이 작품은 국가 기본 연구 프로그램의 중국 (2014CB932400), 국립 자연 과학 재단의 중국 (번 51525204 및 U1607206) 및 심천 기본 연구 프로젝트 (제에 의해 지원 되었다 JCYJ20150529164918735)입니다. 또한, 우리는 친절 하 게 공급 폴리우레탄 및 스 티 렌 부 타 디 엔 고무, Daicel-Allnex 주식 회사과 JSR를 각각 감사 하 고 싶습니다.

1. 1 wt %2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (템포)의 준비-산화 셀 룰 로스 Nanofiber (TOCN) 솔 중재
참고: 솔 연속 액체 매체에서 매우 작은 고체 입자의 콜 로이드 현 탁 액으로 정의 됩니다.
<ol><li>20 분 동안 300 rpm에서 기계적인 교 반기와 이온된 (DI) 물 700 mL에 Nadelholz 표백 크 라프 트 펄프 (NBKP, 포함 하는 셀 룰 로스의 12 g)의 66.7 g를 일시 중단 합니다.</li>
	<li>위의 NBKP 정지14,15천천히 템포 용액 (템포의 0.15 g 포함) 그리고 NaBr 용액 (NaBr의 1.5 g 포함)의 20 mL 20 mL를 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>천천히 3.0 M NaOH 솔루션을 추가 약 10.5 (pH 측정기로 측정)를 위의 현 탁 액의 pH를 조정 합니다.</li>
	<li>천천히 템포 중재 산화를 시작 하려면 위의 혼합물에 있는 피 펫 수성 NaClO 솔루션 (6-14 wt % 활성 염소)의 약 63.8 g 추가.</li>
	<li>NaClO 추가 하는 동안 계속 10.0에서 ~ 10.5의 범위 내에서 시스템의 pH 유지에 NaOH 솔루션을 추가 합니다. 이 프로세스는 약 2.5 h 걸립니다.</li>
	<li>잔여 NaClO, NaOH 및 기타 화학 물질 제거 하 디 물 템포 중재 산화 셀 룰 로스 섬유 3 번 (디 물 때마다 1200 mL)을 씻어.</li>
	<li>붙여넣기 nanofibers로 산화 셀 룰 로스 섬유를 분해 하는 강력한 기계 믹서 기 취급. 신중 하 게 여러 번 물의 동일한 금액의 추가와 함께 기계적인 처리를 실시 합니다. 마지막으로, 템포 중재 산화 셀 룰 로스 nanofiber (TOCN) 솔 1 wt %를 얻은 것입니다. TOCNs는 직경 4 ~ ~ 6 nm, 그리고 0.5 ~ 2 μ m의 길이.</li>
	<li>4 ° C (셀 루 로스는 주위 온도에 부패 하는 경향이 nanofibers)에 1 wt %TOCN 솔을 저장 합니다.</li>
</ol>2. TOCN-스 티 렌 부 타 디 엔 고무 (SBR)의 준비 혼합 솔
<ol><li>SBR 교 질 (48.5 wt %)의 0.21 g의 1 wt %TOCN (단계 11.7.) 20 mL 유리 용기에 10 g를 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>균등 하 게 분산 된 자리 저장소 사용 하기 전에 4 ° C에서 위의 혼합물 솔을 달성 하기 위해 6의 전력 레벨에와 동 믹서 3 분 위의 혼합물을 교 반 하십시오.</li>
</ol>3. TOCN-티 오2 의 준비 혼합 솔
<ol><li>티 오2 나노 입자의 0.1 g을 추가 (평균 입자 크기는 20 nm)의 1 wt % TOCN 20 mL 유리 용기에 10 g를.</li>
	<li>때문에 상당한 양의 열 과정에서 생성 되 고 TOCNs을 저하 시킬 수 있는 온도 상승에서 간헐적으로, 수행이이 10 분-프로세스 균등 하 게 혼합된 자리를 달성 하기 위해 10 분 동안 균질 화기와 위의 혼합물을 교 반 하십시오. 사용 하기 전에 4 ° C에서 혼합물 솔을 저장 합니다.</li>
</ol>4. TOCN-표면 준비 산화 Sols 혼합 탄소 섬유 (SOCF)
<ol><li>1.7 g 6 h SOCF16달성을 위한 60 ° C에 집중된 한 질소 산의 150 mL에 탄소 섬유 (약 50 μ m의 길이와 ~6.0 μ m에 5.5의 직경 300 메쉬)의 역류 10 g의 1 wt % TOCN 20 mL 유리 용기 내부에 위의 SOCF의 0.01 g을 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>쉐이크 믹스 위의 혼합물, 그리고 균등 하 게 혼합된 자리 저장소 사용 하기 전에 4 ° C에서 혼합물 솔을 달성 하기 위해 5 분 동안 혼합 울트라 sonicate.</li>
</ol>5. 1 wt %TOCN 솔 (표시 MHM-TOCN)에서 Microhoneycomb 완전 체 지의 준비
<ol><li>유리 구슬 (13 m m 내부 직경와 15 mm의 외부 직경 150 m m의 길이) 폴 리 프로필 렌 (PP) 튜브를 로드 하 고 튜브135 cm 아래쪽 채우기.</li>
	<li>로드 일정 금액 (금액은 각 시간에 대 한 제어 되지 하지만 2.7 mL 보다 일반적으로 더 큰 후속 절단 과정을 보장 하기 위해) 포함 하는 유리 구슬 위의 PP 튜브에 1 wt %TOCN 솔의. 참고: TOCN 솔 직접 채워졌다 PP 튜브에 단방향 냉동 과정에 참여 하고있다 거리 효과의 연구에 대 한 유리 구슬에 하지 않고. 이 경우에, TOCN 솔의 양은 11 mL 이었다.</li>
	<li>조심 스럽게 솔 로드 하는 동안 생성 된 거품을 제거. 사용 하기 전에 밤새 4 ° C에서 TOCN 솔을 포함 하는 PP 튜브를 유지.</li>
	<li>TOCN 솔 단방향 냉동에 사용 되는 디 핑 기계를 포함 하는 위의 PP 튜브를 연결 합니다. 관련 매개 변수를 설정 하 고 PP 튜브 50 cm h-1 (그림 1)의 일정 한 속도로 액체 질소 (-196 ° C)를 포함 하는 열 주전자에 담 그 기 시작.</li>
	<li>톱와 PP 튜브 부분을 잘라내어 여러 섹션으로 냉동된 TOCN 솔 부분을 균열. 1 일,-10 ° C에 다음 1 일,-5 ℃에서 동결 기계와 함께이 섹션 건조 동결 그리고 마지막으로 0 ° C 1 일에서. MHM TOCN 화이트 색 monoliths (그림 1)으로 얻은 것입니다.</li>
</ol>6. 준비 TOCN-SBR에서 Microhoneycomb 모노 리스의 솔 (표시 MHM-TOCN/SBR) 혼합 및 TOCN-티 오2 혼합 솔 (표시 티 오 MHM-2 )
<ol><li>유리 구슬, 튜브 5 cm 아래쪽 채우기와 폴 리 프로필 렌 (PP) 튜브 (13 m m 내부 직경와 15 mm의 외부 직경 150 m m의 길이)를 로드 합니다. 참고: 유리 구슬은 결과 샘플의 균일 한 형태를 달성 하기 위해 정한 얼음 결정 성장 발생 영역을 커버 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 크기와 유리 구슬의 표면 속성은 결과 샘플의 형태학을 미치지 않습니다.</li>
	<li>로드 일정 금액 (금액은 각 시간에 대 한 제어 되지 하지만 그건 후속 절단 과정을 보장 하기 위해 2.7 mL 보다 일반적으로 더 큰) TOCN-SBR 솔 또는 TOCN-티 오2 혼합의 PP에 혼합된 솔 튜브 포함 유리 구슬.</li>
	<li>조심 스럽게 솔 로드 하는 동안 생성 된 거품을 제거. 계속 위의 포함 PP 튜브 사용 하기 전에 밤새 4 ° C에서 솔을 혼합.</li>
	<li>Sols 단방향 냉동에 사용 되는 디 핑 기계를 혼합 위의 포함 PP 튜브에 연결 합니다. 관련 매개 변수를 설정 하 고 PP 튜브 20 cm h-1의 일정 한 속도로 액체 질소 (-196 ° C)를 포함 하는 탱크에 담 그 기 시작.</li>
	<li>톱와 PP 튜브 부분을 잘라내어 냉동된 TOCN SBR 여러 섹션으로 솔 부분 혼합 부.</li>
	<li>1 일,-10 ° C에 다음 1 일,-5 ℃에서 동결 기계와 함께이 섹션 건조 동결 그리고 마지막으로 0 ° C 1 일에서. MHM-TOCN/SBR과 MHM-TOCN/티 오2 화이트 monoliths로 획득 했다.</li>
</ol>7. 준비 Microhoneycomb TOCN-SOCF에서 완전 체 지의 혼합 솔 (표시 MHM-TOCN/SOCF)
<ol><li>유리 구슬, 튜브의 맨 아래 5cm 부분을 작성 (한 내경 13 m m)와 15 mm의 외부 직경 및 길이 150 m m 폴 리 프로필 렌 (PP) 튜브를 로드 합니다.</li>
	<li>로드 일정 금액 (금액은 각 시간에 대 한 제어 되지 하지만 그건 후속 절단 과정을 보장 하기 위해 2.7 mL 보다 일반적으로 더 큰) TOCN-SOCF의 유리 구슬 포함 된 위의 PP 튜브에 솔을 혼합.</li>
	<li>조심 스럽게 솔 로드 하는 동안 생성 된 거품을 제거. 계속 위의 포함 PP 튜브 사용 하기 전에 밤새 4 ° C에서 솔을 혼합.</li>
	<li>단방향 냉동에 사용 되는 디 핑 기계 솔을 혼합 포함 하는 위의 PP 튜브에 연결 합니다. 관련 매개 변수를 설정 하 고 PP 튜브 20 cm h-1의 일정 한 속도로 액체 질소 (-196 ° C)를 포함 하는 탱크에 담 그 기 시작.</li>
	<li>톱와 PP 튜브 부분을 잘라내어 여러 섹션으로 냉동된 TOCN SOCF 솔 부분을 균열. 1 일,-10 ° C에 다음 1 일,-5 ℃에서 동결 기계와 함께이 섹션 건조 동결 그리고 마지막으로 0 ° C 1 일에서. MHM-TOCN/SOCF 흰색-회색 기둥으로 얻은 것입니다.</li>
</ol>

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Rep. 3, 2975 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

MHMs를 달성 하기 위한 가장 중요 한 단계는 단방향 동결 단계 물 동안 원주 얼음 결정을 형성 하는 dispersoid 프레임 워크를 옆으로 밀어 굳은. 단방향 냉동 법은 기본적으로 선구자 솔와 냉각수 사이의 열 이동 포함 됩니다. 우리의 설치에서 찍기 기계는 일정 속도와 냉각수 (액체 질소)에 선구자 솔을 포함 하는 PP 튜브를 삽입 하 사용 되었다. 액체 질소는 항상 증발 유지, 이후 변동할 온도 기울기는...

새로운 물자로 microhoneycomb 모노 리스 (표시 MHM) 최근 종합 분야1,2,3,,45, 에서 엄청난 관심을 모으고 있다 6 , 7 , 8.의 MHM 벌집 모양의 크로스 섹션9직선 microchannels 배열 기둥으로 S. 向외. 수정 된 단방향 동결 (UDF) 방식을 통해 의해 먼저 준비 되었다. MHM 벌집 구조, 즉, 효율적인 공간 분할, 높은 강도 대 중량 비율, 그리고 낮은 압력 강하의 일반적인 이점을 소유한 다. 또한,는 MHM 훨씬 더 큰 특정 표면 영역을 있다 큰 채널 크기 벌집 모노 리스와 비교. UDF 메서드를 사용 하면 동시 단계 분리 동결 시 얼음 결정의 단방향 성장을 포함 한다. 얼음 결정의 제거 후 얼음 크리스탈에 의해 성형 고체 구성 요소를 가져옵니다. 단계 분리에 따라 형성 하는 형태 (솔 또는 젤), 전조의 그리고 대부분의 경우, 멜 라10, 섬유11의 본질적인 성격에 따라 달라 집니다 그리고 생선12 구조는 MHMs 보다는 오히려 형성 가능성이 있습니다. 그 결과, MHMs의 대형 제한 선구자에만 보고 되었습니다 그리고이 크게 그들의 화학 재산의 다양성을 방해 했다. 우리는 최근 셀 룰 로스 nanofibers UDF 과정13MHM 구조 형성으로 강한 구조 감독 기능을가지고 나타났습니다. 다른 물 분산 구성 요소와 셀 루 로스 nanofibers를 혼합 하 여 준비 하는 다른 화학 특성을 가진 MHMs의 다양 한 가능 하다. 또한, 그들의 외부 모양 및 채널 크기는 유연 하 고 쉽게 제어13. 따라서, MHMs는 바이오 필터, 촉매 지원, 교류 형 전극, 센서 및 건설 기계 사용으로 예상 된다.
이 문서에서 우리는 먼저 자세히 UDF 과정을 통해 셀 룰 로스 nanofibers의 수성 분산에서 MHMs의 기본적인 준비 기술 설명. 또한, 여러 가지 다른 유형의 합성 MHMs의 준비를 설명합니다.

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			<td style="width:100px;">Waring Lab Ltd.</td>
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			<td style="width:89px;">HXF-DY</td>
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			<td style="width:89px;">F-74BW</td>
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</table>

microhoneycomb monoliths prepared by the unidirectional freeze-drying of cellulose nanofiber based sols: method and extensions

모놀리식 벌집 구조 종합 분야 그들의 높은 힘에 무게 비율 때문에 매력적인 되었습니다. 특히, microhoneycomb monoliths 마이크로미터 스케일 채널 (MHMs) 반응 고 분판을 위한 효율적인 플랫폼으로 그들의 큰 표면 영역에 때문에 예상 된다. 지금, MHMs만 매우 제한 된 선구자에서에서 단방향 (UDF) 동결 방법에 의해 작성 되었습니다. 여기, 우리는 다른 부품으로 구성 된 MHMs의 일련을 얻을 수 있는 프로토콜을 보고 합니다. 최근에, 우리는 UDF 과정을 통해 MHMs의 형성으로 독특한 구조 지시 대리인으로 그 룰 nanofibers 함수를 발견. MHMs 양보 하지는 물 녹는 물질과 셀 룰 로스 nanofibers를 혼합 하 여 다양 한 복합 MHMs 준비 될 수 있습니다. 이 상당히 다양 한 응용 프로그램으로 MHMs의 화학 헌법을 풍요롭게.

단방향 동결의 방향 따라 MHM TOCN의 다른 위치에 대 한 형태학 조사 되며 그림 2에 표시 된. MHM-TOCN의 하단 부분에서 추가 되는 위치와 점진적 형태학 변화 밝혀졌다 (그림 2, 토론). 균질 혼합물 솔을 형성 하는 TOCN 솔에 두 번째 구성 요소를 도입 하 여 복합 MHMs의 다양 한 종류를 준비 가능 하다. 예를 들어 복합 MHMs SBR ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions at JoVE.com

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

여기, 우리는 액체는 매우 낮은 압력 강하와 통해 전달할 수 있는 다양 한 microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs)를 준비 하는 일반적인 프로토콜을 제시. MHMs 얻은 필터로 사용 될 것으로 예상 된다, 촉매 지원, 교류 형 전극, 센서 및 생체 재료에 대 한 건설 기계.

