Bu makalenin yazımına ve özenle okunmasına katkılarından ötürü tüm laboratuar üyelerine teşekkür ediyoruz. Tartışmaları teşvik ettiği için Paul Franken&#39;e, cerrahi protokol hakkında faydalı yorumlar için Dr. Gisèle Ferrand&#39;a ve gürültüye maruz kalma için orijinal Labview çalıştırılabilir dosyalarını sunma konusunda Dr. Jean-Yves Chatton&#39;a minnettarız. Finansman İsviçre Ulusal Bilim Vakfı (Hibe 31003A_146244 ve 31003A_166318) ve Etat de Vaud tarafından sağlandı.

<ol>
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Yazarlar, rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ettiler.

Burada, EEG, EMG ve EKG değişkenlerini bütünleyen REM dışı uykunun sürekli bir zamansal profilini nasıl oluşturacağımızı göstereceğiz. Bu, REM uykusu olmayan 1 sırasında yüksek ve düşük gürültüye karşı düzenlenen daha önce tanınmayan zaman ölçeğini tanımlamaya yardımcı olabilen, fare uykusunun bütünleyici bir tanımını geliştirmeye yönelik ilk adımdır. Benzer bir geçici yapı, insan olmayan REM uykusunda benzer bir analizle tarif edildi <sup class="xre...

