Bu eser Chang Gung tıbbi Vakfı (grant numarası CMRPG3C1771, CMRPG3C1772, CMRPG3E0631, CMRPG3E0632 ve CMRPG3E0633) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Çalışma kurumsal inceleme kurulu, Chang Gung Memorial hastanede Linkuo, Taoyuan, Tayvan (102-2577A3) tarafından kabul edildi.
1. NR1-GFP ifade plazmid hazırlanması
<ol><li>NR1-GFP plazmid Mix 10 ng ile 100 µL Escherichia coli yetkili hücreleri zorlanma DH5α steril bir 1,5 ml tüp, damlalıklı karışımı yavaşça kadar santrifüj kapasitesi ve aşağı 4 - 6 kez ve buz için 20 dk metroyla kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Tüp bir su banyosunda 1 dk 42 ° C'de kuluçkaya, su banyosundan tüpü çıkarması, 1 mL lysogeny suyu (LB) orta tüpün içine ekleyin ve tüp 37 ° c için 1 h sallayarak ile bir kuluçka kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>50 µL Ampisilin (0.1 mg/mL) içeren bir LB agar plaka üzerine karışımı spread ve LB agar plaka bir kuluçka 37 ° C'de gecede kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Bir koloni steril ucu kullanarak gecede LB agar plaka almak ve belgili tanımlık uç girdap bir 5 mL LB orta ve Ampisilin (0.1 mg/mL) de içeren bir bakteri kültürü tüp. Gecede sallayarak ile bir kuluçka 37 ° C'de tüp kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Aliquot 3 mL 250 mL steril LB orta ve Ampisilin (0.1 mg/mL) içeren bir 500 mL şişe içine gecede bakteri kültürü. Şişeye 37 ° C'de sallayarak ile kuluçkaya. Dalga boyu 600 adlı bakteri kültürü optik yoğunluk (OD) düzenli olarak kontrol OD600 0,6-1.0 ulaşıncaya kadar bir Spektrometre kullanılarak nm. Not: gece bakteriyel kültürünün de 800 µL gliserol hisse senedi hazırlamak ve gliserol hisse senedi altında-80 ° C ileride kullanmak üzere saklamak için 200 µL gliserol ile karıştırın.</li>
	<li>Nr1-GFP ifade plazmid ile 250 mL bakteriyel kültür hazırlamak<ol>
<li>Santrifüjü 6.000 x g 4 ° C'de 15 dakika de tarafından hücreleri toplamak</li>
		<li>Bakteri Pelet RNase A içeren 10 mL resuspension arabellekte resuspend; hiçbir yığın iyice görmüş kadar girdap.</li>
		<li>10 mL lizis arabellek bakteriyel süspansiyon eklemek, hafifçe karışım 4 - 6 kez ters ve lysate, oda sıcaklığında (RT) 5 min için kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>10 mL önceden soğutulmuş yağış arabellek için lysate ekleyin, 4 - 6 kez karışımı yavaşça tersine çevirin.</li>
		<li>Lysate kapaklı bir filtre kartuşu varil içine dökün; RT, 10 dk bekleyin</li>
		<li>Kartuş çıkış meme kapağını çıkarın, bir dalgıç kartuşu takın ve pistonu hafifçe bastırın. Filtre uygulanmış toplamak bir 50 mL tüp içine lysate.</li>
		<li>Tüpü yaklaşık 10 kat ters çevirme tarafından karışımı karıştırın ve karışımı 30 dk için buz üzerinde kuluçkaya 2.5 mL özel arabelleğe üretici süzülmüş lysate ekleyin.</li>
		<li>Filtre uygulanmış lysate karışımı ile 10 mL denge tampon ön dengelenmiş bir filtre sütun uygulanır. Yerçekimi tarafından boşaltmak sütun izin.</li>
		<li>Sütun 30 mL yıkama arabellek ile iki kez yıkayın, sonra 15 mL elüsyon tampon kullanarak sütundan DNA elute.</li>
		<li>10.5 mL (0.7 birimler) isopropanol eluted DNA arabelleğe ekleyin, karıştırın ve 20.000 x g 4 ° C'de 30 dk için karisimin santrifüj kapasitesi</li>
		<li>Süpernatant özenle dikkatle boşaltmak, DNA Pelet 5 mL endotoksin-Alerjik % 70 etanol ile bir kez yıkama ve 20.000 x g 10 dk de santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
		<li>Süpernatant dikkatle boşaltmak, 5-10 dk bir kimyasal başlıklı Pelet Makinası ve 300-500 µL endotoksin-Alerjik arabelleği Pelet geçiyoruz.</li>
		<li>Belgili tanımlık eriyik vasıl bir Spektrofotometre kullanarak UV 260/280 nm emilimini ölçerek plazmid konsantrasyonu belirlemek. Not: ifade plazmid aynı iletişim kuralını kullanarak GFP hazırlık.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. transfection HEK293 hücre NR1-GFP ifade plazmid ile
<ol><li>Aliquot 200 µL % 2 jelatin çözüm her bir 48-şey kültür tabak iyi ve plaka için en az 30 dk. 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>200 µL % 10 fetal sığır serum (FBS) her iyi içeren hücre kültür ortamının iyi ve tohum 5 x 104 HEK293 hücrelerinde jelatin çözümden Aspire edin. Gecede %5 CO2 ile sağlanan bir oksijen kuluçka 37 ° C'de plaka kuluçkaya. Not: Bir hemasitometre kullanarak hücreleri sayıldı.</li>
	<li>Ertesi gün, taze kültür orta % 10 içeren 200 µL ile harcanan kültür orta yerine FBS iyi başına.</li>
