Bu eser "Fondazione Neuromed" tarafından desteklenen ve sağlık "Ricerca Corrente" VM için İtalyanca Bakanlığı tarafından finanse edilen

hayvanlar üzerinde tüm yordamları IRCCS Neuromed hayvan bakım inceleme Kurulu tarafından ve tarafından onaylanmış &#34; Istituto Superiore di Sanità &#34; (izni numarası: 1163/2015-PR) ve AB yönergesi 2010 kılavuzlarınıza uygun olarak / 63/EU hayvan deneyleri için.
 1. juguler ven enjekte edilir FITC albümin çözüm hazırlanması Not: tüm deneylerin taşınan dışarı bildirim (11 - haftalık) HD R6/2 fareler ve yaş ve cinsiyet eşlemeli vahşi-türü (WT) kontrol edildi littermates.
<ol><li>Erime FITC-albümin toz (Tablo malzemeleri görmek) fosfat tamponlu tuz (PBS) 10 mg/ml. 
	Not: en iyi sonucu almak için bu taze her etiketleme reaksiyon için hazırlanmalıdır.</li>
</ol> 2. Hazırlık sırasında kullanılan ameliyat olmak için ekipman <ol><li>(bkz: Malzemeler tablo) daha önce autoclaved cerrahi aletler yatıyordu.</li>
	<li>Alkol (% 70 etanol çözüm) ile cerrahi tezgah temiz. Cerrahi steril tek kullanımlık havlu örtüsü ile cerrahi alan (45 cm x 45 cm) hazırlamak ve çalışma stereomicroscope kadar ayarla.</li>
</ol> 3. Juguler ven içine FITC albümin infüzyonu için cerrahi müdahale <ol><li>kaydetmek fare vücut ağırlığı için anestezi.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize fare mayi enjeksiyonu (IP) ketamin (100 mg/kg) - xylazine (10 mg/kg) çözüm uygun bir doz ile.</li>
	<li>Monitör hayvan sedasyon hafif ayak çimdik tarafından çekilme refleks gibi Walantus vd. 11 , 12.</li> <li>bir yukarı yönde sırtüstü pozisyonda imzalat fareyi getirin ve dört ayak ve kuyruk cerrahi tezgah üzerinde yapışkan bant ile düzeltmek.</li>
	<li>Fare güvenli sonra tıraş ile boyun uygun cerrahi kenar boşluğu dikkatle tıraş (Tablo malzemeleri görmek) ve povidone-iyot çözüm ve % 70 etanol ile dezenfekte.</li>
	<li>Pamuk temizleme bezi ile maruz traş yüzey kuru.</li>
	<li>Yavaşça traş deriyi çekin ve hattı üzerinde Toraks midway başlayan ve altında boyun sadece uzanan bir 1,5 cm uzun boyuna kesi, neşter, midclavicular tarafından olun.</li>
	<li>Dikkatli bir şekilde dış juguler ven ortaya çıkarmak için mikroskobik gözlem (5 X büyütme) altında Forseps ile ayrı bağ dokusu germek.</li>
	<li>Sağ ve sol tarafındaki juguler ven 30½ G iğne FITC albümin çözüm infüzyonu için ekleme kolaylaştırmak için yeterli alan olun.</li>
	<li>Hayvan intravenöz enjekte (juguler ven yavaş yavaş (üzerinde 3 dk) 10 mL/kg FITC albümin 100 µL ile 30½ G iğne kullanarak düzgün).</li>
	<li>15 dakika sonra fareyi işten çıkarma tarafından ötenazi, hızla yukarıda açıklanan 13 olarak kafatası beyin kaldırmak ve için önceden soğutulmuş isopentane 15 dk içinde en az 10 beyin hacmi x bırakın.</li>
	<li>Beyin önceden soğutulmuş bir tüpe donmuş isopentane taşımak ve histolojik kesit kadar-80 ° C dondurucu içine saklayın.</li>