Memeli uykusu, dinlenme davranışsal bir halidir ve çevresel uyarılara karşı dirençlidir. Bu belirgin tekdüzeliğe rağmen, polisomnografik ve otonomik parametreler, uykunun çeşitli temporal ve mekansal ölçeklerde niteliksel ve niceliksel olarak farklı sinirsel ve somatik durumlar arasında hareket ettiğini göstermektedir 1 . On dakika sonra onlarca dakika REM ve REM uyku modu arasında geçiş olur. REM uykusu, EEG&#39;de büyük amplitüd, düşük frekans aktivitesi ve yaklaşık 0.5-4 Hz civarında bir spektral zirve eşliğinde bulunurken, REM uykusu teta bandında (6-10 Hz) düzenli EEG aktivitesini gösterir Kas atoni 2 . REM dışı uykuda, insanlar ışıktan (S2) ve derin yavaş dalga uykudan (SWS) dönerler. Bunların adlandırma anlaşıldığı gibi, bu iki aşama daha düşük gösterir ve daha yüksek uyarılma, sırasıyla 4, 3 eşikleri ve bunlar düşük frequ yoğunluğu yönünden farklılıkYavaş dalga aktivitesi (SWA; 0.75 - 4 Hz) olarak adlandırılan kortikal EEG gücünü saptayın. Düzensizlik, S2 ve SWS&#39;nin bireysel sezişleri boyunca, dakikadan saniyeye kadar zaman ölçeğinde devam eder ve SWA&#39;nın değişken varlığı ile 5 , 6 sezonu boyunca kapsamlı olarak belgelenmiş olduğu gibi, aynı zamanda EEG ve alan potansiyel ritimleri ile de belgelenmiştir Sigma bandında (10-15 Hz) ve gama ritimlerinde (80 - 120 Hz) iş mili dalgaları da dahil olmak üzere daha yüksek frekanslar (bir inceleme için bkz. 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). İnsanlardaki uyku kortikal durumunu, ince olmaktan ziyade spektrumun uç noktalarına kaydırır. REM dışı uyku için bunlar SWA&#39;nın baskınlığından yaklaşık uyandırma benzeri aktiviteye kadar geniş bir aralıkta yüksek frekanslı bileşen 11 <suP&gt;, 12 . Kemirgenler ve kedilerde, REM dışındaki uyku aşamasına bölünmese de, ara uyku (IS) olarak adlandırılan kısa bir süre REM uykusu başlangıcından 13 önce ortaya çıkar. Sırasında, iki uyku arasında bir karışımı gösteren, hipokamp teta aktivitesi ve ponto-geniculo-oksipital dalgalar, örneğin mil dalgaları ve SWA olmayan REM uyku imzalar, hala mevcut olsa da, başlatmak olarak REM uykusu özellikleri, 15, 14 belirtmektedir. Yine de, antidepresanlar 16 tarafından modüle edildiğinden ve önceki uyanma esnasında yeni nesne sunumu vasıtasıyla işlevsel olarak ayırt edilebilir 17 ve uyarılma eşiğinin ayarlanmasına katkıda bulunur 18 . Dahası, serbestçe hareket eden sıçanların EEG ve EMG parametrelerinin durum uzayı grafikleri, REM olmayan uyku, REM uykusu ve uyanıklık arasında kesintisiz 14 noktaların bir kümesini göstermektedir. SWA&#39;da, uyanıklık ya da REM uykusuna girmeden, 14 , 19 ve 20 numaralı konsolide olmayan bir REM uykusu sırasında düşük frekans bileşenlerinin ve yüksek frekans bileşenlerinin göreli varlığında önemli dalgalanmalara neden olan sporadik düşüşler de vardır. Son olarak, non-REM uykusu sırasında SWA değişken frekansları ve daha yüksek frekanslı ritimler, yalnızca zamanla değil, aynı zamanda kortikal alanlar arasındaki genlik ve senkronizasyonda bölgesel farklılıkları göstermektedir 19 . Memeli non-REM uykusu üniforma uzaktır. Bununla birlikte, bu tür düzensizliğin işlev ve davranışsal özniteliklerden farklı durumlara yol açıp açmadığı açık değildir. Birkaç uyku bozukluğu türünde, sürekli uyku, kendiliğinden uyanma ve uygunsuz motor davranışı ile bozulur. Dahası, spektral analizler, EEG 21&#39;deki daha yüksek frekansların göreli varlığında değişikliklerVe nefes alma ve kalp atışı oranları gibi otonomik parametrelerde 22 . Dengeli uyku durumlarının düzenli sırası bozulur ve kortikal ve / veya otonomik uyanış unsurları kontrolsüz bir şekilde girer. Bu nedenle, uyku durumlarının sürekliliğini anlamak, hastalık için muhtemel bir önem taşır. Ek olarak, kentsel çevrede uykunun çevresel gürültüye maruz kalması genel sağlık riskleri ile ilişkilidir ve uyku esnasında artan hassasiyet anlarını belirlemek çok önemlidir 23 . Uykuda insanlarda davranışsal uyarılma deneyleri, hafif non-REM uykusu (S2 evresi) ve REM uykusu ile karşılaştırılabilir ve daha düşük uyarılma eşikleri 4 gösterirken, SWA baskınlı olmayan REM uykusundan (S3 evresi) uyanmanın en zor olduğunu göstermektedir. Kısa ses uyarılarının kortikal işlenmesi, REM uykusu, S2 ve S3 24 ,25 , bu duruma özgü kortikal aktivite kalıplarının duyusal işlemenin ilk evrelerini modüle ettiğini gösterir. İnsanlarda REM dışındaki uyku için, gürültüye tepki olarak uyanma eğilimi, EEG 26 , 27 , 28&#39;de işmili dalgalarının ve alfa ritimlerinin varlığına göre değişir. Iğ sırasında Talamokortikal ritmisitesi duyusal işleme 7&#39;nin zayıflama katkıda bulunduğu düşünülen her iki talamik ve kortikal seviyelerde geliştirilmiş sinaptik inhibisyonu ile eşlik eder. Gürültüye karşı dirençli ve hassas dönemler nasıl düzenlenir ve belirleyicileri nelerdir? Hem farelerde hem de insanda nöral ritimlerde kızılötesi yavaş, 0.02 Hz&#39;lik bir salınım tespit ettik. Bu 0,02 Hz&#39;lik salınımın fazına bağlı olarak, fareler harekete geçiren uyarılara değişken uyarı gösterdi, uyanma ya da uyumaGürültü. İlginç olarak, bu salınım otonom sinir sistemi, harici uyaranlara 1 Sleep&#39;in açığına modülasyonu katılır belirten kalp atışı oranı ile doğru orantılıydı. Hafıza ile ilgili hipokampal ritimler de bu ritim içinde organize edildi ve en çarpıcı biçimde, gücünün insanlardaki bellek konsolidasyonunun kalitesi ile korelasyona girdi. 0.02 Hz salınım, çevreye duyarlılığı ve dahili bellek işlemeyi modüle eden, kemirgen ve insan olmayan REM uykusunun düzenleyici bir ilkesi gibi görünmektedir. Bu durum, işlevselliğini tanımak ve potansiyel güvenlik açığı alanlarını belirlemek için uyku durumlarının çok parametrik ve sürekli değerlendirilmesine olan ihtiyacı vurguluyor. Burada, kombinasyon halinde EEG / ECoG ve EMG-EKG ölçümleri için farelerin cerrahi implantasyonu, duyusal uyaranlara maruz kalma,Analiz rutinleri. Bu prosedür, uykuyu farklı temel uyku fonksiyonlarının ard arda yürütülürken sürekli olarak değişen ancak son derece organize edilmiş uyanıklık hali olarak görüntülemek için bir temel oluşturmaktadır. Daha genel olarak, bu prosedür, hem sağlık hem de hastalık hallerinde uyku esnasında davranışsal bir sonucun öncesinde bulunan spektral ve otonom özellikleri elde etmeyi amaçlayan yaklaşımlara uygulanabilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2-components epoxy glue</td><td>Henkel</td><td>Loctite EA 3450</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Absorbable Suturing Fiber (Prolene)</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>5-0 FS-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adson Forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>11006-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antiseptic swab</td><td>VWR</td><td>149-0332</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Attane Isoflurane</td><td>Piramal</td><td>Isoflurane 250mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Connectors 3 x 2-channels</td><td>ENA AG</td><td>2.316</td><td>Raster 2.54 x 2.54 mm; size 5 x 8 x 9 mm; pin size 5 mm; http://www.ena.ch/</td></tr><tr><td>Dragonfly commutator</td><td>Dragonfly</td><td>Model #SL-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMBLA amplifier</td><td>EMBLA</td><td>A10 amplifier</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine scissors</td><td>FST</td><td>14108-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flat Head Gold-plated steel screw</td><td>J.I. Morris</td><td>FF00CE125</td><td>https://jimorrisco.com/</td></tr><tr><td>Gold wire</td><td>CMSA</td><td>T.69 5gr</td><td>http://www.cmsa.ch/en/</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostatic sponge</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>Gelfoam</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iodine-based disinfectant (Betadine)</td><td>Mundipharma</td><td>standart solution 60mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Komet drill steel 1/005PM104</td><td>UNOR AG</td><td>22310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matlab Analysis Software</td><td>MathWorks</td><td>R2016b</td><td>https://ch.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html</td></tr><tr><td>Microdrill</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>96758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>Model 923-B</td><td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-923-b-mouse-gas-anesthesia-head-holder/</td></tr><tr><td>Ophtalmic ointment</td><td>Pharmamedica</td><td>VITA-POS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paladur (liquid)</td><td>UNOR AG</td><td>2260215</td><td>for dental cement</td></tr><tr><td>Palavit (powder)</td><td>UNOR AG</td><td>5410929</td><td>for dental cement</td></tr><tr><td>Small Animal Stereotaxic Frame</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>Model 930</td><td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-930-small-animal-stereotaxic-frame-assembly/</td></tr><tr><td>Soldering wire</td><td>Stannol</td><td>593072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller - Mini rectal probe</td><td>Phymep</td><td>4090502</td><td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller- heating pad</td><td>Phymep</td><td>4090205</td><td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice

Uyanıklık, hızlı olmayan göz hareketi (non-REM) uykusu ve REM uykusu: Üç ihtiyatlılık durumu memelilerin yaşamına hâkim. Serbest hareket eden hayvanlarda davranışın daha fazla sinirsel korelasyonu tanımlandığından, bu üçlü alt bölüm çok basitleşir. Uyanıklık sırasında, küresel ve lokal kortikal aktivitelerin toplulukları, pupil çapı ve sempatovagal denge gibi çevresel parametrelerle birlikte çeşitli derecelerde uyarılma tanımlar. Uykunun da beyin devletlerinin bir sürekliliğini oluşturduğu belirsizliğini koruyor; duyusal uyaranlara ve uyanmaya eğilimli olma derecesine ve belki de diğer uyku işlevlerine kademeli olarak değişen ve periferal fizyolojik durumların nasıl değiştiği. Uyku esnasında birden çok parametrenin izlenmesine yönelik yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi ve bu işlevsel niteliklerin takımyıldızlarına atıf yapılmasının araştırılması, uykudaki uyumu çok işlevli bir süreç olarak inceltmenin merkezinde olup, bunun sonucunda pek çok faydalı etki önceden bulunmalıdırecuted. Uyku durumlarını karakterize eden yeni parametrelerin belirlenmesi, uyku bozukluklarında yeni teşhis yollarına fırsatlar açacaktır. Standart polisomnografik kayıt teknikleri kullanılarak elektroensefalogram (EEG) / elektrokortikogram (ECoG), elektromyogram (EMG) ve elektrokardiyogram (EKG) sinyallerinin birleşik izleme ve analizi vasıtasıyla fare olmayan REM uyku durumlarının dinamik varyasyonlarını tanımlamak için bir prosedür sunmaktayız. Bu yaklaşımı kullanarak, fare olmayan REM uykusunun, harici uyaranlara yüksek ve düşük kırılganlık aralıklarıyla 25 sn aralıklarla eşzamanlı sinir ve kalp salınımları döngüleri halinde düzenlendiğini bulduk. Bu nedenle, merkezi ve otonom sinir sistemleri, konsolide non-REM uykusu sırasında davranışsal olarak farklı uyku durumlarını oluşturmak üzere koordine edilir. Biz, serbestçe uyku fareindeki bu döngüleri izlemek için polisomnografi ( yani EKG ile birlikte EEG / EMG) izlem için cerrahi manipülasyonlar sunuyoruz, quanti için analizDinamikleri ve uyanma olasılıklarındaki rollerini değerlendirmek için akustik uyarı protokolleri. Yaklaşımımız insan uykusuna zaten genişletilmiş ve memelilerde REM dışı uyku durumlarının ortak düzenleyici ilkelerini ortaya çıkarmayı vaat ediyor.

Şekil 2 A (üst panel), açıklandığı gibi implante edilen polisomnografik elektrotlar aracılığıyla kaydedilen 100 dakikalık spontan uyku-uyanıklık davranışlarını göstermektedir (bkz. Şekil 1 ). REM dışı uyku başlangıcında EEG ve EMG genliklerinde artış ve azalmalar açıkça görülebilir. Aralıklı REM uykusu, EEG amplitüdünde bir azalma ve EMG tonusunda bu sıkıştırılmış zama...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice at JoVE.com

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Burada, akustik uyarılara karşı uyku tepkisini modüle eden, farelerde non-REM uykusunda sinirsel ve kardiyak değişkenlerin zamansal dinamiklerini tanımlamak için deneysel ve analitik prosedürleri sunuyoruz.

Uyku Faresinde Spektral Gücün ve İnsanın Yavaş yavaş Dinamiklerinin Nicelleştirilmesi

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

quantifying-infra-slow-dynamics-spectral-power-heart-rate-sleeping

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Lausanne.  Burada, akustik uyarılara karşı uyku tepkisini modüle eden, farelerde non-REM uykusunda sinirsel ve kardiyak değişkenlerin zamansal dinamiklerini tanımlamak için deneysel ve analitik prosedürleri sunuyoruz. 

Video: Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can potentially increase risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are widely used clinical diagnostic tools to monitor for abnormal brain and cardiac rhythms in patients. Here, a technique to simultaneously record video, EEG, and ECG in mice to measure behavior, brain, and cardiac activities, respectively, is described. The technique described herein utilizes a tethered (i.e., wired) recording configuration in which the implanted electrode on the head of the mouse is hard-wired to the recording equipment. Compared to wireless telemetry recording systems, the tethered arrangement possesses several technical advantages such as a greater possible number of channels for recording EEG or other biopotentials; lower electrode costs; and greater frequency bandwidth (i.e., sampling rate) of recordings. The basics of this technique can also be easily modified to accommodate recording other biosignals, such as electromyography (EMG) or plethysmography for assessment of muscle and respiratory activity, respectively. In addition to describing how to perform the EEG-ECG recordings, we also detail methods to quantify the resulting data for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability, which we demonstrate in an example experiment using a mouse with epilepsy due to Kcna1 gene deletion. Video-EEG-ECG monitoring in mouse models of epilepsy or other neurological disease provides a powerful tool to identify dysfunction at the level of the brain, heart, or brain-heart interactions.

Here, we present a protocol to record brain and heart bio signals in mice using simultaneous video, electroencephalography (EEG), and electrocardiography (ECG). We also describe methods to analyze the resulting EEG-ECG recordings for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability.

Eş zamanlı Video-EEG-EKG Neurocardiac disfonksiyon epilepsi fare modelleri tanımlamak için izleme

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can ...

Genetik

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

EKG, Nabız, Core Vücut Sıcaklığı ve Serbest hareket eden Laboratuar Fare Etkinlik Veri Verimli Radiotelemetry Vericiler implantasyonu

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

Tıp

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

Uyku süresi Rodents noninvaziv, yüksek üretilen iş belirlenmesi

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

Davranış

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

The fields that develop methods for sensory substitution and sensory augmentation have aimed to control external goals using signals from the central nervous systems (CNS). Less frequent however, are protocols that update external signals self-generated by interactive bodies in motion. There is a paucity of methods that combine the body-heart-brain biorhythms of one moving agent to steer those of another moving agent during dyadic exchange. Part of the challenge to accomplish such a feat has been the complexity of the setup using multimodal bio-signals with different physical units, disparate time scales and variable sampling frequencies.
In recent years, the advent of wearable bio-sensors that can non-invasively harness multiple signals in tandem, has opened the possibility to re-parameterize and update the peripheral signals of interacting dyads, in addition to improving brain- and/or body-machine interfaces. Here we present a co-adaptive interface that updates efferent somatic-motor output (including kinematics and heart rate) using biosensors; parameterizes the stochastic bio-signals, sonifies this output, and feeds it back in re-parameterized form as visuo/audio-kinesthetic reafferent input. We illustrate the methods using two types of interactions, one involving two humans and another involving a human and its avatar interacting in near real time. We discuss the new methods in the context of possible new ways to measure the influences of external input on internal somatic-sensory-motor control.

We present protocols and methods of analyses to build co-adaptive interfaces that stream, parameterize, analyze, and modify human body and heart signals in close-loop. This setup interfaces signals derived from the peripheral and central nervous systems of the person with external sensory inputs to help track biophysical change.

Yakın Döngü Arabirimi Kullanarak Yeniden Parametrelendirilmiş ÇevreSel Sinyallerin Gerçek Zamanlı Proxy Kontrolü

The fields that develop methods for sensory substitution and sensory augmentation have aimed to control external goals using signals from the central ...

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

Farelerde Uyku Ölçüm Basım Kayıt Prosedürü

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

Nörobilim

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

Böbrek sempatik sinir etkinliği ve kan basıncı bilinçli, intravenöz infüzyon ile aynı anda kayıt için yeni yaklaşımın kontrolsüz fareler.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

Kardiyak Morfoloji Ekokardiyografik ve histolojik muayene fare

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

Fareyle sağ ventriküler diyastolik parametrelerin ekokardiyografik ölçümü

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data

Current web resources provide limited, user friendly tools to compute spectrograms for visualizing and quantifying electroencephalographic (EEG) data. This paper describes a Windows-based, open source code for creating EEG multitaper spectrograms. The compiled program is accessible to Windows users without software licensing. For Macintosh users, the program is limited to those with a MATLAB software license. The program is illustrated via EEG spectrograms that vary as a function of states of sleep and wakefulness, and opiate-induced alterations in those states. The EEGs of C57BL/6J mice were wirelessly recorded for 4 h after intraperitoneal injection of saline (vehicle control) and antinociceptive doses of morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl. Spectrograms showed that buprenorphine and morphine caused similar changes in EEG power at 1&#8722;3 Hz and 8&#8722;9 Hz. Spectrograms after administration of fentanyl revealed maximal average power bands at 3 Hz and 7 Hz. The spectrograms unmasked differential opiate effects on EEG frequency and power. These computer-based methods are generalizable across drug classes and can be readily modified to quantify and display a wide range of rhythmic biological signals.

This protocol provides an open source, compiled MATLAB program that generates multitaper spectrograms for electroencephalographic data.

Elektroensefalografik Veriler için Bilgisayar Tabanlı Multitaper Spektrogram Programı

Current web resources provide limited, user friendly tools to compute spectrograms for visualizing and quantifying electroencephalographic (EEG) data. ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

Bilinçli Farelerde Spontan Barorefleks Duyarlılığını Belirlemek için Kombine Telemetrik EKG ve Kan Basıncı Transmitterlerinin İmplantasyonu

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...