	<li>Her, tek şey, hazırlamak çözüm A 100 karıştırılarak NR1-tGFP plazmid 20 µL kültür orta ve 0.8 µL transfection reaktif 20 µL kültür orta ile karıştırma tarafından çözüm B ng. Toplam hacim her deneme için hazırlamak için gerekli olan kuyu sayısını çarpın.</li>
	<li>Çözüm C çözüm A ve çözüm B karıştırarak hazırlayın ve RT karisimin 20-30 dk için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Her şey HEK293 hücreleri içeren için çözüm C aliquot 40 µL plaka yavaşça girdap ve plaka gecede %5 CO2 ile sağlanan bir oksijen kuluçka 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Ifade NR1-GFP rekombinant protein 40 X-200 X büyütme ile floresan mikroskop altında ana bilgisayar hücrelerdeki kontrol (uyarma/emisyon: 482/502 nm) ve hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil için devam edin. Not: aynı iletişim kuralını kullanarak HEK293 hücre içine ifade plazmid GFP Transfect.</li>
</ol>3. hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil
<ol><li>Kuyulardan harcanan orta Aspire edin, sonra yıkama her şey ile fosfat 200 µL serum fizyolojik (PBS) üç kez arabelleğe alınmış.</li>
	<li>Her şey için 200 µL % 4 paraformaldehyde çözüm ekleyin; RT plaka 15dk için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Paraformaldehyde çözüm kuyulardan Aspire edin ve her yıkama PBS 200 µL ile üç kez iyi.</li>
	<li>PBST içinde 200 µL % 10 yağsız süt ekleyin (% 0,1 ara-20 PBS) her şey ve RT plaka nazik sallayarak ile 1 h için kuluçkaya çözüm.</li>
	<li>% 10 yağsız süt kuyudan PBST çözümünde Aspire edin, sonra 200 µL PBST Wells'le bir kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Nazik RT için 1 h sallayarak ile birincil antikor olarak seyreltilmiş plazma (1: 100 PBST içinde) Wells'le kuluçkaya. Not: Otoimmün beyin iltihabı için şüpheli hastaların kan plazma elde edilir.</li>
	<li>Kuyulardan seyreltilmiş plazma Aspire edin ve her yıkama PBST 200 µL ile üç kez iyi.</li>
	<li>Keçi Anti-insan IgG Alexa Fluor 594 (1:1, 000 seyreltme PBST) ile her şey için Birleşik 200 µL ekleyin ve nazik için 1 h sallayarak ile kültür plaka RT, kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>IgG Birleşik Alexa Fluor 594 Çözümle keçi Anti-insan Aspire edin ve her yıkama PBST 200 µL ile üç kez iyi.</li>
	<li>100 µL gliserol çözüm (PBS ve 1:100,000, 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) % 50 gliserol) her şey için ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Gözlemlemek ve hücreleri kullanarak bir 10 X mercek ve 4 X, 10 X ve 20 X hedefleri floresan mikroskop altında görüntü. Not: her boya için doğru filtre kullanın: NR1-GFP için (uyarma/emisyon 482/502 = nm), Alexa Fluor 594 için (uyarma/emisyon 561/594 = nm), DAPI için (uyarma/emisyon 358/461 = nm). GFP aynı şekilde ifade HEK hücreleri kullanarak negatif kontrol kuralları.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Linnoila, J. J., Rosenfeld, M. R., Dalmau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+surface+antibody-mediated+autoimmune+encephalitis.">Neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis.</a> Semin Neurol. 34 (4), 458-466 (2014).</li><li>Lancaster, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diagnosis+and+treatment+of+autoimmune+Encephalitis.">The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune Encephalitis.</a> J Clin Neurol. 12 (1), 1-13 (2016).</li><li>Pruss, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrospective+analysis+of+NMDA+receptor+antibodies+in+encephalitis+of+unknown+origin.">Retrospective analysis of NMDA receptor antibodies in encephalitis of unknown origin.</a> Neurology. 75 (19), 1735-1739 (2010).</li><li>Leypoldt, F., Armangue, T., Dalmau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+encephalopathies.">Autoimmune encephalopathies.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1338, 94-114 (2015).</li><li>Dalmau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-NMDA-receptor+encephalitis:+case+series+and+analysis+of+the+effects+of+antibodies.">Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies.</a> Lancet Neurol. 7 (12), 1091-1098 (2008).</li><li>Titulaer, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+and+prognostic+factors+for+long-term+outcome+in+patients+with+anti-NMDA+receptor+encephalitis:+an+observational+cohort+study.">Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study.</a> Lancet Neurol. 12 (2), 157-165 (2013).</li><li>Chapman, M. R., Vause, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-NMDA+receptor+encephalitis:+diagnosis,+psychiatric+presentation,+and+treatment.">Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: diagnosis, psychiatric presentation, and treatment.</a> Am J Psychiatry. 168 (3), 245-251 (2011).</li><li>Gable, M., Glaser, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate+receptor+encephalitis+appearing+as+a+new-onset+psychosis:+disease+course+in+children+and+adolescents+within+the+california+encephalitis+project.">Anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis appearing as a new-onset psychosis: disease course in children and adolescents within the california encephalitis project.</a> Pediatr Neurol. 72, 25-30 (2017).</li><li>Dalmau, J., Lancaster, E., Martinez-Hernandez, E., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+experience+and+laboratory+investigations+in+patients+with+anti-NMDAR+encephalitis.">Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.</a> Lancet Neurol. 10 (1), 63-74 (2011).</li><li>Dalmau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraneoplastic+anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptor+encephalitis+associated+with+ovarian+teratoma.">Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma.</a> Ann Neurol. 61 (1), 25-36 (2007).</li><li>Irani, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-methyl-D-aspartate+antibody+encephalitis:+temporal+progression+of+clinical+and+paraclinical+observations+in+a+predominantly+non-paraneoplastic+disorder+of+both+sexes.">N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes.</a> Brain. 133 (Pt 6), 1655-1667 (2010).</li><li>Suh-Lailam, B. B., Haven, T. R., Copple, S. S., Knapp, D., Jaskowski, T. D., Tebo, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-NMDA-receptor+antibody+encephalitis:+performance+evaluation+and+laboratory+experience+with+the+anti-NMDA-receptor+IgG+assay.">Anti-NMDA-receptor antibody encephalitis: performance evaluation and laboratory experience with the anti-NMDA-receptor IgG assay.</a> Clin Chim Acta. 421, 1-6 (2013).</li><li>Mayer, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+biology+of+glutamate+receptor+ion+channel+complexes.">Structural biology of glutamate receptor ion channel complexes.</a> Curr Opin Struct Biol. 41, 119-127 (2016).</li><li>Ramberger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+diagnostic+accuracy+of+microscopy+and+flow+cytometry+in+evaluating+n-methyl-d-aspartate+receptor+antibodies+in+serum+using+a+live+cell-based+assay.">Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of microscopy and flow cytometry in evaluating n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies in serum using a live cell-based assay.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), e0122037 (2015).</li><li>Wandinger, K. P., Saschenbrecker, S., Stoecker, W., Dalmau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-NMDA-receptor+encephalitis:+a+severe,+multistage,+treatable+disorder+presenting+with+psychosis.">Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: a severe, multistage, treatable disorder presenting with psychosis.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 231 (1-2), 86-91 (2011).</li><li>Dahm, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seroprevalence+of+autoantibodies+against+brain+antigens+in+health+and+disease.">Seroprevalence of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease.</a> Ann Neurol. 76 (1), 82-94 (2014).</li><li>J&#233;z&#233;quel, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-+and+single+molecule-based+methods+to+detect+anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate+receptor+autoantibodies+in+patients+with+first-episode+psychosis+from+the+OPTiMiSE+project.">Cell- and single molecule-based methods to detect anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoantibodies in patients with first-episode psychosis from the OPTiMiSE project.</a> Biol Psychiatry. , (2017).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Orada canlı hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil11hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil9 sabit, dahil olmak üzere literatürde bildirilen NMDA reseptör karşı otoantikorlar varlığı ekran için çeşitli hücre tabanlı immünolojik deneyleri , ve Akış Sitometresi tabanlı tahlil14. Canlı hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil Akış Sitometresi tabanlı tahlil eğitimli personel ve özel ekipman gerekirken NR1 protein ectopically ifade hücreleri hazırlık kısa bir...

Anti-NMDA reseptör otoimmün ensefalit her yaştaki hastalarda gelişebilir ve ağırlıklı olarak kadın hasta1,2etkiler bir yeni tanınan hastalığı varlıktır. Ensefalit3ilk bilinmeyen etiyolojisi olan hastalarda en sık tanı konmuş ensefalit biridir. Hastalar genellikle Anti-NMDA reseptör ensefalit ile etkilenen bir baş ağrısı ya da ateş, bilinç düzeyini değiştirmek ve ajitasyon, sinirlilik gibi akut nöropsikiyatrik belirtiler çeşitli hızlı geliştirme tarafından takip prodromal belirtiler var , anksiyete, uykusuzluk, Varsanılar, sanrılar, saldırganlık, tuhaf davranışlar, hareketi anormallikleri, otonomik bozukluk ve nöbet saldırıları4,5. Bu koşul ve immünoterapi ile zamanında tedavi erken tanınması daha iyi sonuç ve etkilenen hastalar6bile tam kurtarma için önemlidir. Bu nedenle, bu anti-NMDA reseptör otoimmün beyin iltihabı akut veya yeni başlangıçlı psikotik özellikler7,8ile başvuran hastaların önemli bir ayırıcı tanı olarak düşünülmesi gereken önerilmektedir.
Klinik özelliklerin yanında hafiye-in kan veya CSF NMDA reseptör karşı antikor anti-NMDA reseptör otoimmün ensefalit9doğru tanı için önemlidir. Anti-NMDA reseptör antikor algılamaya immünolojik testler çoğu birkaç araştırma laboratuvarları10,11' kullanılabilir ve tek bir piyasada bulunan hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil için tarama olduğunu Anti-NMDA reseptör otoantikorlar12. Bu çalışmanın amacı uygun laboratuvar olarak anti-NMDA reseptör klinik araştırma kolaylaştırmak için anti-NMDA reseptör otoantikorlar varlığı ekran için kullanılan basit içi hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil geliştirmektir Otoimmün ensefalit. NMDA reseptör özellikle beyin ve ifade bir heterotetramer iyon kanal protein kompleksi var. Bu iki zorunlu NR1 alt birimleri ve NR2A, NR2B, NR2C veya NR2D13bir ya da iki alt birimleri ile birlikte yapılır. Bir önceki çalışma antikorlar tarafından hedef ana epitope NR1 alt birim5ekstraselüler N-terminal etki olduğunu bildirdi. Bu nedenle, bu iletişim kuralı, biz insan rekombinant NR1 alt birim proteini insan embriyonik böbrek epitel hücre satırı (HEK293) yeşil flüoresan protein (GFP) tagged NMDA reseptör hızlı ve algılamak için bir hücre tabanlı ayirt testi geliştirmek anti-NMDA reseptör otoantikorlar kan IgG sınıf.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>GRIN1 (GFP-tagged) - Human glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1 (GRIN1), transcript variant NR1-1</td>
			<td>Origene (Rockville, MD, USA)</td>
			<td>RG219368</td>
			<td>NR1-cDNA clone tagged with C-terminal tGFP sequences</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCMV6-AC-GFP</td>
			<td>Origene (Rockville, MD, USA)</td>
			<td>PS100010</td>
			<td>mammalian vector with C-terminal tGFP tag</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen (Hilden Germany)</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA)</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, High Glucose, Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11995-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Characterized Fetal Bovine Serum, US Origin</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SH30071.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Human IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A-11014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive control: anti-glutamate receptor (type NMDA)</td>
			<td>Euroimmun AG, L&#252;beck, Germany</td>
			<td>CA 112d-0101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Euroimmun Assay Kit</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple cell-based immunofluorescence assay to detect autoantibody against the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor in blood

Anti-NMDA reseptör antikor varlığı çeşitli nöropsikiyatrik belirtiler etkilenen hastalarda anti-NMDA reseptör otoimmün ensefalit olarak adlandırdığı, neden olabilir. NMDA reseptör kan veya beyin-omurilik sıvısı (bos) karşı belirli antikor tespiti bu durumun doğru tanı için önemlidir. NMDA reseptör iki zorunlu NMDA reseptör alt birim 1 (NR1) ve bir ya da iki NMDA reseptör dahil olmak üzere dört alt birimleri içeren bir iyon kanal karmaşık proteindir alt birim 2A (NR2A), NMDA reseptör alt birim 2B (NR2B), NMDA reseptör alt birim 2C (NR2C), veya NMDA reseptör alt birim 2D (NR2D). Anti-NMDA reseptör antikor epitope bir NMDA reseptör NR1 alt birimi hücre dışı N-terminal etki mevcut olduğu bildirildi. Bu çalışmanın amacı bir tarama testi klinik ve temel araştırma kolaylaştırmak için kanda NR1 alt birim NMDA reseptör karşı otoantikorlar olup olmadığını belirlemek için kullanılan bir basit hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil geliştirmektir Anti-NMDA reseptör otoimmün ensefalit.

Ortalama olarak, biz 200-300 µg endotoksin ücretsiz ifade plazmid NR1-GFP ve GFP 250 mL bakteriyel kültüründen Protokolü'nün 1 bölümünde açıklanan yordamı edinebilir. Bir miktar 100 ng/iyi ifade plazmid 48-şey plaka protokol 2 bölümde açıklandığı gibi kültürlü HEK293 hücre transfection için kullanıldı. 24-30 h transfection sonra hücreleri NR1 GFP ifade ve GFP rekombinant proteinler floresan mikroskop altında tespit edilemedi. Şekil 1A</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood at JoVE.com

