Bu eser Ulusal temel araştırma programı Çin (2014CB932400), Ulusal Doğa Bilimleri Foundation of China (NOS 51525204 ve U1607206) ve Shenzhen temel araştırma projesi (No tarafından desteklenmiştir JCYJ20150529164918735). Ayrıca, DAICEL-Allnex Ltd. ve JSR a.ş. nazik sağlama poliüretan ve stiren bütadien kauçuk, sırasıyla teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1. hazırlanması 1 wt % 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oksitlenmiş selüloz Nanofiber (TOCN) Sol aracılı
Not: Sol kolloidal süspansiyon sürekli sıvı ortamda çok küçük katı parçacıklar olarak tanımlanır.
<ol><li>Nadelholz ağartılmış Kraft hamuru (NBKP, 12 g selüloz içeren) 66.7 g 700 mL deiyonize (DI) su 300 devirde 20 dk için mekanik bir karıştırıcı ile askıya alma.</li>
	<li>20 mL sulu TEMPO çözüm (0,15 g TEMPO içeren) ve sulu NaBr çözüm (1.5 g NaBr içeren) 20 mL yavaş yukarıdaki NBKP süspansiyon14,15' e ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Yaklaşık 10.5 (pH metre ile ölçülür) için yukarıdaki süspansiyon pH 3,0 M NaOH çözüm yavaş yavaş ekleyerek ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Yavaş yavaş yaklaşık 63.8 g sulu NaClO çözüm (ile 6-14 wt % aktif klor) bir pipet ile TEMPO-aracılı oksidasyon başlatmak için yukarıdaki karışıma ekleyin.</li>
	<li>NaClO eklerken, NaOH çözüm pH aralığı içinde sisteminin 10.0 için ~ 10,5 tutmak için eklemeye devam. Bu işlem yaklaşık 2,5 saat sürer.</li>
	<li>TEMPO-aracılı oksitlenmiş selüloz lifleri DI su ile kalan NaClO, NaOH ve diğer kimyasal maddeler kaldırmak için 3 kez (DI su her zaman 1200 mL) durulayın.</li>
	<li>Hamur oksitlenmiş selüloz lifleri nanofibers dağılmak için güçlü bir mekanik blender ile tedavi. Dikkatle birkaç kez su eşit miktarda bir ek ile birlikte mekanik tedavi yerine getirir. Son olarak, bir 1 wt % oksitlenmiş selüloz TEMPO-aracılı nanofiber (TOCN) sol elde edilir. TOCNs 4 ile 6 ~ bir çapa sahip nm ve 0,5-2 ~ mikron uzunluğunda.</li>
	<li>1 wt % TOCN sol 4 ° C (nanofibers bir ortam sıcaklığında çürümeye meyilli selüloz) olarak saklayın.</li>
</ol>2. Sol karışık hazırlanması TOCN-stiren bütadien kauçuk (SBR)
<ol><li>SBR kolloid (48,5 wt %) 0,21 g 10 g 1 wt % TOCN sol (adım 11,7.) 20 mL Cam kap içine ekleyin.</li>
	<li>3 min için yukarıdaki karışımı bir eşit olarak dağınık sol. mağaza kullanmadan önce 4 ° C'de yukarıdaki karışımı sol elde etmek için 6 güç düzeyinde bir girdap karıştırıcı ile tahrik.</li>
</ol>3. hazırlık TOCN-TiO2 Sol karışık
<ol><li>TiO2 nano tanecikleri 0.1 g ekleyin (bir ortalama partikül büyüklüğü 20 ile nm) 10 g 1 wt % TOCN sol 20 mL Cam kap içine.</li>
	<li>Yukarıdaki karışımı ile ısı önemli miktarda süreç içinde oluşturulur ve TOCNs düşebilir sıcaklık artış neden olur çünkü bir eşit karma sol. Perform bu 10 dk-işlem zaman zaman, elde etmek için homogenizer 10 dk için tahrik. Karışım sol kullanmadan önce 4 ° C'de depolayın.</li>
</ol>4. TOCN-yüzey hazırlanması Karbon Fiber (SOCF) sollerin karışık okside
<ol><li>1,7 g karbon fiber (5.5 ~6.0 mikron için çapı ve uzunluğu yaklaşık 50 mikron ile 300 mesh) 150 ml 6 h SOCF16elde etmek için 60 ° C'de konsantre nitrik asit cezir. Yukarıdaki SOCF 0,01 g 1 wt % TOCN sol 20 mL Cam kap içinde 10 g içine ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Sallamak-yukarıdaki karışımı karışımı ve ultra-5 min için karışımı bir eşit karma sol. mağaza kullanmadan önce 4 ° C'de karışımı sol elde etmek için solüsyon içeren temizleyicide.</li>
</ol>5. Microhoneycomb Monolith 1 wt % TOCN sol (izotopu MHM-TOCN) hazırlanması
<ol><li>Polipropilen (PP) tüp (13 mm bir iç çapı, ile bir dış çapı 15 mm 150 mm uzunluğunda) cam boncuk ile yük ve Tüp13alt 5 cm kısmı doldurun.</li>
