carried to other neuronal pools to drive the musculature of breathing may be studied using various approaches, including en bloc nerve recordings and transverse slice recordings. However, previously published methods have not extensively described the brainstem-spinal cord dissection process in a transparent and reproducible manner for future studies. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of a method used to reproducibly cut rhythmically-active brainstem slices containing the necessary and sufficient neuronal circuitry for generating and transmitting inspiratory drive. This work builds upon previous brainstem-spinal cord electrophysiology protocols to enhance the likelihood of reliably obtaining viable and rhythmically-active slices for recording neuronal output from the pBC, hypoglossal premotor neurons (XII pMN), and hypoglossal motor neurons (XII MN). The work presented expands upon previous published methods by providing detailed, step-by-step illustrations of the dissection, from whole rat pup, to in vitro slice containing the XII rootlets.

This protocol both visually communicates the brainstem-spinal cord preparation and clarifies the preparation of brainstem transverse slices in a comprehensive step-by-step manner. It was designed to increase reproducibility and enhance the likelihood of obtaining viable, long lasting, rhythmically-active slices for recording neural output from the respiratory regions of the brainstem.

Ritmik aktif hazırlanması Vitro yenidoğan kemirgen beyin-omurilik ve ince dilim

Mammalian inspiratory rhythm is generated from a neuronal network in a region of the medulla called the preB&#246;tzinger complex (pBC), which produces a ...

Isolation and Culture of Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Spinal Motor Neurons from Prenatal Islmn:GFP Transgenic Mice

Oculomotor neurons (CN3s) and trochlear neurons (CN4s) exhibit remarkable resistance to degenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when compared to spinal motor neurons (SMNs). The ability to isolate and culture primary mouse CN3s, CN4s, and SMNs would provide an approach to study mechanisms underlying this selective vulnerability. To date, most protocols use heterogeneous cell cultures, which can confound the interpretation of experimental outcomes. To minimize the problems associated with mixed-cell populations, pure cultures are indispensable. Here, the first protocol describes in detail how to efficiently purify and cultivate CN3s/CN4s alongside SMNs counterparts from the same embryos using embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) IslMN:GFP transgenic mouse embryos. The protocol provides details on the tissue dissection and dissociation, FACS-based cell isolation, and in vitro cultivation of cells from CN3/CN4 and SMN nuclei. This protocol adds a novel in vitro CN3/CN4 culture system to existing protocols and simultaneously provides a pure species- and age-matched SMN culture for comparison. Analyses focusing on the morphological, cellular, molecular, and electrophysiological characteristics of motor neurons are feasible in this culture system. This protocol will enable research into the mechanisms that define motor neuron development, selective vulnerability, and disease.

Isolation and Culture of Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Spinal Motor Neurons from Prenatal Islmn:GFP Transgenic Mice

This work presents a protocol to yield homogeneous cell cultures of primary oculomotor, trochlear, and spinal motor neurons. These cultures can be used for comparative analyses of the morphological, cellular, molecular, and electrophysiological characteristics of ocular and spinal motor neurons.

Prenatal Islmn'den Okülomotor, Troklear ve Spinal Motor Nöronların İzolasyon ve Kültürü :GFP Transgenik Fareler

Oculomotor neurons (CN3s) and trochlear neurons (CN4s) exhibit remarkable resistance to degenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral ...