Yazar Peter Jonosson ve Lyons yeni medya merkezi odalar 3D baskı için kabul edersiniz. Bu araştırma 436100-2013 RGPIN, ER15-11-123, McMaster Dean, mühendislik lisans yaz Araştırma Ödülü ve lisans araştırma fırsatlar programı tarafından desteklenmiştir.

<ol>
	<li>Tremblay, J. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise+of+OLED+displays.">The rise of OLED displays.</a> Chemical &amp; Engineering News. 94 (28), 30-34 (2016).</li><li>Kang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk-Heterojunction+Organic+Solar+Cells:+Five+Core+Technologies+for+Their+Commercialization.">Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (36), 7821-7861 (2016).</li><li>Jacoby, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+low-cost+solar+cells.">The future of low-cost solar cells.</a> Chemical &amp; Engineering News. 94 (18), 30-35 (2016).</li><li>Veldhuis, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perovskite+Materials+for+Light-Emitting+Diodes+and+Lasers.">Perovskite Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (32), 6804-6834 (2016).</li><li>Park, N. -. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perovskite+solar+cells:+an+emerging+photovoltaic+technology.">Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology.</a> Materials Today. 18 (2), 65-72 (2015).</li><li>Turak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interfacial+degradation+in+organic+optoelectronics.">Interfacial degradation in organic optoelectronics.</a> RSC Advances. 3 (18), 6188 (2013).</li><li>Scholz, S., Kondakov, D., L&#252;ssem, B., Leo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+Mechanisms+and+Reactions+in+Organic+Light-Emitting+Devices.">Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices.</a> Chemical Reviews. 115 (16), 8449-8503 (2015).</li><li>J&#248;rgensen, M., Norrman, K., Gevorgyan, S. A., Tromholt, T., Andreasen, B., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+Polymer+Solar+Cells.">Stability of Polymer Solar Cells.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (5), 580-612 (2012).</li><li>Habisreutinger, S. N., McMeekin, D. P., Snaith, H. J., Nicholas, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+Update:+Strategies+for+improving+the+stability+of+perovskite+solar+cells.">Research Update: Strategies for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.</a> APL Materials. 4 (9), 091503 (2016).</li><li>Reese, M. O., Sigdel, A. K., Berry, J. J., Ginley, D. S., Shaheen, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+miniature+controlled-atmosphere+chamber+for+optoelectronic+characterizations.">A simple miniature controlled-atmosphere chamber for optoelectronic characterizations.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 94 (7), 1254-1258 (2010).</li><li>Gevorgyan, S. A., Jorgensen, M., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+setup+for+studying+stability+and+degradation+of+polymer+solar+cells.">A setup for studying stability and degradation of polymer solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 736-745 (2008).</li><li>Park, J. -. S. S., Chae, H., Chung, H. K., Lee, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin+film+encapsulation+for+flexible+AM-OLED:+a+review.">Thin film encapsulation for flexible AM-OLED: a review.</a> Semiconductor Science and Technology. 26 (3), 034001 (2011).</li><li>Ahmad, J., Bazaka, K., Anderson, L. J., White, R. D., Jacob, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Materials+and+methods+for+encapsulation+of+OPV:+A+review.">Materials and methods for encapsulation of OPV: A review.</a> Renewable &amp; Sustainable Energy Reviews. 27, 104-117 (2013).</li><li>Gevorgyan, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Round+robin+performance+testing+of+organic+photovoltaic+devices.">Round robin performance testing of organic photovoltaic devices.</a> Renewable Energy. 63, 376-387 (2014).</li><li>Osterwald, C. R., Hammond, R., Zerlaut, G., D'Aiello, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photovoltaic+module+certification+and+laboratory+accreditation+criteria+development.">Photovoltaic module certification and laboratory accreditation criteria development.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 41, 629-636 (1996).</li><li>Turak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+analysis+of+processing+parameters+on+the+ordering+and+performance+of+working+poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl+C(61)-butyric+acid+methyl+ester+solar+cells.">Systematic analysis of processing parameters on the ordering and performance of working poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester solar cells.</a> Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2 (5), 53103 (2010).</li><li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fill+factor+in+organic+solar+cells.">Fill factor in organic solar cells.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (23), 8972-8982 (2013).</li><li>Lu, N., Li, L., Sun, P., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-circuit+current+model+of+organic+solar+cells.">Short-circuit current model of organic solar cells.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 614, 27-30 (2014).</li><li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-circuit+voltage+in+organic+solar+cells.">Open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22 (46), 24315-24325 (2012).</li><li>Xue, J., Uchida, S., Rand, B. P., Forrest, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4.2%+efficient+organic+photovoltaic+cells+with+low+series+resistances.">4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 84 (16), 3013-3015 (2004).</li><li>Hauch, J. A., Schilinsky, P., Choulis, S. A., Rajoelson, S., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+on+the+lifetime+of+flexible+polymer+solar+cells.">The impact of water vapor transmission rate on the lifetime of flexible polymer solar cells.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 93 (10), 103306 (2008).</li><li>Norrman, K., Madsen, M. V., Gevorgyan, S. A., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+Patterns+in+Water+and+Oxygen+of+an+Inverted+Polymer+Solar+Cell.">Degradation Patterns in Water and Oxygen of an Inverted Polymer Solar Cell.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (47), 16883-16892 (2010).</li><li>Dameron, A. A., Reese, M. O., Moriconie, T. J., Kempe, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+Moisture+Ingress+and+Packaging+Requirements+for+Photovoltaic+Modules.">Understanding Moisture Ingress and Packaging Requirements for Photovoltaic Modules.</a> Photovoltaics International. 5, 121-130 (2009).</li><li>Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement. ASTM E398 - 13 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398</a> (2013)</li><li>Basha, R. K., Konno, K., Kani, H., Water Kimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Vapor+Transmission+Rate+of+Biomass+Based+Film+Materials.">Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Biomass Based Film Materials.</a> Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food. 4 (2), 37-42 (2011).</li><li>Kim, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+correlation+study+between+barrier+film+performance+and+shelf+lifetime+of+encapsulated+organic+solar+cells.">A correlation study between barrier film performance and shelf lifetime of encapsulated organic solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101, 140-146 (2012).</li><li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+for+the+degradation+of+organic+photovoltaic+P3HT:+PCBM+based+devices.">Pathways for the degradation of organic photovoltaic P3HT: PCBM based devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 746-752 (2008).</li><li>Kempe, M. D., Reese, M. O., Dameron, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+sensitivity+limits+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+measurements+using+electrical+calcium+test.">Evaluation of the sensitivity limits of water vapor transmission rate measurements using electrical calcium test.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 84 (2), 025109 (2013).</li><li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+stability+testing+protocols+for+organic+photovoltaic+materials+and+devices.">Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 95 (5), 1253-1267 (2011).</li><li>. Current landscape of standardisation efforts in organic and printed electronics 2015 - a VAMAS review Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review</a> (2015)</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bu deney yeniden kritik adımlar odaları çatlaklar, boşluklar veya herhangi bir giriş nem ve oksijen KF50 kelepçe için sıkma tarafından önlemek için odası mühürleme WVTR düşürebilir zavallı dolgu özelliklere uzak yazdırma dahil herhangi bir sızıntı ve örnek ve uygun bir O-ring yerleşimi kullanarak üst odası arasında bir mühür oluşturma önlemek için bir vakum puanlarına düşük basınçlı epoksi iletişim bağlantıları veya herhangi bir feedthroughs etrafında kullanarak üst ve alt od...