	<li>Belirli bir miktar yük (tutar her zaman için kontrol edilemeyen, ama o sonraki kesim işlemi sağlamak için normalde daha büyük 2.7 mL) 1 wt % TOCN sol cam boncuk içeren yukarıdaki PP tüp içine. Not: TOCN sol doğrudan cam boncuk tek yönlü dondurucu sürece dahil mesafe etkisi incelenmesi için dökme olmadan PP tüp içine doluydu. Bu durumda, TOCN sol miktarı 11 mL oldu.</li>
	<li>Sol yükleme sırasında oluşturulan kabarcıklar dikkatli bir şekilde çıkarın. Kullanmadan önce gecede 4 ° C'de TOCN sol içeren s tüp tutun.</li>
	<li>Tek yönlü dondurma için kullanılan daldırma makineli TOCN sol içeren yukarıdaki PP tüp takın. İlgili parametreleri ayarlayın ve PP tüp sıvı azot (-196 ° C) sabit bir hız ile 50 cm h-1 (Şekil 1) içeren bir termo sürahi içine daldırma başlatın.</li>
	<li>PP boru kısmı testereyle kesilmiş ve donmuş TOCN sol bölüm çeşitli bölümlere çatlamak. Bu bölümler-10 ° c için 1 gün sonra 1 günde,-5 ° C'de freeze-drying bir makine ile Kuru dondurmak ve sonunda 0 ° c için 1 gün. MHM TOCN beyaz renkli yekpare (Şekil 1) elde edildi.</li>
</ol>6. Microhoneycomb Monolith TOCN-SBR üzerinden hazırlanması Sol (izotopu MHM-TOCN/SBR) karışık ve TOCN-TiO2 Sol (izotopu MHM-TOCN/TiO2 ) karışık
<ol><li>Polipropilen (PP) tüpler (13 mm bir iç çapı, ile bir dış çapı 15 mm 150 mm uzunluğunda) alt 5 cm kısmı tüplerinin Dolum cam boncuk ile yükleyin. Not: Cam boncuk kararsız buz kristal büyüme, elde edilen örnek Tekdüzen morfolojisi ulaşmak için oluştuğu alanı kapsayacak şekilde kullanılır. Cam boncuk yüzey özelliği ve boyutu elde edilen örnek morfolojisi etkilemez.</li>
	<li>Belirli miktar yük (tutar her zaman için kontrol edilemeyen ama normalde daha büyük 2.7 mL daha sonraki kesim işlemi sağlamak için) sol veya TOCN-TiO2 karışık TOCN SBR PP içine karışık sol içeren cam boncuk tüpler.</li>
	<li>Sol yükleme sırasında oluşturulan kabarcıklar dikkatli bir şekilde çıkarın. Yukarıdaki içeren s tüpler kullanımdan önce gecede 4 ° C'de sol karışık tutun.</li>
	<li>Yukarıdaki içeren s tüpler sollerin için tek yönlü donma kullanılan daldırma makineye karışık ekleyin. İlgili parametreleri ayarlayın ve PP tüp sıvı azot (-196 ° C) 20 cm h-1bir sabit hızda içeren bir tankı içine daldırma başlatın.</li>
	<li>PP boru kısmı testereyle kesilmiş ve donmuş TOCN-SBR sol bölüm çeşitli bölümlere karışık çatlamak.</li>
	<li>Bu bölümler-10 ° c için 1 gün sonra 1 günde,-5 ° C'de freeze-drying bir makine ile Kuru dondurmak ve sonunda 0 ° c için 1 gün. MHM-TOCN/SBR ve MHM-TOCN/TiO2 beyaz yekpare elde edilmiştir.</li>
</ol>7. Microhoneycomb Monolith TOCN-SOCF üzerinden hazırlanması Sol (izotopu MHM-TOCN/SOCF) karışık
<ol><li>(13 mm bir iç çapı) ve bir dış çapı 15 mm ve 150 mm uzunluğu ile bir polipropilen (PP) tüp cam boncuklar, tüp alt 5 cm kısmı doldurma ile doldurun.</li>
	<li>Belirli miktar yük (tutar her zaman için kontrol edilemeyen, ama o sonraki kesim işlemi sağlamak için normalde daha büyük 2.7 mL) TOCN-SOCF sol cam boncuk içeren yukarıdaki PP tüp içine karışık.</li>
	<li>Sol yükleme sırasında oluşturulan kabarcıklar dikkatli bir şekilde çıkarın. Yukarıdaki içeren s tüp sol kullanmadan önce gecede 4 ° C'de karışık tutun.</li>
	<li>Yukarıdaki içeren s tüp sol için tek yönlü donma kullanılan daldırma makineye karışık ekleyin. İlgili parametreleri ayarlayın ve PP tüp sıvı azot (-196 ° C) 20 cm h-1bir sabit hızda içeren bir tankı içine daldırma başlatın.</li>
	<li>PP boru kısmı testereyle kesilmiş ve donmuş TOCN-SOCF sol bölüm çeşitli bölümlere çatlamak. Bu bölümler-10 ° c için 1 gün sonra 1 günde,-5 ° C'de freeze-drying bir makine ile Kuru dondurmak ve sonunda 0 ° c için 1 gün. MHM-TOCN/SOCF bir beyaz-gri monolith elde edildi.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

MHMs ulaşmak için en kritik tek yönlü dondurucu adım adımdır sütunlu buz kristalleri şeklinde ve dispersoid bir kenara çerçeve oluşturmak üzere itme sırasında hangi su katılaşır. Tek yönlü dondurma işlemi temelde habercisi sol ve soğutucu arasında termal transfer içerir. Bizim kurulumunda bir daldırma makine sabit bir hız ile soğutucu (sıvı azot) içine bir habercisi sol içeren bir s tüp eklemek için kullanıldı. Sıvı azot her zaman buharlaşan tutar beri bir dalgalanma Sıcaklık grady...

Yepyeni bir malzeme olarak microhoneycomb monolith (izotopu MHM) son zamanlarda çok disiplinli alanları1,2,3,4,5, çok büyük dikkat çekti 6 , 7 , 8. MHM ilk hazırlanan bir yaklaşımla değiştirilmiş tek yönlü (UDF) dağılması S. Mukai vd tarafından petek benzeri kesitleri9ile düz mikro bir dizi ile bir monolith olarak. MHM petek yapıları, yani, verimli mozaik, yüksek güç-ağırlık oranı ve düşük basınç düşmesi genel avantajları sahiptir. Ayrıca, MHM petek monolith daha büyük bir kanal boyutu ile karşılaştırıldığında, çok daha büyük belirli yüzey alanı bulunmaktadır. UDF Yöntem buz kristalleri ve eşzamanlı faz ayrımı donma noktasının üzerinde tek yönlü büyüme içerir. Buz kristalleri kaldırıldıktan sonra sağlam bir bileşen tarafından buz kristali kalıp elde edilir. İçsel doğa habercisi (sol veya jel) ve çoğu durumlarda, lamel10, fiber11faz ayrılması kurulan morfoloji bağlıdır ve fishbone12 yapıları MHMs yerine oluşturmak olasıdır. Sonuç olarak, MHMs oluşumu sadece sınırlı öncüleri bildirilmiştir ve bu önemli ölçüde kimyasal mallarını çeşitliliği engel. Selüloz nanofibers UDF işlemi13arası MHM yapısı oluşturan doğru güçlü bir yapısı yönetmenlik işlevi var son zamanlarda bulduk. Sadece Selüloz nanofibers su dağılabilir diğer bileşenleri ile karıştırılarak, MHMs çeşitli farklı kimyasal özellikleri ile hazırlamak mümkündür. Ayrıca, onların dış şekil ve kanal büyüklükte esnek ve kolay kontrollü13vardır. Böylece, MHMs filtreler, katalizör destekler, akış türü elektrotlar, sensörler ve iskele Biyomalzeme için kullanılması bekleniyor.
Bu yazıda, biz ilk MHMs temel Hazırlama tekniği selüloz nanofibers ayrıntılı UDF sürecinde sulu dispersiyon üzerinden açıklar. Ayrıca, bileşik MHMs birkaç farklı türde hazırlanması göstermektedir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="572">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nadelholz Bleached Kraft Pulp</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Seioko PMC company</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CSF=600</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TEMPO</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Macklin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">T819129</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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			<td style="width:100px;">Macklin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">S818075</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">AR, 99%</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NaClO</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Aladin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">S101636</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">6-14 wt% active chlorine basis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SBR colloid</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">JSR corp.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">TRD102A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">48.5 wt%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">TiO2</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">A63725402</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">crystalline anatase phase</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">carbon fiber</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Shenzhen Xian&#8217;gu Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">XGCP-300</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nitric acid</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Huada Reagent Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">7697-37-2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">65-68 wt%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mixer</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Scientific Industries, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">G-560</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">the mixer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Mechanical blender</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Waring Lab Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">MX1000XTX</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For disintegrating cellulose bundles into nanofibers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:216px;">Homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Scientz Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">HXF-DY</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For dispersing TiO2 nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH meter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Horiba Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">F-74BW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microhoneycomb monoliths prepared by the unidirectional freeze-drying of cellulose nanofiber based sols: method and extensions

Yekpare petek yapıları nedeniyle onların yüksek güç-ağırlık oranı çok disiplinli alanlara çekici olmuştur. Özellikle, mikrometre ölçekli kanalları ile microhoneycomb yekpare (MHMs), onların geniş yüzey alanları nedeniyle reaksiyonlar ve ayrımları için verimli platformlar olarak bekleniyor. Şu ana kadar MHMs bir tek yönlü (UDF) dağılması yöntemi tarafından yalnızca çok sınırlı öncüleri hazırlanmıştır. Burada, biz hangi MHMs farklı bileşenlerden oluşan bir dizi elde edilebilir bir protokol raporu. Son zamanlarda, farklı yapısı yönetmenlik Ajan MHMs oluşumu UDF sürecinde doğru olarak o selüloz nanofibers işlev bulduk. Selüloz nanofibers MHMs pes ediyor musun çözünen maddeler su ile karıştırılarak, kompozit MHMs çeşitli hazırlanabilir. Bu önemli ölçüde MHMs kimyasal Anayasası çok yönlü uygulamalar doğru zenginleştiriyor.

MHM TOCN tek yönlü donma yönünü boyunca farklı pozisyonlar için türleri morfoloji incelenmiş ve Şekil 2' de gösterilen. MHM TOCN alt kısmı uzak daha fazla varlık pozisyonu olan bir kademeli morfoloji değişiklik ortaya çıktı (2 rakam, tartışma). İkinci bir bileşeni bir homojen karışımı sol kurmaya TOCN sol tanıtarak, kompozit MHMs çeşitli hazırlamak mümkündür. Örneğin, kompozit ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions at JoVE.com

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Burada, hangi sıvı bir son derece düşük basınç düşmesi ile geçebileceği içinde microhoneycomb yekpare (MHMs) çeşitli hazırlamak için genel bir iletişim kuralı mevcut. Katalizör destekler, akış türü elektrotlar, sensörler ve iskele Biyomalzeme için filtre olarak kullanılacak elde MHMs bekleniyor.

Tek yönlü selüloz Nanofiber dağılması tarafından hazırlanan Microhoneycomb yekpare dayalı sıra: Yöntem ve uzantıları

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb ...

microhoneycomb-monoliths-prepared-unidirectional-freeze-drying

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.8K Görüntüleme.  Tsinghua University. Burada, hangi sıvı bir son derece düşük basınç düşmesi ile geçebileceği içinde microhoneycomb yekpare (MHMs) çeşitli hazırlamak için genel bir iletişim kuralı mevcut. Katalizör destekler, akış türü elektrotlar, sensörler ve iskele Biyomalzeme için filtre olarak kullanılacak elde MHMs bekleniyor.

Video: Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Improved Method for the Preparation of a Human Cell-based, Contact Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has been implied in the etiology of many brain pathologies, creating a need for development of human in vitro BBB models to assist in clinically-relevant research. Among the numerous BBB models thus far described, a static (without flow), contact BBB model, where astrocytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs) are cocultured on the opposite sides of a porous membrane, emerged as a simplified yet authentic system to simulate the BBB with high throughput screening capacity. Nevertheless the generation of such model presents few technical challenges. Here, we describe a protocol for preparation of a contact human BBB model utilizing a novel combination of primary human BECs and immortalized human astrocytes. Specifically, we detail an innovative method for cell-seeding on inverted inserts as well as specify insert staining techniques and exemplify how we use our model for BBB-related research.

Establishment of human models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can benefit research into brain conditions associated with BBB failure. We describe here an improved technique for preparation of a contact BBB model, which permits coculturing of human astrocytes and brain endothelial cells on the opposite sides of a porous membrane.

Yöntem kan-beyin bariyerini bir insan hücre tabanlı bir İletişim Modelinin Hazırlanması için Geliştirilmiş

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has ...

Biyomühendislik

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose and short sisal fibers are dispersed into a water suspension containing bacterial cellulose. The fiber and nanocellulose suspension is then filtered (using vacuum or gravity) and the wet filter cake pressed to squeeze out any excess water, followed by a drying step. This will result in the hornification of the bacterial cellulose network, holding the loose natural fibers together.
Our method is specially suited for the manufacturing of rigid and robust preforms of hydrophilic fibers. The porous and hydrophilic nature of such fibers results in significant water uptake, drawing in the bacterial cellulose dispersed in the suspension. The bacterial cellulose will then be filtered against the surface of these fibers, forming a bacterial cellulose coating. When the loose fiber-bacterial cellulose suspension is filtered and dried, the adjacent bacterial cellulose forms a network and hornified to hold the otherwise loose fibers together.
The introduction of bacterial cellulose into the preform resulted in a significant increase of the mechanical properties of the fiber preforms. This can be attributed to the high stiffness and strength of the bacterial cellulose network. With this preform, renewable high performance hierarchical composites can also be manufactured by using conventional composite production methods, such as resin film infusion (RFI) or resin transfer molding (RTM). Here, we also describe the manufacturing of renewable hierarchical composites using double bag vacuum assisted resin infusion.

We present a novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust short natural fiber preforms using a papermaking process. Bacterial cellulose acts simultaneously as the binder for the loose fibers and provides rigidity to the fiber preforms. These preforms can be infused with a resin to produce truly green hierarchical composites.

Binder Bakteriyel Selüloz kullanmak Sağlam Doğal Elyaf preform üretim

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised the only means available, the development of noninvasive imaging modalities (echocardiography, MRI, CT) having high temporal and spatial resolution provide a new window for quantitative diastolic function assessment. Echocardiography is the agreed upon standard for diastolic function assessment, but indexes in current clinical use merely utilize selected features of chamber dimension (M-mode) or blood/tissue motion (Doppler) waveforms without incorporating the physiologic causal determinants of the motion itself.&#160;The recognition that all left ventricles (LV) initiate filling by serving as mechanical suction pumps allows global diastolic function to be assessed based on laws of motion that apply to all chambers. What differentiates one heart from another are the parameters of the equation of motion that governs filling. Accordingly, development of the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism&#160;has shown that the entire range of clinically observed early transmitral flow (Doppler E-wave) patterns are extremely well fit by the laws of damped oscillatory motion.&#160;This permits analysis of individual E-waves in accordance with a causal mechanism (recoil-initiated suction) that yields three (numerically) unique lumped parameters whose physiologic analogues are chamber stiffness (k), viscoelasticity/relaxation (c), and load (xo).&#160;The recording of transmitral flow (Doppler E-waves) is standard practice in clinical cardiology and, therefore, the echocardiographic recording method is only briefly reviewed. Our focus is on determination of the PDF parameters from routinely recorded E-wave data.&#160;As the highlighted results indicate, once the PDF parameters have been obtained from a suitable number of load varying E-waves, the investigator is free to use the parameters or construct indexes from the parameters (such as stored energy 1/2kxo2, maximum A-V pressure gradient kxo, load independent index of diastolic function, etc.) and select the aspect of physiology or pathophysiology to be quantified.

Accurate, causality-based quantification of global diastolic function has been achieved by kinematic modeling-based analysis of transmitral flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism. PDF generates unique stiffness, relaxation,&#160;and load parameters and elucidates &#39;new&#39; physiology while providing sensitive and specific indexes of dysfunction.

Parametrized Diyastolik Dolum Biçimcilik yoluyla Transmitral Akışının Modellenmesi Kinematik tabanlı Analizi ile Küresel Diyastolik Fonksiyonu Kantitasyonu

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised ...

Formation of Biomembrane Microarrays with a Squeegee-based Assembly Method

Lipid bilayer membranes form the plasma membranes of cells and define the boundaries of subcellular organelles. In nature, these membranes are heterogeneous mixtures of many types of lipids, contain membrane-bound proteins and are decorated with carbohydrates. In some experiments, it is desirable to decouple the biophysical or biochemical properties of the lipid bilayer from those of the natural membrane. Such cases call for the use of model systems such as giant vesicles, liposomes or supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). Arrays of SLBs are particularly attractive for sensing applications and mimicking cell-cell interactions. Here we describe a new method for forming SLB arrays. Submicron-diameter SiO2 beads are first coated with lipid bilayers to form spherical SLBs (SSLBs). The beads are then deposited into an array of micro-fabricated submicron-diameter microwells. The preparation technique uses a "squeegee" to clean the substrate surface, while leaving behind SSLBs that have settled into microwells. This method requires no chemical modification of the microwell substrate, nor any particular targeting ligands on the SSLB. Microwells are occupied by single beads because the well diameter is tuned to be just larger than the bead diameter. Typically, more 75% of the wells are occupied, while the rest remain empty. In buffer SSLB arrays display long-term stability of greater than one week. Multiple types of SSLBs can be placed in a single array by serial deposition, and the arrays can be used for sensing, which we demonstrate by characterizing the interaction of cholera toxin with ganglioside GM1. We also show that phospholipid vesicles without the bead supports and biomembranes from cellular sources can be arrayed with the same method and cell-specific membrane lipids can be identified.

Supported lipid bilayers and natural membrane particles are convenient systems that can approximate the properties of cell membranes and be incorporated in a variety of analytical strategies. Here we demonstrate a method for preparing microarrays composed of supported lipid bilayer-coated SiO2 beads, phospholipid vesicles or natural membrane particles.

Bir Çekçek tabanlı Meclisi Yöntemi ile Biomembrane Mikroarray&#39;ler oluşumu

Lipid bilayer membranes form the plasma membranes of cells and define the boundaries of subcellular organelles. In nature, these membranes are ...

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible applications in controlling cell morphology/orientation. Nanofiber organization is controlled with a new fabrication apparatus that enables the gradual decrease of fiber organization in a scaffold. Changing the alignment of fibers is achieved through decreasing deposition time of random electrospun fibers on a uniaxially aligned fiber mat. By covering the collector with a moving barrier/mask, along the same axis as fiber deposition, the organizational structure is easily controlled. For tissue engineering purposes, adipose-derived stem cells can be seeded to these scaffolds. Stem cells undergo morphological changes as a result of their position on the varied organizational structure, and can potentially differentiate into different cell types depending on their locations. Additionally, the graded organization of fibers enhances the biomimicry of nanofiber scaffolds so they more closely resemble the natural orientations of collagen nanofibers at tendon-to-bone insertion site compared to traditional scaffolds. Through nanoencapsulation, the gradated fibers also afford the possibility to construct chemical gradients in fiber scaffolds, and thereby further strengthen their potential applications in fast screening of cell-materials interaction and interfacial tissue regeneration. This technique enables the production of continuous gradient scaffolds, but it also can potentially produce fibers in discrete steps by controlling the movement of the moving barrier/mask in a discrete fashion.

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradated organization of fibers and explore their applications in regulating cell morphology/orientation. Gradients with regard to physical and chemical properties of the nanofiber scaffolds offer a wide variety of applications in the biomedical field.

Fiber Teşkilatı geçişleri ile electrospun Nanolif iskeleleri

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible ...

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related processes while conferring biocompatibility and biofunctionality to solid substrates. The spontaneous adsorption and rupture of phospholipid vesicles is the most commonly used method to form SLBs. However, under physiological conditions, vesicle fusion (VF) is limited to only a subset of lipid compositions and solid supports. Here, we describe a one-step general procedure called the solvent-assisted lipid bilayer (SALB) formation method in order to form SLBs which does not require vesicles. The SALB method involves the deposition of lipid molecules onto a solid surface in the presence of water-miscible organic solvents (e.g., isopropanol) and subsequent solvent-exchange with aqueous buffer solution in order to trigger SLB formation. The continuous solvent exchange step enables application of the method in a flow-through configuration suitable for monitoring bilayer formation and subsequent alterations using a wide range of surface-sensitive biosensors. The SALB method can be used to fabricate SLBs on a wide range of hydrophilic solid surfaces, including those which are intractable to vesicle fusion. In addition, it enables fabrication of SLBs composed of lipid compositions which cannot be prepared using the vesicle fusion method. Herein, we compare results obtained with the SALB and conventional vesicle fusion methods on two illustrative hydrophilic surfaces, silicon dioxide and gold. To optimize the experimental conditions for preparation of high quality bilayers prepared via the SALB method, the effect of various parameters, including the type of organic solvent in the deposition step, the rate of solvent exchange, and the lipid concentration is discussed along with troubleshooting tips. Formation of supported membranes containing high fractions of cholesterol is also demonstrated with the SALB method, highlighting the technical capabilities of the SALB technique for a wide range of membrane configurations.

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer SALB Method

We present an experimental protocol to form a supported lipid bilayer on solid substrates without using lipid vesicles. We demonstrate a one-step method to form a lipid bilayer on silicon dioxide and gold as well as supported membranes with cholesterol-enriched domain for various biological applications.

Solvent destekli çift katlı lipid (SALB) Yöntemi ile biyomembran Fabrikasyon

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

Biyomedikal Mühendisliği için keratin bazlı nanofiber sentezi

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation

Cellular adhesion and differentiation is conditioned by the nanoscale disposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with local concentrations having a major effect. Here we present a method to obtain large-scale uneven nanopatterns of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-functionalized dendrimers that permit the nanoscale control of local RGD surface density. Nanopatterns are formed by surface adsorption of dendrimers from solutions at different initial concentrations and are characterized by water contact angle (CA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning probe microscopy techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The local surface density of RGD is measured using AFM images by means of probability contour maps of minimum interparticle distances and then correlated with cell adhesion response and differentiation. The nanopatterning method presented here is a simple procedure that can be scaled up in a straightforward manner to large surface areas. It is thus fully compatible with cell culture protocols and can be applied to other ligands that exert concentration-dependent effects on cells.

A method to obtain dendrimer-based uneven nanopatterns that permit the nanoscale control of local arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) surface density is described and applied for the study of cell adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation.

Düzensiz Nanopatterns Dendrimer tabanlı yerel olarak kumanda yüzeyi Adhesiveness için: Chondrogenic farklılaşma yönlendirmek için bir yöntem

Cellular adhesion and differentiation is conditioned by the nanoscale disposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with local concentrations ...

A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are isolated and used to generate a cell suspension with 70% iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs, and 15% HUVECs. They are co-cultured in an ultra-low attachment "hanging drop" system, which contains micropores for condensing hundreds of spheroids at one time. The cells aggregate and spontaneously form beating spheroids after 3 days of co-culture. The spheroids are harvested, seeded into a novel mold cavity, and cultured on a shaker in the incubator. The spheroids become a mature functional tissue approximately 7 days after seeding. The resultant multilayered tissues consist of fused spheroids with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior. This new method has promising potential as a reproducible and cost-effective method to create engineered tissues for the treatment of heart failure in the future.

This protocol describes a net mold-based method to create three-dimensional scaffold-free cardiac tissues with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior.

Net kalıp tabanlı yöntemi iskele ücretsiz üç boyutlu kalp doku oluşturma

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause inflammation, fever, hypo- or hypertension, and, in extreme cases, can lead to tissue and organ damage that may become fatal. The amounts of endotoxin in pharmaceutical products, therefore, are strictly regulated. Among the methods available for endotoxin detection and quantification, the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is commonly used worldwide. While any pharmaceutical product can interfere with the LAL assay, nano-formulations represent a particular challenge due to their complexity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical guide to researchers inexperienced in estimating endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticle-formulated drugs. Herein, practical recommendations for performing three LAL formats including turbidity, chromogenic and gel-clot assays are discussed. These assays can be used to determine endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based drug products, vaccines, and adjuvants.

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

Detection of endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials represents one of the grand challenges in the field of nanomedicine. Here, we present a case study that describes the framework composed of three different LAL formats to estimate potential endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles.

Tek yönlü selüloz Nanofiber dağılması tarafından hazırlanan Microhoneycomb yekpare dayalı sıra: Yöntem ve uzantıları

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