</ol> 4. Histolojik kesit, beyin infüzyon FITC albümin ile <ol><li>beyin en iyi kesim sıcaklık (OCT) bileşik donmuş Embed cryostat kesit (bakınız Tablo reçetesi) öncesinde.</li>
	<li>Seri olarak beyin cryostat ile 20 µm kalınlığında bölüme, kesmek (bkz. Tablo malzemeler) ve mikroskop cam slaytlar mount.</li>
	<li>FITC-albümin/laminin belirli bir kullanarak ortak boyama gerçekleştirmek anti-laminin antikor (tablo malzemeleri görmek) daha önce açıklandığı gibi 6.
	<ol><li>Kısaca, gece boyunca birincil antikor anti-laminin (pAb 1: 1000) bölümlerle kuluçkaya ve uygun ikincil antikor Cy3 için Birleşik devam.</li>
		<li>Coverslip slaytlar ile montaj orta 4 içeren &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (emme tepe 360 = nm; emisyon tepe 460 = nm (Tablo malzemeleri görmek).</li>
		<li>Kuru gecede karanlıkta 4 ° C'de slayttan ayrılmasını.</li>
		<li>Gözlemlemek boyama floresan mikroskop altında floresan (Tablo malzemeleri görmek) her iki FITC ile donatılmış 20 X büyütme, (emme tepe 495 = nm; emisyon tepe 525 = nm) ve Cy3 filtreleri (emme pik = 550 nm; emisyon tepe 570 = nm).
		<ol><li>Hemen boyama sonra örnekleri görüntülemek için coverslip tırnak cilası kullanarak köşelerinde güvenli ve onları (4.3.3) yukarıda mikroskop altında incelemek.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 5. Floresan mikroskop yukarı ayarı ve edinme renkli görüntüler <ol><li>aşağıdaki gibi Floresans mikroskobu hazırlayın.
	<ol><li>Floresan lamba açmak kullanmadan önce yaklaşık 10 dakika. Mikroskop, bağlı bilgisayar ve dijital kamerayı açın. Görüntü analiz yazılımı çalıştırmak (Tablo malzemeleri görmek).</li>
		<li>En uygun sinyal koleksiyon ve Uzaysal çözünürlük için uygun amaç kullanın ve uygun filtreleri seçin.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Edinme renkli görüntüler <ol><li>görüntü analiz yazılımı [canlı] komutunu seçin (bkz. Tablo malzeme) ve her filtre için en uygun aydınlatma parametrelerini ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>Tek kanallı renkli görüntü çekmek ve ölçek çubuğu eklemek için [freeze] komutunu seçin (&#39; düzenleme &#62; yanmak ölçek &#39;)</li>
		<li>Her görüntü kaydetmek &#39; .tiff &#39; biçimi.</li>
		<li>Birleştirme kanalları tek bir resim halinde seçerek &#39; dosya &#62; kanalını Birleştir &#39; ve buraya kaydeder</li>
		<li>TIFF &#39; biçimi.</li>
		<li>Edinme en az dört 24 bit renk resimleri (2200 µm x 3400 µm) beyin dilim (slayt başına 6 bölümler) başına.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 6. FITC albümin ekstravazasyonu değerlendirilmesi <ol><li>Floresan yoğunluğu tek her kanal için çözümleme serbestçe kullanılabilir ImageJ 14 , 15.</li>
	<li>FITC albümin toplam floresan sinyal şiddeti her resim başına toplam CY3-Laminin floresan yoğunluğu tarafından normal duruma getirmeye ve yeşil floresan yoğunluğu olarak damarları dışında albümin extravasated raporu.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir ifşa etmek çıkar çatışması var.