Organik ve perovskite opto-elektronik cihazlar, güneş hücreleri ve ışık - yayan diyotlar π Birleşik Yarıiletken organik moleküller ve organometal halojenürlerden dayalı araştırma hızla büyüyen bir alan vardır. Organik ışık - yayan diyot (OLED) zaten aydınlatmada büyük bir teknolojik öğesi ve1görüntüler ve organik fotovoltaik amorf silikon2ile rekabet yapmak onları verimliliği elde etmeye başlamışlardır. Düşük maliyetli, kolay işlenen aygıtları yakında yaygın bulmak olasıdır ışık emici ve ışık yayan uygulamaları3,4,5 için perovskite tabanlı aygıtlar son hızlı ilerlemesi öneriyor dağıtım. Ancak, tüm bu teknolojilerin atmosferik kirleticiler, özellikle nem ve oksijen, onların etkili yaşam süreleri6,7,8,9sınırlayan bir hassasiyeti muzdarip.
Bu tür sistemleri eğitim araştırmacılar için bir uyarlanabilir, kullanımı kolay, taşınabilir ve yeniden kullanılabilir odasına bu hassas materyalleri korumak için veya kirletici bir kontrollü şekilde10,11' deki yönergeleri için karşılaşmazlar yararlı olabilir. Bir torpido hava-hassas aygıtlar karakterizasyonu için kullanmak mümkün olsa da, bu büyük, pahalı ve sabit-location, inert ortamlara gerekebilir karakterizasyonu geniş yelpazesi ile uyumsuz olabilir. Taşınabilir alternatif, Reese ve ark. sağlamak için 10 çift vakum flanş organik cihazlar elektrikli ve optik karakterizasyonu için uygun küçük bir metal odası dayalı evlenme teklif etti. Bu tasarım, daha ucuz ve daha çok yönlü kullanarak 3D baskı odası bileşenleri üretmek için yapım o adapte olması. 3D baskı yerine, işleme, kullanımına örnek veya çevre koruma gereksinimlerini temel tasarım yarar koruyarak değişen hızlı, uygun maliyetli ayarlamaları için izin verir. Bu katkı biz böyle bir oda olmak için yordamı anahat ve bir organik diyot aygıtın akım-gerilim özelliklerini ayıklamak için kullanabilirsiniz.
İyi bir kapsülleme organik ve perovskite aygıt-meli-si olmak 10-3 - 10-6 g/m2WVTRs/organik cihazın içine küçük su giriş sağlamak için uzun vadeli aygıt istikrar12,13, gün bile çok sert koşulları. Bu odayı uzun vadeli depolama veya kapsülleme yöntem yerine amacıyla test etmek için kontrollü bir ortam olarak tasarlanmıştır, etkili bir odası için gereksinimleri sıkı etkilenmez. Odasının karakterizasyonu deneyler gerçekleştirmek için makul bir zaman çerçevesi içinde aygıt özelliklerini korumak için güçlü olmalı. PLA kullanarak standart işletim prosedürü sonuç hangi-ebilmek var kullanılmış birkaç gün ya da bir bölmede aygıt özelliklerinin önemli bir kayıp olmadan bir dahili gaz akışı ile hafta.
Malzemeler, değiştirme ya da hatta şekil ve büyüklük odası vücudun hava kirleticileri penetrasyon odasına büyük ölçüde etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle, nem ve oksijen girişine her tasarım odası etkinliğini belirlemek dikkatle izlenmesi gerekir. Biz, Ayrıca odası kullanım için deneme için bir takvim oluşturmak için piyasada bulunan Nem sensörü, kullanarak WVTR odasının, belirlemek için basit bir işlem odası, imalat için anahat.
Basit ama çok yönlü odası birden çok tür deneyler için yapılması için izin verir. İnert atmosfer koşulları dışında torpido, elektrik feedthrough bağlantı noktaları ve pencere ile elektrikli ve optik karakterizasyonu için uygun olarak hareket edebilir. Onları test güvenilirlik14 için hepsini bir kez deneme yararlıdır nerede onlar üretildi, laboratuar dışında standart elektriksel karakterizasyonu ekipman ile kullanılmak üzere veya fatura ölçüleri cihazın elde etmek onların taşınabilirlik sağlar Performans15. Bu odaları da giriş basit değişiklikler ile kontrollü bozulması testler için kirletici etkileri eğitimi için özellikle yararlı olur. 3D baskı aygıtı düzenlerini, boyutları, değiştirme veya test şartları için önemli ve hızlı bir uyum sağlar.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ORION DELTA DESKTOP 3D PRINTER RTP</td>
			<td>SeeMeCNC</td>
			<td>87999</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: 3D Printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.75 mm PLA Filament</td>
			<td>SeeMeCNC</td>
			<td>50241</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: PLA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Somos&#174; WaterShed XC 11122 chamber</td>
			<td>Somos</td>
			<td>printed at Custom Prototypes, Toronto.</td>
			<td>https://www.dsm.com/products/somos/en_US/products/offerings-somos-water-shed.html 
			Known in Report As: Water resistant polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CURA</td>
			<td>CURA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://ultimaker.com/en/products/cura-software 
			Known in Report As: slicing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering iron with 600&#176; F tip</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>WTCPT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xtralien X100 Source Measure Unit</td>
			<td>Ossila</td>
			<td>E561</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: SMU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZIF Test Board for Pixelated Anode Substrates</td>
			<td>Ossila</td>
			<td>E221</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: Zero insetion force/ZIF Test Board;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC Cable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic USB A - B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic USB A - Micro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#12 O-Ring</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Source unkown 
			Known in Report As: o-ring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>116 Butyl O-Ring</td>
			<td>Global Rubber Products</td>
			<td>116 VI70</td>
			<td>Bought in-store 
			Known in Report As: o-ring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retaining ring</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom Chamber</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top Chamber</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KF50 Cast Clamp (Aluminum)</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>QF50-200-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KF50 Centering Ring (Aluminum)</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>QF50-200-BRB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sn60/Pb40 Solder</td>
			<td>MG Chemicals</td>
			<td>4895-2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#4-40 x 3/16&#34; machine screw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#4-40 IntThrd Brass TaperSingleVane Insert For Thermoplastic</td>
			<td>Fastenal</td>
			<td>11125984</td>
			<td>Fastenal requires to be affiliated with company/university 
			Known in Report As: #4-40 brass tapered threaded insert</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Varian Torr Seal Vacuum Equipment High Vacuum Epoxy</td>
			<td>Vacuum Products Canada Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Known in Report As: low-pressure epoxy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes HEADED RADIUS</td>
			<td>Mouser Electornics</td>
			<td>818-S-100-D-3.5-G</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: pogo pin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes Receptacle Solder Cup</td>
			<td>Mouser Electornics</td>
			<td>818-R-100-SC</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: solder cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Teflon Tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Tube x 1/8&#34; Male NPT Nickel Plated Brass Push-to-Connect Connector</td>
			<td>Fastenal</td>
			<td>442064</td>
			<td>Not the same ones used for this study, but are fuctionally equivalent 
			Known in Report As: push-to-connect pneumatic connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/8&#34; NPT Tap and T-wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Tube Push-to-Connect Manually Operated Valves</td>
			<td>Fluidline</td>
			<td>7910-56-00</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: manually operated push-to-connect valves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (small)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>385</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: internal humidity sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (large)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Known in Report As: external humidity sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino Uno</td>
			<td>Arduino</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glovebox environment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kOhm Resistor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilla Xtralien Scientific Python IDE</td>
			<td>Oscilla</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.ossila.com/pages/xtralien-scientific-python 
			Known in Report As: Python IDE</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a 3d-printed chamber for organic optoelectronic device degradation testing

Bu makale, bir küçük, taşınabilir ve kullanımı kolay atmosferik odası imalatı anahat organik ve perovskite opto-elektronik cihazlar, 3D baskı kullanarak. Bu tür aygıtlar nem ve oksijen duyarlı olduğu için böyle bir odası elektronik ve istikrar özellikleri karakterize araştırmacılar yardımcı olabilir. Odası bir geçici, yeniden kullanılabilir ve istikrarlı ortamı olarak kontrollü özellikleri (nem, gaz giriş ve sıcaklık gibi) ile kullanılmak üzere tasarlanmıştır. Hava duyarlı malzemeleri korumak için veya kirletici için kontrollü bir şekilde bozulması etütler karşılaşmazlar kullanılabilir. Odası özelliklerini tanımlamak için bir standart Nem sensörü tarafından ölçülen bağıl kullanarak su buharı iletim hızı (WVTR) belirlemek için basit bir prosedür anahat. Aygıt özellikleri önemli kaybı olmadan hafta için kullanılan bir odası polylactic asit (PLA), % 50 dolgu yoğunluğu kullanarak bu standart işletim prosedürü sonuçlanır. Çok yönlülük ve rahatlık-in kullanma odasının bir kompakt kontrollü atmosfer gerektirir herhangi bir karakterizasyonu durumuna adapte için izin verir.

Akım voltaj ölçümleri:
Bu odanın bir organik veya perovskite güneş pili veya ışık yayan diyot gibi bir hava duyarlı diyot cihaz test için izin vermek için tasarlanmıştır. Bu yeniden kullanılabilir, geçici saklama veya kontrollü bozulması sınamasını gerçekleştirmek için kirletici tanıtan bir yöntem olarak hareket edebilir. Burada gösterilen akım yoğunluğu-gerilim (JV) eğrileri tem...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing at JoVE.com

A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

Burada, tasarım, üretim ve hava duyarlı organik opto-elektronik cihazlar optik ve elektriksel karakterizasyonu için bir basit, çok yönlü 3D baskılı ve kontrollü atmosfer odası kullanımı için bir iletişim kuralı mevcut.

3D baskı odası için organik opto-elektronik aygıt bozulması test

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, ...

a-3d-printed-chamber-for-organic-optoelectronic-device-degradation

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.9K Görüntüleme.  McMaster University. Burada, tasarım, üretim ve hava duyarlı organik opto-elektronik cihazlar optik ve elektriksel karakterizasyonu için bir basit, çok yönlü 3D baskılı ve kontrollü atmosfer odası kullanımı için bir iletişim kuralı mevcut.

Video: A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

Su Supramoleküler Polimerlerin Boyut, Şekil ve Stabilite Kontrolü

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

Mühendislik

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via stereotactic radiotherapy where positioning accuracy allows delivering very high doses per fraction in a small volume of the patient. Dosimetric measurements on medical accelerators are conventionally realized using air-filled ionization chambers. However, in small beams these are subject to nonnegligible perturbation effects. This study focuses on liquid ionization chambers, which offer advantages in terms of spatial resolution and low fluence perturbation. Ion recombination effects are investigated for the microLion detector (PTW) used with the Cyberknife system (Accuray). The method consists of performing a series of water tank measurements at different source-surface distances, and applying corrections to the liquid detector readings based on simultaneous gaseous detector measurements. This approach facilitates isolating the recombination effects arising from the high density of the liquid sensitive medium and obtaining correction factors to apply to the detector readings. The main difficulty resides in achieving a sufficient level of accuracy in the setup to be able to detect small changes in the chamber response.

A growing number of radiation therapy devices offer the advantage of delivering the dose through very small beams to the tumor, allowing for increased conformity and higher doses per fraction. Many different detectors can be used for the dosimetry of these small fields. In the present study, the effect of ion recombination is investigated for a liquid ionization chamber using a stereotactic radiation therapy system.

