The authors would like to acknowledge contributions from the entire Gereau Lab for manuscript editing. This work is supported by NINDS funds 1F31NS078852 to DSB and NINDS fund NS42595 to RWG.

Tüm fare protokolleri Sağlık kurallar National Institutes uygun ve Washington Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hayvan Çalışmaları Komitesi (St. Louis, MO) tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Test Plakası ve Kutuları hazırlanması <ol><li> Cam yüzeyini temizleyin. </li><li> Laboratuvar bant ile cam tabak ortasında yüzeyine T-tipi lif termokupl probu sabitleyin. </li><li> Plaka ortasında boyunca tek bir satır cam plaka üzerine hayvan muhafazaları yerleştirin. </li><li> Merkez hayvan muhafaza ile termokupl probu Konu ve veri kaydedici takın. Otomatik kapanma özelliği devreden ise veri logger açın ve sağlanan kablo ile bilgisayara veri logger takın. <ol><li> Deney sırasında plaka sıcaklığı kayıt varsa, plaka sıcaklıkları kaydetmeye başlamak için veri kaydedici yazılımı açın. </li><li> Gerekirse, yeniden yazılım ayarlayınkord plaka sıcaklığı kez her saniye. </li><li> Termal data logger ile paketlenmiş yazılımı kullanarak sıcaklıkları kayıt başlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Fareler arasındaki görsel etkileşimi önlemek için siyah ekler ile muhafaza ayırın. </li><li> Pozisyon muhafazaları alt rahat bir oturma konumundan görünür, öyle ki, cam altında yansıtır. </li></ol> 2. Isıtma / Cam Tabak Soğutma <ol><li> Isıtılmış su, ıslak buz ya da kuru buz alüminyum kutular doldurun ve cam plaka üzerine uygun bir şekilde konumlandırmak (kuru buz dolu alüminyum folyo paketler aynı zamanda cam soğutmak için de kullanılabilir; Şekil 1) 2. <ol><li> 30 ° C&#39;de test için, uzak hayvan muhafazaları (Şekil 2B) 2 &#39;yaklaşık 0.25 alüminyum kutuları yerleştirin. <ol><li> Cam levhasının her iki tarafında bir ısıtılmış su sirkülatör ayarlayın. 45 sirkülatörü ayarlayın - 60 ° C, ve bizeSıcak su (Şekil 1C) 2 sabit bir akım ile alüminyum kutuları doldurmak için e. </li><li> Sirkülatör yerleştirin alüminyum kutuları sıcak su doğrudan geri her iki tarafında (Şekil 1C) üzerindeki sirkülatörün rezervuar içine drene olduğu 2. </li></ol></li><li> Oda sıcaklığında test için, kutuları boş (Şekil 2) 2 bırakın. </li><li> (Şekil 2) 17 ° C&#39;de test için, uzakta iki tarafında hayvan muhafazaları gelen &#39;&#39; yaklaşık 0.25 kutuları yerleştirin ve ıslak buz ile doldurun 2. </li><li> (Şekil 2) 12 ° C&#39;de test edilmesi için, uzak iki tarafında muhafazalar ile ilgili &#39;&#39; yaklaşık olarak 1.25 kutuları pozisyon ve kuru buz ile doldurun 2. </li><li> (Şekil 2) 5 ° C&#39;de test için yaklaşık 0,25 &#39;&#39; uzak iki tarafında muhafazaları kutuları yerleştirin ve kuru buz ile doldurun 2.<ol><li> Kuru buz ile cam soğutma yaparken, odada CO 2 birikmesini önlemek için yeterli havalandırma olduğundan emin olun. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> İstenilen sıcaklık aralığı ulaşması cam bekleyin. </li><li> Plaka üzerinde muhafazaları fareler ekleyin. NOT: Bir beyaz gürültü jeneratör gürültü bozuklukları azaltmak için kullanılabilir. </li><li> Fareler gelmesini bekleyin. NOT: Tesisimizde bu yaklaşık 2.5 saat sürer, ancak bu hayvan barınağı ve taşıma koşullarına göre önemli ölçüde değişebilir. </li><li> Kutular ısındı su, ıslak buz veya kuru buz dolu tutulmasını sağlayarak istenilen sıcaklık aralığında cam koruyun. NOT: Bizim aparat ile kutuları buz kabaca her 90 dakika ile doldurulmuş olması gerekir. NOT: 17 ° C koşulu için, buz ile doldurmadan önce tahliye deliklerinden alüminyum kutuları su en boşaltmak için yardımcı olur. Bu sıcaklık daha iyi ve pr stabilize edecekOlay taşması NOT: Kuru buz kesin miktarı mevsimsel değişiklik, ancak genel olarak sıcaklık sabit tutacak kutusunun tüm uzunluğu boyunca tam daha fazla kutu ¼ tutmak olacaktır. </li></ol> Sabit Sıcaklıklarda 3. Test Fareler <ol><li> Davranışsal oda dışında, kuru buz dolu yarısı bir buz kovası doldurun. </li><li> Bir çekiç ya da tokmak kullanarak, ince bir toz haline kuru buz ezmek. NOT: kova aşırı doldurulması zor tamamen toz haline kuru buz ezmek için yapacaktır. </li><li> Düz jilet veya makas kullanarak, 3 ml şırınga üst kesti. </li><li> Bir 21 G iğne kullanılarak, şırınga (toplam 6 delik), karşı uçlarında 3 delik karıştırmak. NOT: Kuru buz sıkıştırarak ederken bu delikler yüceltme tarafından oluşturulan basınç azalacak. Kesme şırınga çok deneyler için yeniden kullanılabilir. </li><li> Şırınga, kuru buz tozu ve davranışsal odasına el kronometre al. </li><li> Kuru buz tozu yarısı dolu şırınga odasına doldurun. Düz bir nesneye karşı şırınga kesme ucunu tutun ve sıkıca pistonu kullanarak tozu sıkıştırmak. Dikkatli ol; plastik piston bükmeyin veya basınç kırılabilir. Bu durumda, yeni bir şırınga pistonu değiştirin. </li><li> Şırınga kenarına geçmiş sıkıştırılmış kuru buz pelet ucunu uzatın. </li><li> Istirahatte tamamen olan test fareler. <ol><li> 30 ° C, 23 ° C ve 17 ° C sıcaklıkta, 4 camına pençeleri ve sahip deney fareleri hareketli, ama 19 tam uykuya değil. </li><li> 12 ° C ve 5 ° C de, hareketli ya da atlama 2 pençeler veya 4 pençe olup Hangi Test fareleri. </li></ol></li><li> Yavaşça, hedefleme için aynalar kullanarak ama sıkıca fare hindpaw (Şekil 1A) 2 altındaki cam yüzeyine karşı düz pelet floş basın. El-Sayacı başlatmak. </li><li> Zamanlayıcı durdurun ve fare uzakta soğutmalı cam hareket ettiğinde pelet çıkarın. NOT: çekilme hareketi, dikey veya yatay olabilir. <ol><li> Fare çok kısa bir süre pençe taşır ve daha sonra soğutma yüzeye dönerse fare uzak bir kalıcı hamle yapana kadar, zamanlama ve uyarıcı devam edin. NOT: Bizim laboratuvar olguların çoğunda fareler için 20 sn maksimum uyaran saatini kullanır. </li></ol></li><li> Her hayvanın her pençe en az 3 değerleri toplanana kadar bu test prosedürü tekrarlayın. En az 15 dakika herhangi bir pençe üzerinde en az 7 dakika, ve ayrı ardışık denemeler aynı fare zıt pençeleri test Ayrı denemeler. </li><li> Gerektiğinde, soğutma (Şekil 3) 1, farklı oranlarını üretmek üzere, çeşitli cam kalınlığı kullanır. NOT: soğutma oranı ters cam kalınlığı ile ilişkilidir. </li></ol> 4. Soğuk Uyum sırasında Fare Test NOT: Bu cam plat olarak test sağlayan bir alternatif protokoldürE ziyade plaka stabilize ve fareler tamamen soğuk ortama adapte kez daha, soğutur. <ol><li> Aparatı kurmak için Bölüm 1&#39;de listelenen talimatları uygulayın. </li><li> RT (Şekil 7A) 2 de temel ölçümleri almak için Bölüm 3&#39;te listelenen talimatları uygulayın. </li><li> Kuru buz ile alüminyum kutuları Öncesi serin. </li><li> Başlangıç ​​geri çekme gecikmeleri ölçülmüştür sonra, uzak muhafazaları ile ilgili her iki tarafında plaka, yaklaşık 1.25 &#39;ise önceden soğutulmuş kutuları pozisyon (Şekil 7A etiketli ok, &quot;kuru buz ilave&quot;) 2&#39;dir. </li><li> Cam plaka soğurken mümkün olduğunca sık ölçümleri alarak, ölçümler almak için Bölüm 3&#39;te listelenen talimatları uygulayın. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