Biz burada tarif teknik öncelikle beyin hastalığı koşullar altında BBB sızıntı tespit için yararlıdır. BBB disfonksiyon çeşitli nörolojik bozukluklar4ortak bir özelliği dikkat kazanıyor. Daha önce bu yaklaşım erken Akli dengesizlik BBB bütünlüğü, nadir nörodejeneratif hastalık HD6gibi bir fare modeli tanımlamak için kullanılır.
Bu yöntem doğru ve güvenilir sonuçlar sağlar yordam etkinliğini ve göreli basitli...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56389/assessment-blood-brain-barrier-permeability-intravenous-infusion-fitc">Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease</a>. One of the author&#39;s names was corrected from:
Maglione Vittorio
to:
Vittorio Maglione

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56389/assessment-blood-brain-barrier-permeability-intravenous-infusion-fitc">Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease</a>. One of the author's names was corrected.

Erratum: Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) içinde homeostazı uygun iletişim ve nöronal hücre işlevi için bir önkoşuldur. CNS parankimi sıkı çevre--dan endotel kan - beyin periferik kan ve beyin arasında arayüz gösteren ve çapraz-hadis1 Bu iki ilçe arasında çok önemli bir rol oynar bariyerini (BBB) tarafından saklanmış ,2. BBB bir kompleks olduğunu ve dinamik üç boyutlu yapısını esas olarak interselüler bileske kompleksleri - sıkı kavşak (TJs) - birbirine bağlı ve perisitlerden tarafından çevrili özel mikro-damar endotel hücreleri (ECs) oluşan nöron biten ve astrocyte ayak işlemleri1,2.
Fizyolojik koşullar altında sağlam BBB son derece düşük geçirgenliği içine ve dışına beyin besin ve diğer moleküller sıkı düzenleme sağlar ve MSS görülen değişimleri benzersiz bir koruma sağlar kompozisyon sinirsel aktivite etkisi kan ve potansiyel periferik karşı1,2,3hakaret.
BBB bütünlüğü ve onun gelişmiş geçirgenliği bozulma nörolojik çoğu için önemli bir özellik oluşturmak için uzun bilinmektedir ve Huntington hastalığı (HD)5,6, ancak de dahil olmak üzere4 nörodejeneratif hastalıklar , bu tür bir işlev bozukluğu sorumlu bir olgudur veya hastalık sırasında propagative bir olay hala belirsizdir. BBB arıza zamanlaması da zor kalır, ancak, bizim grup ve diğer kanıtlarla ortaya çıkan kesintiye BBB bütünlüğü bir geç olay oldukça erken bir adım6ama hastalık ilerleme,7 temsil etmiyor gösterir , uzun vadede sonuçlara yol açabilir 8.
Bu düşünce tanımışlar yararlı hastalık ilerleme ve beyin hasarı tahmin ve alternatif ve daha hedefli müdahaleler yeteneğine sahip başarılı bir şekilde geliştirmek için stratejiler geliştirmek amacıyla ateş BBB arıza ortaya önemlidir Böyle bir bozulma klinik sonuçlarını Azaltıcı. Güvenilir görüntüleme BBB bozukluğu olduğunu, bu nedenle, deneysel araştırma ve beyin hastalıkları klinik yönetim büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Bu yazıda, biz bir başarılı ve basit bir HD fare modeli BBB geçirgenliği değerlendirilmesi için yüksek molekül ağırlıklı floresein isothiocyanate etiketli-albumin (FITC-albümin) kullanarak açıklayınız. Normalde bariyer, beyin parankimi geçemez FITC-albümin ekstravazasyonu BBB kaçak dizin olarak ölçüldü. Fareler ve diğer patolojik durumlar cerebrovasculature bozukluğu9,10tarafından karakterize kolayca uyarlanabilir bir tekniktir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin-fluorescin isothiocyanate conjiugate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>A9771-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAb anti-Laminin</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NB300-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CY3 anti-rabbit made in goat</td>
			<td>MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>AP132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SUPERFROST PLUS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>J1800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Slips 24 X 50 mm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific (DIAPATH)</td>
			<td>61050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kilik Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) compound</td>
			<td>Bio Optica</td>
			<td>05-9801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD Mounting Media</td>
			<td>VECTOR</td>
			<td>H-1500</td>
			<td>Mounting media with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iNSu/Light Insulin Disposible Syringe</td>
			<td>RAYS Health &#38;Safety</td>
			<td>INS1ML26G13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td>BD Microlance</td>
			<td>304000</td>
			<td>Needle for Insulin disposible Syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>91003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#22 Disposable Scalpel blads</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>10022-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Iris scissors 10.5 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14094-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Forceps #5745 45&#176; 0.10 x 0.06 mm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11251-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps 10 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11051-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Forceps #5 0.1 X 0.06 mm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical patch</td>
			<td>Medicalis</td>
			<td>34788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile disposable towel drape</td>
			<td>Dispotech</td>
			<td>TVO50VE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscopic Microscope</td>
			<td>NIKON</td>
			<td>SMZ 745 T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optic Illuminator LED light (C-FLED2)</td>
			<td>NIKON</td>
			<td>1003167</td>
			<td>Optic Illuminator for Stereoscopic Micrscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eclipse Ni-U Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>932162</td>
			<td>Epifluorescence Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope digital Camera</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-Ri2</td>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intenslight</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C-HGFI</td>
			<td>Microscope lamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements 64 bit</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>AR 4.40.00</td>
			<td>Analysis Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Razor</td>
			<td>Gemei</td>
			<td>GM-3007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability by intravenous infusion of fitc-labeled albumin in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease

Kan - beyin bariyerini (BBB) bütünlük bozulma farklı nörolojik ve nörodejeneratif hastalıklar için ortak bir özelliktir. Ne kadar perişan BBB homeostazı ve beyin bozukluklarının Patogenez arasında etkileşim ihtiyacı daha fazla araştırma, geliştirme ve doğrulama doğru BBB değişiklikleri algılamak için güvenilir bir yordam çok önemli ve yararlı bir araç temsil eder potansiyel olarak hastalık öngördürücüsü için hedef ilerleme ve geliştirme tedavi stratejileri.
Burada, BBB sızıntı böyle, Huntington hastalığı, BBB geçirgenliği kusur tanımışlar açıkça tespit preklinik fare modeli meydana gelen bir nörodejeneratif durumunun değerlendirilmesi için kolay ve etkin bir yordam mevcut hastalık. Etiketli özellikle yüksek molekül ağırlıklı floresein isothiocyanate (FITC)-yalnızca ikinci bozulmuş olduğunda BBB çapraz yapabiliyor, albümin, akut infüzyon içine bir fare juguler ven ve vasküler veya parenkima ilçede dağıtımı o zaman Floresans mikroskobu tarafından belirlenir.
Beyin parankimi yeşil floresan-albümin birikimi anormal BBB geçirgenliği indeks olarak işlev görür ve görüntü J işleme yazılımı kullanarak quantitated zaman yeşil floresan yoğunluğu bildirilir.

Uygun FITC albümin infüzyonu kan gelen yeşil Floresans izleme ekstravazasyonu BBB beyin parenchymawhen içine juguler ven sonuçlarında içine6ele geçirildi. Fizyolojik koşullar altında infüzyon floresan albümin dağılımı beyin kan damarlarının iç sınırlıdır ve çevreleyen Perivasküler alanı ve/veya beyin parankimi içinde sinyal yok algılanabilir (şekil 1A, Tarih Filmler üst). BBB nöro-patolojik şartlar altı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease at JoVE.com

Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Bu çalışmada, biz kan - beyin bariyerini nörodejeneratif koşullar altında çalışmasının değerlendirilmesi için kolay ve etkin bir yordam mevcut. Bizim hedefe ulaşmak için biz yüksek molekül ağırlıklı floresein isothiocyanate (FITC) etiketli infüzyon-albümin içine fare juguler ven ve onun kaçak beyin parankimi Floresans mikroskobu tarafından değerlendirilir.

Kan - beyin bariyerini geçirgenliği FITC etiketli albümin nörodejeneratif hastalık, bir fare modeli intravenöz infüzyonu tarafından değerlendirilmesi

Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a common feature for different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the interplay ...

assessment-blood-brain-barrier-permeability-intravenous-infusion-fitc

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.8K Görüntüleme.  IRCCS Neuromed. Bu çalışmada, biz kan - beyin bariyerini nörodejeneratif koşullar altında çalışmasının değerlendirilmesi için kolay ve etkin bir yordam mevcut. Bizim hedefe ulaşmak için biz yüksek molekül ağırlıklı floresein isothiocyanate (FITC) etiketli infüzyon-albümin içine fare juguler ven ve onun kaçak beyin parankimi Floresans mikroskobu tarafından değerlendirilir.

Video: Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Methods for Intravenous Self Administration in a Mouse Model

Animal models have been developed to study the reinforcing effects of drugs, including the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. The advantages of using an IVSA paradigm to study the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse such as cocaine include the fact that the drug is self-administered instead of experimenter-administered, the schedule of reinforcement can be altered, and accurate measurement of the quantities of drug consumed as well as the timing and pattern of IV injections can be obtained. Furthermore, the intravenous route of administration avoids potential confounds related to first pass metabolism or taste, and produces rapid increases in blood and brain drug levels. As outlined in this video, intravenous self-administration can be obtained without prior food restriction or prior drug training following careful catheter placement during surgery and meticulous daily catheter flushing and maintenance. Experimental procedures outlined in this paper include a description of animal housing and acclimation methods, operant training using sweetened milk solutions, and catheter implantation surgery.

