Stabil mCherry-Histon H2B ve GFP-α-tübülin ifade HeLa hücreleri paylaşımı için Tohoku Üniversitesi, Japonya'nın Dr Kozo Tanaka için minnettarız. Bu eser DV (R00CA178188) için bir ncı hibe ve Northwestern Üniversitesi'nden başlamak-yukarıya fon tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. çift timidin blok ve yayın: reaktif hazırlıkları
<ol><li>500 mL Dulbecco'nın kartal orta (DMEM) orta %10 FBS, penisilin ve streptomisin ile desteklenmiş değişiklik yapmak.</li>
	<li>Steril su ve aliquots-80 ° C'de deposunda timidin stokunun 100 mM olun</li>
</ol>2. sabit hücre görüntüleme Mitotik ilerleme (şekil 1A) için iletişim kuralı
<ol><li>Günde 1, tohum ~ 2 x 105 HeLa hücreleri ile bir kapak (% 70 etanol ve UV radyasyon vermeliyiz ile sterilize) kayma ve DMEM orta 2 mL 6-şey plaka kuyu içine. 37 ° C ve % 5 CO224 h için oksijen bir kuluçka hücrelerin büyümesine.</li>
	<li>1st timidin blok: 2 günde timidin taze DMEM medya (100 mM hisse senedi, 2 mM son konsantrasyonu) gerekli hacmi iyice karıştırın.</li>
	<li>Timidin içeren 2 mL ekleyin her şey 6-iyi hücrelerde medya plaka ve 18 h için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Gün 3, orta Aspire edin ve hücreleri 2 mL 1 x PBS ile iki kez ve bir kez taze prewarmed DMEM ile yıkayın; hücre Block serbest bırakmak 9 h için taze prewarmed DMEM ortamda hücrelerin büyümesine.</li>
	<li>2nd timidin bloğu: tekrar timidin içeren 2 mL ekleyin medya (2 mM son konsantrasyonu) her şey 6-şey plaka hücrelerde.</li>
	<li>Başka bir 18 h için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Günde 4, orta Aspire edin ve hücreleri 2 mL 1 x PBS ile iki kez ve bir kez taze prewarmed DMEM ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Seyreltik çift (Denetim ve Cdt1) ve transfection reaktif serum ücretsiz büyüme orta 10 dk. için ayrı ayrı bunları karıştırın ve RT., 20 dk için kuluçkaya Her transfection içinde kullanılan siRNA son konsantrasyonu 100 oldu nM. Timidin dışarı yıkanmış hücrelere tepki karışımı ekleyin.</li>
	<li>9-10 h bloke edilen serbest bırakmak ve hücreleri üzerinde kapak makbuzları ile % 4 saptamak için 37 ° C'de hücreler kuluçkaya PFA RT., 20 dk Dikkat: PFA toksik, uygun koruma giymek.</li>
	<li>
Immunostain hücreleri, RT, 10 min için % 0,5 (v/v) deterjan ile permeabilizing ve 5 min için 1 x PBS iki kez hücrelerle yıkama sonra.
	<ol>
<li>1 x PBS için 1 h %1 (w/v) birincil antikor (1:1, 000, tavşan anti-Zwint1 antikor 1: 400 ve fare anti-fosfo-ɣ H2AX 1:300 seyreltilmiş seyreltilmiş seyreltilmiş fare anti-α-tübülin antikor) 50 µL hücrelerle tedavi tarafından takip RT olarak % 1 BSA (w/v) içeren hücreleri engellemek 1 x PBS 37 oC. 1 h için BSA</li>
		<li>1 x PBS hücrelerle dışarı üç kez yıkadıktan sonra RT, 1 h için her kapak cam (Alexa 488 ve rodamine kırmızı 1:250 dilutions %1 (w/v) BSA 1 x PBS,) için ikincil antikorların 50 µL hücrelerle tedavi</li>
		<li>1 x PBS iki kez 5 min için hücrelerle yıkadıktan sonra DAPI hücrelerle tedavi (0.1µg / mL 1 x PBS) RT., 5 min için</li>
		<li>1 x PBS iki kez 5 min için hücrelerle yıkadıktan sonra kapak notu hücrelere uygun montaj medya net mikroskobik bir slayt üzerinde karşı karşıya koyun.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Hücreler immunostained proteinler ile 60 X veya 100 X 1.4 NA planı Apochromatic DIC yağı daldırma amaç için gerekli görüntülerin kalitesi için gerektiği şekilde uygun bir kamera ile donatılmış bir ters yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal mikroskobu monte görüntü.</li>
	<li>Z-0.2 µm kalınlık yazılımını kullanarak yığını için mikroskop gerektiği oda sıcaklığında görüntüleri elde etmek.</li>
</ol>3. canlı hücre görüntüleme Mitotik ilerleme (şekil 3A) için iletişim kuralı
<ol><li>Gün 1, yaklaşık 0,5-1 x 105 HeLa hücreleri stabil mCherry-H2B GFP-α-tübülin (biraz hücre tipi ve onlar hızlı proteinler göre değişken) içine 35 mm cam alt yemekler 1.5 mL DMEM orta ile ifade etmek tohum ve onları bir oksijen büyümek kuluçka makinesi 24 h 37 oC ve %5 CO2.</li>
	<li>1st timidin blok: 2 günde 1,5 mL timidin içeren ekleyin (100 mM timidin, 2 mM son konsantrasyonu,) çanak hücrelerde medya.</li>
	<li>18 h için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Gün 3, timidin içeren orta Aspire edin ve hücreleri üç kez, 2 mL 1 x PBS ile iki kez ve bir kez taze prewarmed DMEM ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Seyreltik çift (Denetim ve Hec1) ve transfection reaktif serum ücretsiz büyüme orta 10 dk. için ayrı ayrı ile onları karıştırın ve RT., 20 dk için kuluçkaya Her transfection içinde kullanılan siRNA son konsantrasyonu 100 oldu nM. Timidin dışarı yıkanmış hücrelere tepki karışımı ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Taze prewarmed DMEM Orta hücre Block serbest bırakmak 8 h için 1,5 mL hücrelerinde büyür.</li>
	<li>2nd timidin bloğu: 1,5 mL timidin içeren ekleyin medya (2 mM son konsantrasyonu) çanak hücrelerde.</li>
	<li>Başka bir 18 h için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Günde 4, orta Aspire edin ve hücreleri üç kez, 2 mL 1 x PBS ile iki kez ve bir kez taze prewarmed DMEM ile yıkayın. Hücrelerin büyümesine taze prewarmed iyi (L-15) orta %10 FBS ve 20 mM ile HEPES pH 7,0 hücre Block serbest bırakmak 8 h için takıma'nın.</li>
	<li>Zaten en az 30 dakika sahnede ve deneysel sıcaklıklar dengelemek için görüntüleme başlamadan önce açık yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal mikroskop set sıcaklık kontrol odasında çanak yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Sonra hücreleri görünür hale gelene kadar parlak alanı ile 60 x objektif odak el ile sahne alanı üzerinde seçim bölgesine elemek.</li>
	<li>Işık ve lazer güç/pozlama, görüntü edinme parametreleri ve mikroskop görüntü alma yazılım kullanarak deneme süresi ayarlayın. Filtreleri GFP (488 uyarma; 385 nm emisyon) ve mCherry (561 nm uyarma ve 385 nm emisyon) görüntüleri elde etmek için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Ayrı ayrı pulsed iletilen ışık ve floresan görüntüleri her 10 min 16 s kadar bir süre için elde etme tarafından hızlandırılmış deneme gerçekleştirin.</li>
	<li>On iki 1.0 µm ayrılmış z-uçak yazılım kullanarak Çift Kişilik timidin blok sürümden sonra 9 h için mikroskop gerektiği görüntüleri elde etmek.</li>
	<li>Tek tek hücreler için Mitotik ilerleme izleme görüntüleri analiz ve nihayet bir araya kaynak yazılım Fiji/ImageJ ile ilgili film.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar onlar rakip mali niyetimiz yok bildirin.

Bu hücreler mitoz böylece aynı zamanda kromozom hizalama, bipolar analizlerini etkinleştirme uyum içinde girerek birçoğunu içeren bir kısa sürede pencerede Mitotik hücre bir artan örnek boyutu sağlar Çift Kişilik timidin eşitleme en önemli avantajı olduğunu oluşumu ve kromozom ayrımı çok daha yüksek verimlilik ile iğ.
Birçok düzenleyici protein kompleksleri ve sinyal yollar mitoz yoluyla normal ilerleme sağlamaya adadık ve deregülasyon bu sürecin tumorigenesis i?...

Hücre döngüsünde hücreleri son derece düzenli ve geçici kontrollü olayları kendi genom ve nükleer silahların yayılmasına karşı doğru çoğaltılması için bir dizi tabi. Memelilerde, hücre döngüsü interfaz ve M-faz oluşur. Interphase içinde ki üç aşamaları - G1, S, oluşur ve G2, hücre genomunu çoğaltır ve normal hücre döngüsü ilerleme1,2için gerekli olan büyüme uğrar. M-mitoz (profaz, prometafaz, metafaz, anafaz ve telofaz) ve sitokinez oluşan aşamasında, bir ebeveyn hücre iki genetik olarak aynı kızı hücreleri üretir. Mitoz, chromatids yinelenen genom kopyası sıkıştırılmış (profaz) vardır ve onların kinetochores monte Mitotik spindle (prometafaz), mikrotübüller tarafından yakalanır kız kardeşi bu sürücüler onların hizalama metafaz ardından plaka (metafaz) onların Ne zaman chromatids doğru bölmek ve ters dönüş için yer değiştiren kız kardeşi (anafaz) Polonyalılar segregasyon eşit. İki kızı hücreleri fiziksel olarak bir aktin esaslı contractile yüzüğü (telofaz ve sitokinez) faaliyet tarafından ayrılır. Kinetochore ve chromatids centromeric bölge çeviren özel bir proteinaceous yapı iğ mikrotübüller için ek siteler olarak hizmet. Temel işlevi kromozom yakalama, hizalama, sürücü ve uygunsuz iğ Mikrotubul eki, Milli Meclis denetim noktası kromozom segregasyon3,4kalitesini korumak için arabuluculuk yaparken düzeltme yardım etmektir.
Hücre eşitleme tekniği moleküler ve yapısal olaylar hücre döngüsü ilerlemesinde dahil anlamak için ideal bir araç olarak hizmet vermektedir. Bu yaklaşım belirli aşamaları için çeşitli analizler, gen ifadesi, profil oluşturma dahil olmak üzere hücresel biyokimyasal süreçlerin analizleri ve proteinlerin hücre altı yerelleştirme tespiti, hücre popülasyonlarının zenginleştirmek için kullanılmıştır. Eşitlenmiş memeli hücreleri-ebilmek var olmak kullanılmış sadece bireysel gen ürünlerinin incelenmesi için aynı zamanda Analizi Mikroarray analiz gen ifade5, miRNA ifade desenleri6dahil olmak üzere bütün genleri içeren yaklaşımlar için translasyonel yönetmelik7ve protein değişiklikler8proteomik analizi. Eşitleme gen ekspresyonu veya protein knock-down veya knock-out veya kimyasal maddelerin etkileri, hücre döngüsü gelişimi çalışma için kullanılabilir.
Hücreleri hücre döngüsünün farklı aşamalarında eşitlenebilir. Hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal yöntemler hücre senkronizasyonu için yaygın olarak kullanılır. Hücre eşitlemesi için en önemli kriterleri eşitleme noncytotoxic ve geri dönüşümlü olması gerekir vardır. Hücreleri farmakolojik ajanlar tarafından eşitleme potansiyel olumsuz hücresel sonuçları nedeniyle, kimyasal bağımlı yöntemleri anahtar hücre döngüsü olaylar eğitim için avantajlı olabilir. Örneğin, hidroksiüreye, amphidicolin, mimosine ve lovastatin, G1/S faz hücre eşitleme için kullanılabilir ancak, onlar inhibe biyokimyasal yolları üzerindeki etkileri nedeniyle onlar hücre döngüsü kontrol noktası mekanizmaları etkinleştirmek ve önemli bir öldürmek kesir hücreleri9,10. Öte yandan, DNA ikileşmesi "timidin taşı" olarak bilinen büyüme basına timidin ekleyerek geribildirim inhibisyonu hücre döngüsünün belirli Puan11,12,13tutuklayabilirsin. Hücreleri de G2/M aşamasında nocodazole ve RO-33069,14ile tedavisi ile senkronize edilebilir. Nocodazole Mikrotubul derleme önleyen bir nispeten yüksek sitotoksisite vardır. Ayrıca, hücreleri nocodazole tutuklandı tanımışlar tarafından Mitotik kayma Interphase geri dönebilirim. Çift timidin blok tutuklama hücreleri G1/S faz ve blok sürümden sonra zaman uyumlu olarak G2 ve mitoz içine devam etmek için hücreleri bulunur. Timidin bloğundan çıkış hücrelerin hücre döngüsünün normal ilerleme yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal mikroskobu altında hücre fiksasyon veya canlı görüntüleme tarafından görülebilir. Özellikle hücre girin ve mitoz Kişilik timidin blok sürümden sonra devam pertürbasyon Mitotik proteinlerin etkisi okudu. Cdt1, çok fonksiyonlu bir protein DNA çoğaltma kaynağı G1 aşamasında lisansı içinde yer alan ve aynı zamanda mitoz15sırasında kinetochore Mikrotubul ekleri için gereklidir. Cdt1 fonksiyonu mitoz sırasında çalışmaya bir lisans çoğaltmayı G1 aşamasında, aynı zamanda onun tükenmesi özellikle aşamasında G2/M sadece etkileyen üzerinde onun tükenmesi etkisini önler bir yöntem evlat edinmek gerekiyor. Burada, sabit ve canlı hücre görüntüleme tarafından birden fazla işlevi hücre döngüsünün farklı aşamalarında gerçekleştirme proteinlerin Mitotik rol çalışmaya Çift Kişilik timidin blok dayalı ayrıntılı iletişim kuralları mevcut.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (1X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (1X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#8217;s (1X) L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21083-027</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum reduced medium (Opti-MEM)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>319-85-070</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin and streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070-063 (Pen Strep)</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dharmafect2</td>
			<td>GE Dharmacon</td>
			<td>T-2002-02</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thymidine</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
			<td>103056</td>
			<td>Dissolved in sterile distiled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cdt1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hec1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa cells expressing GFP-H2B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa cells expressing GFP-&#945;-tubulin and mCherry H2B</td>
			<td>Generous gift from Dr. Kozo Tanaka of Tohoku university, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Corporation</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td>Toxic, needs caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Corporation</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>Toxic, needs caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-&#945;-tubulin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>Sc32293</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit ant-Zwint1</td>
			<td>Bethyl</td>
			<td>A300-781A</td>
			<td>1:400 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-phospho-&#947;H2AX (Ser139)</td>
			<td>Upstate Biotechnology</td>
			<td>05-626, clone JBW301</td>
			<td>1:300 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa 488</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodamine Red-X</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioLite 6 well multidish</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35MM Glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek Corporation</td>
			<td>P35GCOL-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse TiE inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning disc for confocal</td>
			<td>Yokagawa</td>
			<td>CSU-X1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra 888 EM-CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>iXon Ultra EMCCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 wave length laser</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubation System for Microscopes</td>
			<td>Tokai Hit</td>
			<td>TIZB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-elements software</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining mitotic cell synchronization and high resolution confocal microscopy to study the role of multifunctional cell cycle proteins during mitosis

Çalışma bir aşama bağlı şekilde hücre döngüsünün çeşitli düzenleyici olayların hücre büyümesi ve bölünme hakkında net bir anlayış sağlar. Hücre popülasyonlarının eşitleme hücre döngüsünün belirli aşamalarında bu tür deneysel gayretlerinde çok yararlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hücreleri tarafından nispeten daha az toksik kimyasallar ile tedavi eşitlenmesi farmakolojik inhibitör uyuşturucu kullanımı sonucu hücre döngüsü olaylar ve seçili Mitotik aşamaları belirli zenginlik elde etmek için çalışma için yararlı olabilir. Burada, eşitleme insan hücreleri hücrenin farklı aşamalarında döngüsü, ikimiz de dahil olmak üzere S faz ve bir çift timidin blok-M faz ve yordam kromozom uyum içinde Mitotik proteinler işlevselliğini çalışmak için serbest bırakmak için protokol tarif ve segregasyon. Bu iletişim kuralı kurulan Interphase işlevleri sahip çok fonksiyonlu proteinlerin Mitotik rolleri çalışmak için son derece yararlı olmuştur. Sadece G2/M özel Cdt1 boşaldığında bizim durumumuzda, Cdt1, bir protein için lisans çoğaltma kaynağı G1 evresinde, kritik Mitotik rolü etkin bir şekilde ele. Biz Çift Kişilik timidin eşitlemeyi kullanarak tükenmesi G2/M özel Cdt1 için detaylı iletişim kuralı tanımlamak. Biz de hücre fiksasyon Protokolü açıklamak ve yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal mikroskobu timidin yayımlanmasından sonra kullanarak hücre görüntüleme yaşamak. Yöntem de bir büyük örneklerin boyutu sabit ve canlı hücre için Mitotik hücre elde etmek kullanmasına olanak tanır Hec1, karmaşık, Ndc80 bir bileşeni için gibi fizyolojik ve perişan koşullarda Mitotik proteinlerin işlevi çözümlemek için yararlıdır analiz biz burada gösterdiği gibi.

Mitotik ilerleme ve Mikrotubul istikrar hücrelerde çalışma çift timidin blok sürümden sonra sabit Cdt1 DNA çoğaltma kökenleri G1 aşamasında lisansı içinde yer almaktadır. S aşamasında bozulmuş ama G2/M aşamasında yeniden birikir. Mitoz rolü çalışmaya, endojen Cdt1 en uygun hücre eşitleme tekniği Çift Kişilik timidin blok15kullanarak özellikle G/M aşamasında tükenmiş gerekiyor. Hücreleri faz ve hangi zaman çoğ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis at JoVE

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Biz bir protokol yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal mikroskobu kullanılarak analiz tarafından takip HeLa hücreleri Çift Kişilik timidin eşitlenmesi için mevcut. Bu yöntem de interfaz işlevleri sahip çok fonksiyonlu proteinlerin Mitotik rolleri üzerinde çalışmalar etkinleştirme mitoz, zaman uyumlu olarak S faz geçin hücreleri çok sayıda elde anahtarıdır.

Mitotik hücre eşitleme ve yüksek çözünürlüklü Confocal mikroskobu mitoz sırasında çok fonksiyonlu hücre döngüsü proteinlerin rolü çalışmaya birleştirme

Study of the various regulatory events of the cell cycle in a phase-dependent manner provides a clear understanding about cell growth and division. The ...

combining-mitotic-cell-synchronization-high-resolution-confocal

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K Görüntüleme.  Northwestern University. Biz bir protokol yüksek çözünürlüklü confocal mikroskobu kullanılarak analiz tarafından takip HeLa hücreleri Çift Kişilik timidin eşitlenmesi için mevcut. Bu yöntem de interfaz işlevleri sahip çok fonksiyonlu proteinlerin Mitotik rolleri üzerinde çalışmalar etkinleştirme mitoz, zaman uyumlu olarak S faz geçin hücreleri çok sayıda elde anahtarıdır.

Video: Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

Canlı hücreler Mağaza çalışan Kalsiyum Giriş Floresans tabanlı Ölçümü: Kültür Kanseri Hücre gelen İskelet Kası Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Biyoloji

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

Imaging in vivo dynamics of cellular behavior throughout a developmental sequence can be a powerful technique for understanding the mechanics of tissue patterning. During animal development, key cell proliferation and patterning events occur very quickly. For instance, in Caenorhabditis elegans all cell divisions required for the larval body plan are completed within six hours after fertilization, with seven mitotic cycles1; the sixteen or more mitoses of Drosophila embryogenesis occur in less than 24 hr2. In contrast, cell divisions during plant development are slow, typically on the order of a day 3,4,5 . This imposes a unique challenge and a need for long-term live imaging for documenting dynamic behaviors of cell division and differentiation events during plant organogenesis. Arabidopsis epidermis is an excellent model system for investigating signaling, cell fate, and development in plants. In the cotyledon, this tissue consists of air- and water-resistant pavement cells interspersed with evenly distributed stomata, valves that open and close to control gas exchange and water loss. Proper spacing of these stomata is critical to their function, and their development follows a sequence of asymmetric division and cell differentiation steps to produce the organized epidermis (Fig. 1).
This protocol allows observation of cells and proteins in the epidermis over several days of development. This time frame enables precise documentation of stem-cell divisions and differentiation of epidermal cells, including stomata and epidermal pavement cells. Fluorescent proteins can be fused to proteins of interest to assess their dynamics during cell division and differentiation processes. This technique allows us to understand the localization of a novel protein, POLAR6, during the proliferation stage of stomatal-lineage cells in the Arabidopsis cotyledon epidermis, where it is expressed in cells preceding asymmetric division events and moves to a characteristic area of the cell cortex shortly before division occurs. Images can be registered and streamlined video easily produced using public domain software to visualize dynamic protein localization and cell types as they change over time.

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

We describe a protocol using chamber slides and media to immobilize plant cotyledons for confocal imaging of the epidermis over several days of development, documenting stomatal differentiation. Fluorophore-tagged proteins can be tracked dynamically by expression and subcellular localization, increasing understanding of their possible roles during cell division and cell-type differentiation.

Uzun süreli, yüksek çözünürlüklü Konfokal Time Lapse Görüntüleme<em&gt; Arabidopsis Kotiledon</emÇimlenme sırasında&gt; Epidermis

Imaging in vivo dynamics of cellular behavior throughout a developmental sequence can be a powerful technique for understanding the mechanics of tissue ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical clarity and amenability to genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo has become a popular model organism with which to perform time-lapse analysis of morphogenesis in living embryos. Confocal imaging of a live zebrafish embryo requires that a tissue of interest is persistently labeled with a fluorescent marker, such as a transgene or injected dye. The process demands that the embryo is anesthetized and held in place in such a way that healthy development proceeds normally. Parameters for imaging must be set to account for three-dimensional growth and to balance the demands of resolving individual cells while getting quick snapshots of development. Our results demonstrate the ability to perform long-term in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled zebrafish embryos and to detect varied tissue behaviors in the cranial neural crest that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Developmental delays caused by anesthesia and mounting are minimal, and embryos are unharmed by the process. Time-lapse imaged embryos can be returned to liquid medium and subsequently imaged or fixed at later points in development. With an increasing abundance of transgenic zebrafish lines and well-characterized fate mapping and transplantation techniques, imaging any desired tissue is possible. As such, time-lapse in vivo imaging combines powerfully with zebrafish genetic methods, including analyses of mutant and microinjected embryos.

Time-lapse confocal imaging is a powerful technique useful for characterizing embryonic development. Here, we describe the methodology and characterize craniofacial morphogenesis in wild-type, as well as pdgfra, smad5, and smo mutant embryos.

4D konfokal mikroskopi kullanılarak Zebra balığı Kranyofasiyel morfogenez Analizi

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been an excellent model system for examining mechanisms and consequences of genome instability. Information gained from this yeast model is relevant to many organisms, including humans, since DNA repair and DNA damage response factors are well conserved across diverse species. However, S. cerevisiae has not yet been used to fully address whether the rate of accumulating mutations changes with increasing replicative (mitotic) age due to technical constraints. For instance, measurements of yeast replicative lifespan through micromanipulation involve very small populations of cells, which prohibit detection of rare mutations. Genetic methods to enrich for mother cells in populations by inducing death of daughter cells have been developed, but population sizes are still limited by the frequency with which random mutations that compromise the selection systems occur. The current protocol takes advantage of magnetic sorting of surface-labeled yeast mother cells to obtain large enough populations of aging mother cells to quantify rare mutations through phenotypic selections. Mutation rates, measured through fluctuation tests, and mutation frequencies are first established for young cells and used to predict the frequency of mutations in mother cells of various replicative ages. Mutation frequencies are then determined for sorted mother cells, and the age of the mother cells is determined using flow cytometry by staining with a fluorescent reagent that detects bud scars formed on their cell surfaces during cell division. Comparison of predicted mutation frequencies based on the number of cell divisions to the frequencies experimentally observed for mother cells of a given replicative age can then identify whether there are age-related changes in the rate of accumulating mutations. Variations of this basic protocol provide the means to investigate the influence of alterations in specific gene functions or specific environmental conditions on mutation accumulation to address mechanisms underlying genome instability during replicative aging.

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutation rates in young Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells measured through fluctuation tests are used to predict mutation frequencies for mother cells of different replicative ages. Magnetic sorting and flow cytometry are then used to measure actual mutation frequencies and age of mother cells to identify any deviations from predicted mutation frequencies.

Anne Hücreleri ve dalgalanma Testleri Manyetik orting birleştiren Mitotic Hücre Yaşlanma sırasında Genom istikrarsızlık Analiz için<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been an excellent model system for examining mechanisms and consequences of genome instability. Information gained from this ...

Synchronization of Caulobacter Crescentus for Investigation of the Bacterial Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is important for growth, genome replication, and development in all cells. In bacteria, studies of the cell cycle have focused largely on unsynchronized cells making it difficult to order the temporal events required for cell cycle progression, genome replication, and division. Caulobacter crescentus provides an excellent model system for the bacterial cell cycle whereby cells can be rapidly synchronized in a G0 state by density centrifugation. Cell cycle synchronization experiments have been used to establish the molecular events governing chromosome replication and segregation, to map a genetic regulatory network controlling cell cycle progression, and to identify the establishment of polar signaling complexes required for asymmetric cell division. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the rapid synchronization of Caulobacter NA1000 cells. Synchronization can be performed in a large-scale format for gene expression profiling and western blot assays, as well as a small-scale format for microscopy or FACS assays. The rapid synchronizability and high cell yields of Caulobacter make this organism a powerful model system for studies of the bacterial cell cycle.

Synchronization of Caulobacter Crescentus for Investigation of the Bacterial Cell Cycle

Synchronization of bacterial cells is essential for studies of the bacterial cell cycle and development. Caulobacter crescentus is synchronizable through density centrifugation allowing a rapid and powerful tool for studies of the bacterial cell cycle. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the synchronization of Caulobacter cells.

Senkronizasyon<em&gt; Caulobacter crescentus</em&gt; Bakteriyel Hücre Döngüsü Soruşturma

The cell cycle is important for growth, genome replication, and development in all cells.  In bacteria, studies of the cell cycle have focused largely on ...

Temporal Tracking of Cell Cycle Progression Using Flow Cytometry without the Need for Synchronization

This protocol describes a method to permit the tracking of cells through the cell cycle without requiring the cells to be synchronized. Achieving cell synchronization can be difficult for many cell systems. Standard practice is to block cell cycle progression at a specific stage and then release the accumulated cells producing a wave of cells progressing through the cycle in unison. However, some cell types find this block toxic resulting in abnormal cell cycling, or even mass death. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake can be used to track the cell cycle stage of individual cells. Cells incorporate this synthetic thymidine analog, while synthesizing new DNA during S phase. By providing BrdU for a brief period it is possible to mark a pool of cells that were in S phase while the BrdU was present. These cells can then be tracked through the remainder of the cell cycle and into the next round of replication, permitting the duration of the cell cycle phases to be determined without the need to induce a potentially toxic cell cycle block. It is also possible to determine and correlate the expression of both internal and external proteins during subsequent stages of the cell cycle. These can be used to further refine the assignment of cell cycle stage or assess effects on other cellular functions such as checkpoint activation or cell death.

This protocol describes the use of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake to permit the temporal tracking of cells that were in S phase at a specific point in time. Addition of DNA dyes and antibody labeling facilitates detailed analysis of the fate of the S phase cells at later times.

Senkronizasyon Need for olmadan Akım Sitometri Kullanımı Hücre Döngüsü ilerleme zamansal İzleme

This protocol describes a method to permit the tracking of cells through the cell cycle without requiring the cells to be synchronized. Achieving cell ...

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod shaped chromosomes which are moved individually by the mitotic spindle apparatus. Mitotic chromatin condensation yields chromosomes compacted fifty-fold denser as in interphase. During exit from mitosis, chromosomes have to re-establish their functional interphase state, which is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is competent for replication and transcription. The decondensation process is morphologically well described, but in molecular terms poorly understood: We lack knowledge about the underlying molecular events and to a large extent the factors involved as well as their regulation. We describe here a cell-free system that faithfully recapitulates chromatin decondensation in vitro, based on mitotic chromatin clusters purified from synchronized HeLa cells and X. laevis egg extract. Our cell-free system provides an important tool for further molecular characterization of chromatin decondensation and its co-ordination with processes simultaneously occurring during mitotic exit such as nuclear envelope and pore complex re-assembly.

The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.