The CPA can be used to assess cold sensitivity and cold adaptation in mice. It provides an affordable, efficient way to measure cold responses in unrestrained, acclimated animals at a wide variety of temperature ranges. It also provides an unambiguous behavioral response with an easily quantified and analyzed output variable. It has already been used to assess changes in cold sensitivity induced by inflammation1, neuropathic injury1, analgesics1, genetic knockouts20, and ge...

Kemirgenlerde soğuk cevabın ölçülmesi normal ve patolojik koşullar altında, insanlarda soğuk duyarlılık potansiyel mekanizmaları anlaşılmasına yönelik olarak önemlidir. Soğuk Plantar Test (CPA), başlangıçta önce 1 birkaç yıl oda sıcaklığında teslim soğuk uyarana tekrar üretilebilir, açık sıçangil davranışsal tepkileri üretmek için tasarlanan geliştirmiştir. Bu deneyde, bir daha yeni geliştirmeler sıcaklıkta 2 geniş bir soğuk duyarlılık tekrarlanabilir ölçümünü mümkün kılmıştır. Her iki versiyon, nispeten yüksek verimli, ve kullanımı ucuz olması için tasarlanmıştır. Ilerleme bir hayli diğer davranışsal yöntemler kullanılarak soğuk hassasiyeti mekanizmalarını anlamada yapılmıştır. Bir yöntem dabbing veya fare pençe üzerinde aseton püskürtme ve fare pençe 3,4 Flicking harcadığı süreyi ölçen içerir aseton buharlaşma testidir. Ne yazık ki,aseton buharlaşma tepkiler ıslak duyu ve aseton kokusu tarafından eleştirilmiştir edilir. Ayrıca, aseton buharlaştırma testte uygulanan soğuk uyarıcı uygulanmış aseton miktarına bağlı olarak ve ölçmek zordur değişebilir. Son olarak, zarar görmemiş farelerde, başlangıçta aseton minimum bir yanıt sahip imkansız bu yöntemle aşırı duyarlılık yokluğunda analjezi ölçmek için adrestir. Soğuk yanıtlar için başka klasik tahlili Kuyruk soğuk su 5,6 batırılır sonra geri çekilmesi için gecikme ölçülür Kuyruk titremesi tahlili vardır. Bu deneyde davranışsal tepkileri kesin ve deney, belirli bir sıcaklığa yanıtları ölçen birlikte, hayvanlar iyi tarif edilen stres kaynaklı analjezik mekanizmaları 7 boyunca soğuk yanıt değiştirebilir ki, test sırasında tespit edilmelidir. Başka yaygın kullanılan bir araçtır davranışsal ölçen soğuk plaka testi, birfarelerin tepkileri bir Peltier soğutulmuş plaka 8-10 yerleştirilirler. Bu araç, belirli sıcaklıklarda hayvan yanıtları hakkında bilgi sağlarken, aynı zamanda tutarsız kullanılmıştır; farklı gruplar atlar 8,11 sayısı, ilk tepki 8,11- 13 gecikme dahil yanıtların farklı ölçüldü ve pençe sayısı çok farklı sonuçlar 11,13,14 kaldırır. Soğuk plaka deneyi de bir seferde test edilebilir tek bir hayvan gibi nispeten düşük kapasiteli olduğunu ve pahalı ve kırılgan Peltier cihazı gerektirir. 2-plaka sıcaklığı tercih testi hayvanlar farklı sıcaklıklarda 9,15- 17 2 bağlantılı plakalar üzerinde harcama zaman göreceli miktarını ölçen soğuk plaka testi yaygın olarak kullanılan bir türevidir. Bir başka benzer yaygın olarak kullanılan tahlil termal gradyan tahlil, fareler, farklı sıcaklık bölgelerinde geçirmek zaman miktarıdıruzun bir metal plaka ile, 5 ° C ile 45 ° C arasında değişen 16 ölçülür. Bu deneyler sıcaklık karşılaştırılmasına olanak iken, davranış sıcaklığı kaçınma veya sıcaklık tercihine temsil belirsizdir. Son olarak, dinamik soğuk plaka tahlil fareler ortam sıcaklıkları 18 değişen nasıl tepki ölçmek için kullanılır olmuştur. Bu yöntem, bir RT Peltier cihazda fareler yerleştirerek ve fareler atlamak veya farklı plaka sıcaklıklarda pençeleri yalamak ne kadar ölçüm yaparken 1 ° C aşağı rampa içerir. Bu fareler, bir soğutma ortamına uyum nasıl test ederken, bu fareler bir soğutucu ortam sıcaklığının ortamda soğuk bir uyarana cevap nasıl test etmek için bir yol sağlamaz. Ayrıca, bunu gerçekleştirmek için pahalı ekipman gerektirir ve soğuk hassasiyeti ölçmeden önce test ekipmanları fareler gelmesini için bir yol sağlamaz. Bu analizleri tamamlamak için, EBM acclima testleriSıcaklık aralıkları çeşitli de iyi tanımlanmış bir soğuk uyarıcıya Ted tepkileri ya da soğuk ortam sıcaklıklarında adapte işlemi esnasında uygulanabilir. Bu ucuz yüksek verimli testi için ölçeklendirilebilir potansiyeline sahip, bizim şimdiki aparatı ile bir seferde 14 farelere kadar test edebilirsiniz.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:353px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:303px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">T-type thermocouple probe</td>
			<td>Physitemp</td>
			<td>IT-24p</td>
			<td>Used to measure the surface temperature of the glass (http://www.physitemp.com/products/probesandwire/)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass plate</td>
			<td>Local glass company (in St. Louis, Stemmerich Inc)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We use pyrex glass (borosilicate float). Our lab generally uses 1/4&#39;&#39;, but 3/16&#39;&#39; and 1/8&#39;&#39; are also useful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermal Data logger</td>
			<td>Extech</td>
			<td>EA15</td>
			<td>Thermologger to keep track of glass temperature (http://www.extech.com/instruments/product.asp?catid=64&#38;prodid=408)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3mL Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">309657</td>
			<td>The top is cut off, and dry ice is compressed in the syringe to generate a cold probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Computer</td>
			<td>If using Extech logger, any Pcwill work</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aluminum boxes</td>
			<td>Washington University in St. Louis machine shop</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>boxes are 3&#39; long, 4.5&#39;&#39; wide, and 3&#39;&#39; tall with a sealed lid.&#160; There is a 1/2&#39;&#39; hole drilled into one short side of each box, near the bottom. These holes are filled with rubber stopcocks when the boxes are filled with wet ice or hot water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heated water circulator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any water circulator model with a pump will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">21 gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">305165</td>
			<td>The exact needle size is not important</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hand timer</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any hand timer will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mirror</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any flat mirror will work</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple and inexpensive method for determining cold sensitivity and adaptation in mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

30 ° C, 23 ° C, 17 ° C ve 12 ° C &#39;de başlayan farelerden ortaya davranışsal tepkileri yüksek oranda tekrarlanabilir (Şekil 4A), 20 bulunmaktadır. Arka ayağın altında elde edilen soğuk uyarıcı ölçmek için, fareler ketamin / ksilazin / asepromazin kokteyli ile anestezi uygulandı ve pençeleri bir T-tipi filaman termokupl (Şekil 4B), 20 üst camın üzerine tespit edilmiştir. Cam soğuduktan veya arzu edilen test aralığına ısıtıldı. Pl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice at JoVE.com

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Fareler Soğuk Hassasiyeti ve Uyum belirlenmesi için Basit ve ucuz Yöntem

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

a-simple-inexpensive-method-for-determining-cold-sensitivity

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.6K Görüntüleme.  Washington University in St. Louis. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 °C and 5 °C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Video: A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests: Simple quantitative measures of dexterous forepaw function in rats and mice

Previous characterizations of rodent eating behavior have revealed that they use coordinated forepaw movements to manipulate food pieces. We have extended upon this work to develop a simple quantitative measure of forepaw dexterity that is sensitive to lateralized impairments and age-dependent changes. Rodents learn skillful forepaw and digit movements to manage thin pasta pieces, which they eagerly consume. We have previously described methods for quantifying vermicelli handling in rats and showed that the measures are very sensitive to forelimb impairments resulting from unilateral ischemic lesions, middle cerebral artery occlusions and unilateral striatal dopamine depletion [Allred, R.P., Adkins, D.L., Woodlee, M.T., Husbands, L.C., Maldonado M.A., Kane, J.R., Schallert, T. &amp; Jones, T.A. The Vermicelli Handling Test: a simple quantitative measure of dexterous forepaw function in rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 170, 229-244 (2008)]. Here we present a more detailed protocol for this test in rats and compare it with a newly developed version for mice, the Capellini Handling Test. Rats and mice are videotaped while handling short lengths of uncooked vermicelli or capellini pasta, respectively, with a camera positioned to optimize the view of paw movements. Slow motion video playback allows for the identification of forepaw adjustments, defined as any distinct removal and replacement of the paw, or of any number of digits, on the pasta piece after eating commences. Forepaw adjustments per piece are averaged over trials per each testing session. Repeated testing permits sensitive quantitative analysis of changes in forepaw dexterity over time. Protocols for pre-testing habituation and handling practice, as well as procedures for characterizing atypical handling patterns, are described. Because rats and mice perform the pasta handling tests slightly differently, species-specific differences in administration and scoring of these tests are highlighted. All animal use was in accordance with protocols approved by the University of Texas at Austin Animal Care and Use Committee.

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests of forepaw dexterity take advantage of the natural inclination of rodents to manipulate food items using skillful forepaw and digit movements. Animals are videotaped while handling short strands of uncooked dry pasta. Slow motion video playback allows for the quantification of forepaw adjustments.

Şehriye ve Capellini İşleme Testleri: sıçan ve fareler hünerli forepaw fonksiyonu Basit kantitatif tedbirler

Previous characterizations of rodent eating behavior have revealed that they use coordinated forepaw movements to manipulate food pieces. We have extended ...

Nörobilim

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

Sinekler Etanol Hassasiyet Tedbir Basit Yolu

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Sıçanlarda Sakkaroz Craving Kuluçka değerlendirilmesi için Genel Bir Yöntem

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps shape attention and also protects cells from over-stimulation. Adaptation within the olfactory circuit of C. elegans was first described by Colbert and Bargmann1,2. Here, the authors defined parameters of the olfactory adaptation paradigm, which they used to design a genetic screen to isolate mutants defective in their ability to adapt to volatile odors sensed by the Amphid Wing cells type C (AWC) sensory neurons. When wildtype C. elegans animals are exposed to an attractive AWC-sensed odor3 for 30 min they will adapt their responsiveness to the odor and will then ignore the adapting odor in a chemotaxis behavioral assay for ~1 hr. When wildtype C. elegans animals are exposed to an attractive AWC-sensed odor for ~1 hr they will then ignore the adapting odor in a chemotaxis behavioral assay for ~3 hr. These two phases of olfactory adaptation in C. elegans were described as short-term olfactory adaptation (induced after 30 min odor exposure), and long-term olfactory adaptation (induced after 60 min odor exposure). Later work from L'Etoile et al.,4 uncovered a Protein Kinase G (PKG) called EGL-4 that is required for both the short-term and long-term olfactory adaptation in AWC neurons. The EGL-4 protein contains a nuclear localization sequence that is necessary for long-term olfactory adaptation responses but dispensable for short-term olfactory adaptation responses in the AWC4. By tagging EGL-4 with a green fluorescent protein, it was possible to visualize the localization of EGL-4 in the AWC during prolonged odor exposure. Using this fully functional GFP-tagged EGL-4 (GFP::EGL-4) molecule we have been able to develop a molecular readout of long-term olfactory adaptation in the AWC5. Using this molecular readout of olfactory adaptation we have been able to perform both forward and reverse genetic screens to identify mutant animals that exhibit defective subcellular localization patterns of GFP::EGL-4 in the AWC6,7. Here we describe: 1) the construction of GFP::EGL-4 expressing animals; 2) the protocol for cultivation of animals for long-term odor-induced nuclear translocation assays; and 3) the scoring of the long-term odor-induced nuclear translocation event and recovery (re-sensitization) from the nuclear GFP::EGL-4 state.

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

Here we describe a molecular readout of long-term olfactory adaptation in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Protein Kinase G, EGL-4, is necessary for stable adaptation responses in the primary sensory neuron pair called AWC. During prolonged odor exposure EGL-4 translocates from the cytosol to nucleus of the AWC.

Uzun vadeli Olfaktör İntibak A Moleküler Saati<em&gt; C. elegans</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Cortical development involves complex interactions between neurons and non-neuronal elements including precursor cells, blood vessels, meninges and associated extracellular matrix. Because they provide a suitable organotypic environment, cortical slice explants are often used to investigate those interactions that control neuronal differentiation and development. Although beneficial, the slice explant model can suffer from drawbacks including aberrant cellular lamination and migration. Here we report a whole cerebral hemisphere explant system for studies of early cortical development that is easier to prepare than cortical slices and shows consistent organotypic migration and lamination. In this model system, early lamination and migration patterns proceed normally for a period of two days in vitro, including the period of preplate splitting, during which prospective cortical layer six forms. We then developed an ex utero electroporation (EUEP) approach that achieves ~80% success in targeting GFP expression to neurons developing in the dorsal medial cortex.
The whole hemisphere explant model makes early cortical development accessible for electroporation, pharmacological intervention and live imaging approaches. This method avoids the survival surgery required of in utero electroporation (IUEP) approaches while improving both transfection and areal targeting consistency. This method will facilitate experimental studies of neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation.

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

This protocol describes an improved explant procedure that involves ex utero electroporation, dissection and culture of entire cerebral hemispheres from the embryonic mouse. The preparation facilitates pharmacological studies and assays of gene function during early cortical development.

Eski utero Elektroporasyon ve Tüm Yarımküre Eksplantlarından: Erken Kortikal Kalkınma Çalışmaları İçin Basit Bir Deney Yöntemi

Cortical development involves complex interactions between neurons and non-neuronal elements including precursor cells, blood vessels, meninges and ...

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in their etiology. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a powerful model for exploring molecular-genetic mechanisms underlying alcohol-related behaviors and therefore holds great promise for identifying and understanding the function of genes that influence AUD. The use of the Drosophila model for these types of studies depends on the availability of assays that reliably measure behavioral responses to ethanol. This report describes an assay suitable for assessing ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies. Ethanol sensitivity measured in this assay is influenced by the volume and concentration of ethanol used, a variety of previously reported genetic manipulations, and also the length of time the flies are housed without food immediately prior to testing. In contrast, ethanol sensitivity measured in this assay is not affected by the vigor of fly handling, sex of the flies, and supplementation of growth medium with antibiotics or live yeast. Three different methods for quantitating ethanol sensitivity are described, all leading to essentially indistinguishable ethanol sensitivity results. The scalable nature of this assay, combined with its overall simplicity to set-up and relatively low expense, make it suitable for small and large scale genetic analysis of ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila.

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Etanol sedasyon Hassasiyet ve hızlı Hoşgörü Ölçüm Ucuz bir, Ölçeklenebilir Davranış Deneyi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

A Method to Target and Isolate Airway-innervating Sensory Neurons in Mice

Somatosensory nerves transduce thermal, mechanical, chemical, and noxious stimuli caused by both endogenous and environmental agents. The cell bodies of these afferent neurons are located within the sensory ganglia. Sensory ganglia innervate a specific organ or portion of the body. For instance, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are located in the vertebral column and extend processes throughout the body and limbs. The trigeminal ganglia are located in the skull and innervate the face, and upper airways. Vagal afferents of the nodose ganglia extend throughout the gut, heart, and lungs. The nodose neurons control a diverse array of functions such as: respiratory rate, airway irritation, and cough reflexes. Thus, to understand and manipulate their function, it is critical to identify and isolate airway specific neuronal sub-populations. In the mouse, the airways are exposed to a fluorescent tracer dye, Fast Blue, for retrograde tracing of airway-specific nodose neurons. The nodose ganglia are dissociated and fluorescence activated cell (FAC) sorting is used to collect dye positive cells. Next, high quality ribonucleic acid (RNA) is extracted from dye positive cells for next generation sequencing. Using this method airway specific neuronal gene expression is determined.

Organ specific sensory neurons are difficult to identify. Fast Blue tracing is used to identify nodose neurons innervating the airways for cell sorting. Sorted nodose neurons are used to extract high quality ribonucleic acid (RNA) for sequencing. Using this protocol, gene expression of airway specific neurons is determined.

Bir Yöntem Hedef ve Fare İzole Havayolu-innerve Duyu Nöronlar için

Somatosensory nerves transduce thermal, mechanical, chemical, and noxious stimuli caused by both endogenous and environmental agents. The cell bodies of ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

Basit Bir adım Yetişkin Tüm montaj Hazırlama Diseksiyon Protokolü<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Brain

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory machinery, such as in patients experiencing peripheral neuropathy or injury-induced sensitization, are not well characterized. The genetically tractable Drosophila model has been used to study the cells and genes required for noxious heat detection, which has yielded multiple conserved genes of interest. Little is known however about the cells and receptors important for noxious cold sensing. Although, Drosophila does not survive prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (&#8804;10 &#186;C), and will avoid cool, preferring warmer temperatures in behavioral preference assays, how they sense and possibly avoid noxious cold stimuli has only recently been investigated.
Here we describe and characterize the first noxious cold (&#8804;10 &#186;C) behavioral assay in Drosophila. Using this tool and assay, we show an investigator how to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cold nociceptive behaviors. This can be done under normal/healthy culture conditions, or presumably in the context of disease, injury or sensitization. Further, this assay can be applied to larvae selected for desired genotypes, which might impact thermosensation, pain, or nociceptive sensitization. Given that pain is a highly conserved process, using this assay to further study&#160;thermal nociception will likely glean important understanding of pain processes in other species, including vertebrates.

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Here we demonstrate a novel assay to study cold nociception in Drosophila larvae. This assay utilizes a custom-built Peltier probe capable of applying a focal noxious cold stimulus and results in quantifiable cold-specific behaviors. This technique will allow further cellular and molecular dissection of cold nociception.

Soğuk nosisepsiyon için Roman Tahlili<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like mouse and rat astrocyte monocultures: Brain cells can be isolated from different brain regions, and after a week of cell culture, non-astrocytic cells are shaken off by placing the culture dishes on a shaker for 6 h in the incubator. The remaining astrocytes are then passaged into new plates with an astrocyte-specific medium (termed NB+H). NB+H contains low concentrations of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), which is used in place of serum in medium. After growing in NB+H, AWESAM astrocytes have a stellate morphology and feature fine processes. Moreover, these astrocytes have more in vivo-like gene expression than astrocytes generated by previously published methods. Ca2+ imaging, vesicle dynamics, and other events close to the membrane can thus be studied in the fine astrocytic processes in vitro, e.g., using live cell confocal or TIRF microscopy. Notably, AWESAM astrocytes also exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ signaling similar to astrocytes in vivo.

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

The AWESAM protocol described here is optimal for culturing murine astrocytes in isolation from other brain cells in a fast, simple, and inexpensive manner. AWESAM astrocytes exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ signaling, morphology, and gene expression profiles similar to astrocytes in vivo.

Vivokültür-tarihlerde hızlı, basit ve ucuz AWESAM iletişim kuralını kullanarak fare Astrocytes

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like ...