Sıvı İyonizasyon Odası Rekombinasyon Etkileri Karakterizasyonu bir Radyocerrahi Accelerator Dozimetri için kullanılır

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing technology is used to fabricate particles with slender arms connected at a common center. Shapes explored are crosses (two perpendicular rods), jacks (three perpendicular rods), triads (three rods in triangular planar symmetry), and tetrads (four arms in tetrahedral symmetry). Methods for producing on the order of 10,000 fluorescently dyed particles are described. Time-resolved measurements of their orientation and solid-body rotation rate are obtained from four synchronized videos of their motion in a turbulent flow between oscillating grids with R&#955; = 91. In this relatively low-Reynolds number flow, the advected particles are small enough that they approximate ellipsoidal tracer particles. We present results of time-resolved 3D trajectories of position and orientation of the particles as well as measurements of their rotation rates.

We use 3D printing to fabricate anisotropic particles in the shapes of jacks, crosses, tetrads, and triads, whose alignments and rotations in turbulent fluid flow can be measured from multiple simultaneous video images.

Oryantasyon ve dönme hızının ölçülmesi yöntemleri türbülansına tanecikler 3D basılmış

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products containing nanomaterials is also increasing. Evaluating the nanomaterial release from products containing nanomaterials is a crucial step in assessing the safety of these products, and has resulted in several international efforts to develop consistent and reliable technologies for standardizing the evaluation of nanomaterial release. In this study, the release of nanomaterials from products containing nanomaterials is evaluated using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, optical particle counter, and sampling ports to collect filter samples for electron microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system is tested using an abrasor and disc-type nanocomposite material specimens to determine whether the nanomaterial release is repeatable and consistent within an acceptable range. The test results indicate that the total number of particles in each test is within 20% from the average after several trials. The release trends are similar and they show very good repeatability. Therefore, the proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing of products containing nanomaterials.

Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

Bir Chamber Sistemi Kullanarak nanomaterial İçeren Bir Kompozit gelen Nanopartikül Release Test

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

Işık saçılma Profiler (SLPS) Tabanlı Metodoloji İntraoküler Lenslerden İleri ve Geri Işık Saçılımını Kantitatif Olarak Değerlendirmek İçin Tarama

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering thermal wave fields that are disturbed by the defect. This effect is measured and used to locate the defect. We form the destructively interfering wave fields by using a modified projector. The original light engine of the projector is replaced with a fiber-coupled high-power diode laser. Its beam is shaped and aligned to the projector&#39;s spatial light modulator and optimized for optimal optical throughput and homogeneous projection by first characterizing the beam profile, and, second, correcting it mechanically and numerically. A high-performance infrared (IR) camera is set up according to the tight geometrical situation (including corrections of the geometrical image distortions) and the requirement to detect weak temperature oscillations at the sample surface. Data acquisition can be performed once a synchronization between the individual thermal wave field sources, the scanning stage, and the IR camera is established by using a dedicated experimental setup which needs to be tuned to the specific material being investigated. During data post-processing, the relevant information on the presence of a defect below the surface of the sample is extracted. It is retrieved from the oscillating part of the acquired thermal radiation coming from the so-called depletion line of the sample surface. The exact location of the defect is deduced from the analysis of the spatial-temporal shape of these oscillations in a final step. The method is reference-free and very sensitive to changes within the thermal wave field. So far, the method has been tested with steel samples but is applicable to different materials as well, in particular to temperature sensitive materials.

This method aims at locating vertical subsurface defects. Here, we couple a laser with a spatial light modulator and trigger its video input to heat a sample surface deterministically with two anti-phased modulated lines while acquiring highly resolved thermal images. The defect position is retrieved from evaluating thermal wave interference minima.

Lazerle Projeksiyonlu Fototermal Termografi Kullanılarak Yapısal Isıtma Yöntemiyle Alt Yüzey Kusurlu Lokalizasyonu

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

Işık tarafından indüklenen makroskopik salınım hareketi için sıvı kristal ağlar hazırlanması

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

Tek katmanlı dikdörtgen SnSe büyük ölçekli pul imalatı atmosfer basıncı

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

İki boyutlu nanoelektronik imal etmek standart ve güvenilir bir yöntem

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

Temassız Rezonans Kavite Dielektrik Spektroskopik Çalışmalar için Yöntem Geliştirme Selülozik Kağıt

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...