The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm is considered to be the gold standard in examining the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse in rodents. This manuscript outlines the experimental procedures and surgical techniques necessary to obtain reliable IVSA data. In particular, meticulous catheter implantation and maintenance are highlighted.

Bir Fare Modelinde İntravenöz Öz Yönetim Yöntemleri

Animal models have been developed to study the reinforcing effects of drugs, including the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. The advantages ...

Nörobilim

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

Epithelial and endothelial cells (EC) are building paracellular barriers which protect the tissue from the external and internal environment. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisting of EC, astrocyte end-feet, pericytes and the basal membrane is responsible for the protection and homeostasis of the brain parenchyma. In vitro BBB models are common tools to study the structure and function of the BBB at the cellular level. A considerable number of different in vitro BBB models have been established for research in different laboratories to date. Usually, the cells are obtained from bovine, porcine, rat or mouse brain tissue (discussed in detail in the review by Wilhelm et al. 1). Human tissue samples are available only in a restricted number of laboratories or companies 2,3. While primary cell preparations are time consuming and the EC cultures can differ from batch to batch, the establishment of immortalized EC lines is the focus of scientific interest.
Here, we present a method for establishing an immortalized brain microvascular EC line from neonatal mouse brain. We describe the procedure step-by-step listing the reagents and solutions used. The method established by our lab allows the isolation of a homogenous immortalized endothelial cell line within four to five weeks. The brain microvascular endothelial cell lines termed cEND 4 (from cerebral cortex) and cerebEND 5 (from cerebellar cortex), were isolated according to this procedure in the F&ouml;rster laboratory and have been effectively used for explanation of different physiological and pathological processes at the BBB. Using cEND and cerebEND we have demonstrated that these cells respond to glucocorticoid- 4,6-9 and estrogen-treatment 10 as well as to pro-infammatory mediators, such as TNFalpha 5,8. Moreover, we have studied the pathology of multiple sclerosis 11 and hypoxia 12,13 on the EC-level. The cEND and cerebEND lines can be considered as a good tool for studying the structure and function of the BBB, cellular responses of ECs to different stimuli or interaction of the EC with lymphocytes or cancer cells.

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

This method describes how to isolate and immortalize microvascular endothelial cells from mouse brain. We describe a step-by-step protocol starting from the homogenization of brain tissue, digestion steps, seeding and immortalization of the cells. Usually, it takes about five weeks to obtain a homogenous, immortalized microvascular endothelial cell line.

Bir olarak ölümsüzleştirdi murin Beyin Mikrovasküler Endotel Hücre Hattı Üretimi<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Kan Beyin Bariyeri Modeli

Epithelial and endothelial cells (EC) are building paracellular barriers which protect the tissue from the external and internal environment. The ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

Ultrasonik Kan-beyin bariyeri bozulması ve Manganez kontrastlı MRG kullanma İşlevsel beyin görüntüleme

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalığının fare modelleri için koku alma Tahliller

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Kalıcı ve yaygın Nöronal İletim için Yenidoğan Fare Beyin intraserooroventriküler Viral Enjeksiyon

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and thus current therapeutic treatment strategies are not curative. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, an increasing number of genes have been identified to play a role in human locomotion. Despite identifying these genes, it is not known how these genes are crucial to normal locomotive functioning. Therefore, a reliable assay, which utilizes model organisms to elucidate the role of these genes in order to identify novel targets of therapeutic interest, is needed more than ever. We have designed a sensitized version of the negative geotaxis assay that allows for the detection of milder defects earlier and has the ability to evaluate these defects over time. The assay is performed in a glass graduated cylinder, which is sealed with a wax barrier film. By increasing the threshold distance to be climbed to 17.5 cm and increasing the experiment duration to 2 min&#160;we have observed a greater sensitivity in detecting mild mobility dysfunctions. The assay is cost effective and does not require extensive training to obtain highly reproducible results. This makes it an excellent technique for screening candidate drugs in Drosophila mutants with locomotion defects.