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood

NR1 alt birim NMDA reseptör karşı otoantikorlar ile otoimmün ensefalit şüphesi hastaların kan algılamak için antijen olarak insan embriyonik hücreleri (HEK293) yeşil flüoresan protein tagged NMDA reseptör ectopically dile getirdi. Bu basit yöntem klinik ayarları, amacıyla filtreleme için uygun olabilir.

N-metil-D-Aspartat (NMDA) reseptör karşı antikor kanında tespit etmek için basit hücre tabanlı ayirt tahlil

The presence of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibody can cause various neuropsychiatric symptoms in the affected patients, termed anti-NMDA receptor autoimmune ...

a-simple-cell-based-immunofluorescence-assay-to-detect-autoantibody

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood

9.8K Görüntüleme.  Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou. NR1 alt birim NMDA reseptör karşı otoantikorlar ile otoimmün ensefalit şüphesi hastaların kan algılamak için antijen olarak insan embriyonik hücreleri (HEK293) yeşil flüoresan protein tagged NMDA reseptör ectopically dile getirdi. Bu basit yöntem klinik ayarları, amacıyla filtreleme için uygun olabilir.

Video: A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood

Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the electrical activity of one or more neurons in response to an experimentally-controlled input. The electrical activity of neurons can be recorded in isolated brain slices using patch clamp techniques with glass micropipettes. Traditionally, experimenters can mimic neuronal input by direct injection of current through the pipette, electrical stimulation of the other cells or remaining axonal connections in the slice, or pharmacological manipulation by receptors located on the neuronal membrane of the recorded cell.
Direct current injection has the advantages of passing a predetermined current waveform with high temporal precision at the site of the recording (usually the soma). However, it does not change the resistance of the neuronal membrane as no ion channels are physically opened. Current injection usually employs rectangular pulses and thus does not model the kinetics of ion channels. Finally, current injection cannot mimic the chemical changes in the cell that occurs with the opening of ion channels.
Receptors can be physically activated by electrical or pharmacological stimulation. The experimenter has good temporal precision of receptor activation with electrical stimulation of the slice. However, there is limited spatial precision of receptor activation and the exact nature of what is activated upon stimulation is unknown. This latter problem can be partially alleviated by specific pharmacological agents. Unfortunately, the time course of activation of pharmacological agents is typically slow and the spatial precision of inputs onto the recorded cell is unknown.
The dynamic clamp technique allows an experimenter to change the current passed directly into the cell based on real-time feedback of the membrane potential of the cell (Robinson and Kawai 1993, Sharp et al., 1993a,b; for review, see Prinz et al. 2004). This allows an experimenter to mimic the electrical changes that occur at the site of the recording in response to activation of a receptor. Real-time changes in applied current are determined by a mathematical equation implemented in hardware.
We have recently used the dynamic clamp technique to investigate the generation of bursts of action potentials by phasic activation of NMDA receptors in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (Deister et al., 2009; Lobb et al., 2010). In this video, we demonstrate the procedures needed to apply a NMDA receptor conductance into a dopaminergic neuron.

In this video, we demonstrate how to apply a conductance into a dopaminergic neuron recorded in the whole cell configuration in rat brain slices. This technique is called the dynamic clamp.

Dinamik Kelepçe Tekniği ile Sıçan orta beyin dopaminerjik nöronlar NMDA Reseptör İletkenlik Uygulama

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the ...

Nörobilim

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

Sinekler Etanol Hassasiyet Tedbir Basit Yolu

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

Imaging pHluorin-tagged Receptor Insertion to the Plasma Membrane in Primary Cultured Mouse Neurons

A better understanding of the mechanisms governing receptor trafficking between the plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular compartments requires an experimental approach with excellent spatial and temporal resolutions. Moreover, such an approach must also have the ability to distinguish receptors localized on the PM from those in intracellular compartments. Most importantly, detecting receptors in a single vesicle requires outstanding detection sensitivity, since each vesicle carries only a small number of receptors. Standard approaches for examining receptor trafficking include surface biotinylation followed by biochemical detection, which lacks both the necessary spatial and temporal resolutions; and fluorescence microscopy examination of immunolabeled surface receptors, which requires chemical fixation of cells and therefore lacks sufficient temporal resolution1-6 . To overcome these limitations, we and others have developed and employed a new strategy that enables visualization of the dynamic insertion of receptors into the PM with excellent spatial and temporal resolutions 7-17 . The approach includes tagging of a pH-sensitive GFP, the superecliptic pHluorin 18, to the N-terminal extracellular domain of the receptors. Superecliptic pHluorin has the unique property of being fluorescent at neutral pH and non-fluorescent at acidic pH (pH &lt; 6.0). Therefore, the tagged receptors are non-fluorescent when within the acidic lumen of intracellular trafficking vesicles or endosomal compartments, and they become readily visualized only when exposed to the extracellular neutral pH environment, on the outer surface of the PM. Our strategy consequently allows us to distinguish PM surface receptors from those within intracellular trafficking vesicles. To attain sufficient spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as the sensitivity required to study dynamic trafficking of receptors, we employed total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy (TIRFM), which enabled us to achieve the optimal spatial resolution of optical imaging (~170 nm), the temporal resolution of video-rate microscopy (30 frames/sec), and the sensitivity to detect fluorescence of a single GFP molecule. By imaging pHluorin-tagged receptors under TIRFM, we were able to directly visualize individual receptor insertion events into the PM in cultured neurons. This imaging approach can potentially be applied to any membrane protein with an extracellular domain that could be labeled with superecliptic pHluorin, and will allow dissection of the key detailed mechanisms governing insertion of different membrane proteins (receptors, ion channels, transporters, etc.) to the PM.