Hücre Testi Mitoz Sonu Kromatin dekondenzasyon Eğitim için

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological approach to analyzing protein kinetics at DNA lesions over time or protein-protein interactions on locally microirradiated chromatin. We also show how to recognize individual phases of the cell cycle using the Fucci cellular system to study cell-cycle-dependent protein kinetics at DNA lesions. A methodological description of the use of two UV lasers (355 nm and 405 nm) to induce different types of DNA damage is also presented. Only the cells microirradiated by the 405-nm diode laser proceeded through mitosis normally and were devoid of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We also show how microirradiated cells can be fixed at a given time point to perform immunodetection of the endogenous proteins of interest. For the DNA repair studies, we additionally describe the use of biophysical methods including FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) and FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) in cells with spontaneously occurring DNA damage foci. We also show an application of FLIM-FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) in experimental studies of protein-protein interactions.

Laser microirradiation is a useful tool for studies of DNA repair in living cells. A methodological approach for the use of UVA lasers to induce various DNA lesions is shown. We have optimized a method for local microirradiation that maintains the normal cell cycle; thus, irradiated cells proceed through mitosis.

Gelişmiş protein-protein etkileşimleri ve Kinetik DNA lezyonlar, çalışmaya Confocal mikroskobu teknikleri

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological ...

Live Cell Fluorescence Microscopy to Observe Essential Processes During Microbial Cell Growth

Core cellular processes such as DNA replication and segregation, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cell division rely on the function of proteins which are essential for bacterial survival. A series of target-specific dyes can be used as probes to better understand these processes. Staining with lipophilic dyes enables the observation of membrane structure, visualization of lipid microdomains, and detection of membrane blebs. Use of fluorescent-d-amino acids (FDAAs) to probe the sites of peptidoglycan biosynthesis can indicate potential defects in cell wall biogenesis or cell growth patterning. Finally, nucleic acid stains can indicate possible defects in DNA replication or chromosome segregation. Cyanine DNA stains label living cells and are suitable for time-lapse microscopy enabling real-time observations of nucleoid morphology during cell growth. Protocols for cell labeling can be applied to protein depletion mutants to identify defects in membrane structure, cell wall biogenesis, or chromosome segregation. Furthermore, time-lapse microscopy can be used to monitor morphological changes as an essential protein is removed and can provide additional insights into protein function. For example, the depletion of essential cell division proteins results in filamentation or branching, whereas the depletion of cell growth proteins may cause cells to become shorter or rounder. Here, protocols for cell growth, target-specific labeling, and time-lapse microscopy are provided for the bacterial plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Together, target-specific dyes and time-lapse microscopy enable characterization of essential processes in A. tumefaciens. Finally, the protocols provided can be readily modified to probe essential processes in other bacteria.

Understanding the function of essential processes in bacteria is challenging. Fluorescence microscopy with target-specific dyes can provide key insights into microbial cell growth and cell cycle progression. Here, Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a model bacterium to highlight methods for live cell imaging for characterization of essential processes.

Temel işlemler sırasında mikrobiyal hücre büyümesini gözlemlemek için hücre Floresans mikroskobu canlı

Core cellular processes such as DNA replication and segregation, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cell division rely on the function of ...

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking

Recycling endosomes (REs) are tubular-vesicular organelles generated from early/sorting endosomes in all cell types. These organelles play a key role in the biogenesis of melanosomes, a lysosome-related organelle produced by melanocytes. REs deliver the melanocyte-specific cargo to premature melanosomes during their formation. Blockage in the generation of REs, observed in several mutants of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, results in hypopigmentation of skin, hair, and eye. Therefore, studying the dynamics (refer to number and length) of REs is useful to understand the function of these organelles in normal and disease conditions. In this study, we aim to measure the RE dynamics using a resident SNARE STX13.

Recycling endosomes are part of the endosomal tubular network. Here we present a method to quantify the dynamics of recycling endosomes using GFP-STX13 as an organelle marker.

SNARE Kaçakçılığı kullanarak Geri Dönüşüm Endozomlarını İncelemek ve Analiz Etmek için Mikroskopi Tabanlı Tahlil

Recycling endosomes (REs) are tubular-vesicular organelles generated from early/sorting endosomes in all cell types. These organelles play a key role in ...

Mitotik hücre eşitleme ve yüksek çözünürlüklü Confocal mikroskobu mitoz sırasında çok fonksiyonlu hücre döngüsü proteinlerin rolü çalışmaya birleştirme

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