We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların bir Drosophila Modelinde Tırmanma Kusur Kantitatif Analiz

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

Fare Hippocampus içine Oligomerik Amiloid-beta Stereotaksik İnfüzyon

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized barrier that protects the brain microenvironment from toxins and pathogens in the circulation and maintains brain homeostasis. The principal sites of the barrier are endothelial cells of the brain capillaries whose barrier function results from tight intercellular junctions and efflux transporters expressed on the plasma membrane. This function is regulated by pericytes and astrocytes that together form the neurovascular unit (NVU). Several neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), brain tumors are associated with an impaired BBB function. Assessment of the BBB permeability is therefore crucial in evaluating the severity of the neurological disease and the success of the treatment strategies employed.
We present here a simple yet robust permeability assay that have been successfully applied to several mouse models both, genetic and experimental. The method is highly quantitative and objective in comparison to the tracer fluorescence analysis by microscopy that is commonly applied. In this method, mice are injected intraperitoneally with a mix of aqueous inert fluorescent tracers followed by anesthetizing the mice. Cardiac perfusion of the animals is performed prior to harvesting brain, kidneys or other organs. Organs are homogenized and centrifuged followed by fluorescence measurement from the supernatant. Blood drawn from the cardiac puncture just before perfusion serves for normalization purpose to the vascular compartment. The tissue fluorescence is normalized to the wet weight and serum fluorescence to obtain a quantitative tracer permeability index. For additional confirmation, the contralateral hemi-brain preserved for immunohistochemistry can be utilized for tracer fluorescence visualization purposes.

An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers

Here we present a mouse brain vascular permeability assay using intraperitoneal injection of fluorescent tracers followed by perfusion that is applicable to animal models of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. One hemi-brain is used for assessing permeability quantitatively and the other for tracer visualization/immunostaining. The procedure takes 5 - 6 h for 10 mice.

Vivo kan - beyin bariyerini geçirgenliği tahlil Fluorescently kullanarak farelerde izleyiciler etiketli

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized barrier that protects the brain microenvironment from toxins and pathogens in the circulation and maintains ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Rats with induced ischemic stroke were established and used as in vivo models to investigate the functional integrity of the BBB. Spectrophotometric detection of Evans blue (EB) in the brain samples with ischemic injury could provide reliable justification for the research and development of novel therapeutic modalities. This method generates reproducible results, and is applicable in any laboratory without a need for special equipment. Here, we present a visualized and technical guideline on the detection of the extravasation of EB following induction of ischemic stroke in rats.

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

The overall goal of this procedure is to provide a highly reproducible technique for in vivo assessment of the blood-brain barrier disruption in rat models of ischemic stroke.

Kan - beyin bariyerini bozulma iskemik inme, bir fare modeli Vivo içinde değerlendirilmesi

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the barrier and the brain parenchyma is still an unmet need. To fill this gap, we designed a 2D in cellulo model, the BBB-Minibrain, by combining a polyester porous membrane culture insert human BBB model with a Minibrain formed by a tri-culture of human brain cells (neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells). The BBB-Minibrain allowed us to test the transport of a neuroprotective drug candidate (e.g., Neurovita), through the BBB, to determine the specific targeting of this molecule to neurons and to show that the neuroprotective property of the drug was preserved after the drug had crossed the BBB. We have also demonstrated that BBB-Minibrain constitutes an interesting model to detect the passage of virus particles across the endothelial cells barrier and to monitor the infection of the Minibrain by neuroinvasive virus particles. The BBB-Minibrain is a reliable system, easy to handle for researcher trained in cell culture technology and predictive of the brain cells phenotypes after treatment or insult. The interest of such in cellulo testing would be twofold: introducing derisking steps early in the drug development on the one hand and reducing the use of animal testing on the other hand.

Here we present a protocol describing the setting of an in cellulo BBB (Blood brain barrier)-Minibrain polyester porous membrane culture insert system in order to evaluate the transport of biomolecules or infectious agents across a human BBB and their physiological impact on the neighboring brain cells.

Bariyer geçişleri patojenler veya ilaçlar ve onların etkileşim beyin ile çalışmak için bir insan kan-beyin arabirim modeli

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the ...