By tagging the extracellular domains of membrane receptors with superecliptic pHluorin, and by imaging these fusion receptors in cultured mouse neurons, we can directly visualize individual vesicular insertion events of the receptors to the plasma membrane. This technique will be instrumental in elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing receptor insertion to the plasma membrane.

Görüntüleme İlköğretim Kültürlü Fare Nöronlar içinde Plazma Membran Reseptör Yerleştirme pHluorin etiketli

A better understanding of the mechanisms governing receptor trafficking between the plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular compartments requires an ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

Test Görsel Fonksiyonu için Basit Bir Davranış Testi<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Fareler Soğuk Hassasiyeti ve Uyum belirlenmesi için Basit ve ucuz Yöntem

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

Kullanımı Ödül arayan davranış değişiklikleri Tedbir Basit Yolu<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

Basit Bir adım Yetişkin Tüm montaj Hazırlama Diseksiyon Protokolü<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Brain

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by immunizing mice with neurogenic peptides to direct an inflammatory attack toward components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recent advances have enabled the induction of EAN in the relatively resistant C57BL/6 mouse line using myelin protein zero (P0)106-125 or P0180-199 peptides delivered in adjuvant combined with the injection of pertussis toxin. The ability to induce EAN in the C57BL/6 strain allows for the use of the numerous genetic tools that exist on this mouse background, and thus allows the sophisticated study of disease pathogenesis and interrogation of the mechanistic action of novel therapeutics in combination with transgenic approaches. In this study, we demonstrate a simple approach to successfully induce EAN using the P0180-199 peptide in C57BL/6 mice. We also outline a protocol for the assessment of functional deficits that occur in this model, accompanied by an array of neuropathological features. Thus, this model is a powerful experimental model to study the pathogenesis of human peripheral demyelinating neuropathies, and to determine the efficacy of potential therapies that aim to promote myelin repair and protect against nerve damage in autoimmune neuritis.

This report outlines a simple approach to successfully induce experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) using the myelin protein zero (P0)180-199 peptide in combination with Freund&#39;s complete adjuvant and pertussis toxin. We present a sophisticated paradigm capable of accurately assessing the extent of functional deficits and neuropathology that occur in this EAN.

C57BL/6 farelerde deneysel otoimmün nörite fonksiyonel ve Neuropathological değerlendirmeler için ikna etmek için basit bir yaklaşım

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

Dopamin D1-Alfa reseptör kemirgen Nucleus Accumbens bir yenilikçi RNA Situ içinde hafiye teknoloji tarafından içinde tanımlaması

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

A High-throughput Calcium-flux Assay to Study NMDA-receptors with Sensitivity to Glycine/D-serine and Glutamate

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR) are classified as ionotropic glutamate receptors and have critical roles in learning and memory. NMDAR malfunction, expressed as either over- or under-activity caused by mutations, altered expression, trafficking, or localization, can contribute to numerous diseases, especially in the central nervous system. Therefore, understanding the receptor&#39;s biology as well as facilitating the discovery of compounds and small molecules is crucial in ongoing efforts to combat neurological diseases. Current approaches to studying the receptor have limitations including low throughput, high cost, and the inability to study its functional abilities due to the necessary presence of channel blockers to prevent NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Additionally, the existing assay systems are sensitive to stimulation by glutamate only and lack sensitivity to stimulation by glycine, the other co-ligand of the NMDAR. Here, we present the first plate-based assay with high-throughput power to study an NMDA receptor with sensitivity to both co-ligands, glutamate and D-serine/glycine. This approach allows the study of different NMDAR subunit compositions and allows functional studies of the receptor in glycine- and/or glutamate-sensitive modes. Additionally, the method does not require the presence of inhibitors during measurements. The effects of positive and negative allosteric modulators can be detected with this assay and the known pharmacology of NMDAR has been replicated in our system. This technique overcomes the limitations of existing methods and is cost-effective. We believe that this novel technique will accelerate the discovery of therapies for NMDAR-mediated pathologies.

The goal of this protocol is to facilitate the study of NMDA-receptors (NMDAR) at a larger scale and allow the examination of modulatory effects of small molecules and their therapeutic applications.

NMDA reseptörleri glisin/D-serin ve glutamat duyarlılık ile çalışmak için bir yüksek-den geçerek kalsiyum-flux tahlil

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR) are classified as ionotropic glutamate receptors and have critical roles in learning and memory. NMDAR ...