셀 루 로스 Nanofiber 단방향 동결에 의해 준비 Microhoneycomb Monoliths 기반 Sols: 메서드 및 확장

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb ...

microhoneycomb-monoliths-prepared-unidirectional-freeze-drying

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.8K 조회수.  Tsinghua University. 여기, 우리는 액체는 매우 낮은 압력 강하와 통해 전달할 수 있는 다양 한 microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs)를 준비 하는 일반적인 프로토콜을 제시. MHMs 얻은 필터로 사용 될 것으로 예상 된다, 촉매 지원, 교류 형 전극, 센서 및 생체 재료에 대 한 건설 기계.

비디오: Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Improved Method for the Preparation of a Human Cell-based, Contact Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has been implied in the etiology of many brain pathologies, creating a need for development of human in vitro BBB models to assist in clinically-relevant research. Among the numerous BBB models thus far described, a static (without flow), contact BBB model, where astrocytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs) are cocultured on the opposite sides of a porous membrane, emerged as a simplified yet authentic system to simulate the BBB with high throughput screening capacity. Nevertheless the generation of such model presents few technical challenges. Here, we describe a protocol for preparation of a contact human BBB model utilizing a novel combination of primary human BECs and immortalized human astrocytes. Specifically, we detail an innovative method for cell-seeding on inverted inserts as well as specify insert staining techniques and exemplify how we use our model for BBB-related research.

Establishment of human models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can benefit research into brain conditions associated with BBB failure. We describe here an improved technique for preparation of a contact BBB model, which permits coculturing of human astrocytes and brain endothelial cells on the opposite sides of a porous membrane.

방법 혈액 - 뇌 장벽의 인간 세포 기반의 연락 모델의 준비를 위해 개선

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has ...

연구

생체공학

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose and short sisal fibers are dispersed into a water suspension containing bacterial cellulose. The fiber and nanocellulose suspension is then filtered (using vacuum or gravity) and the wet filter cake pressed to squeeze out any excess water, followed by a drying step. This will result in the hornification of the bacterial cellulose network, holding the loose natural fibers together.
Our method is specially suited for the manufacturing of rigid and robust preforms of hydrophilic fibers. The porous and hydrophilic nature of such fibers results in significant water uptake, drawing in the bacterial cellulose dispersed in the suspension. The bacterial cellulose will then be filtered against the surface of these fibers, forming a bacterial cellulose coating. When the loose fiber-bacterial cellulose suspension is filtered and dried, the adjacent bacterial cellulose forms a network and hornified to hold the otherwise loose fibers together.
The introduction of bacterial cellulose into the preform resulted in a significant increase of the mechanical properties of the fiber preforms. This can be attributed to the high stiffness and strength of the bacterial cellulose network. With this preform, renewable high performance hierarchical composites can also be manufactured by using conventional composite production methods, such as resin film infusion (RFI) or resin transfer molding (RTM). Here, we also describe the manufacturing of renewable hierarchical composites using double bag vacuum assisted resin infusion.

We present a novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust short natural fiber preforms using a papermaking process. Bacterial cellulose acts simultaneously as the binder for the loose fibers and provides rigidity to the fiber preforms. These preforms can be infused with a resin to produce truly green hierarchical composites.

바인더로 박테리아 셀룰로오스를 활용하여 강력한 천연 섬유 프리폼 제조

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised the only means available, the development of noninvasive imaging modalities (echocardiography, MRI, CT) having high temporal and spatial resolution provide a new window for quantitative diastolic function assessment. Echocardiography is the agreed upon standard for diastolic function assessment, but indexes in current clinical use merely utilize selected features of chamber dimension (M-mode) or blood/tissue motion (Doppler) waveforms without incorporating the physiologic causal determinants of the motion itself.&#160;The recognition that all left ventricles (LV) initiate filling by serving as mechanical suction pumps allows global diastolic function to be assessed based on laws of motion that apply to all chambers. What differentiates one heart from another are the parameters of the equation of motion that governs filling. Accordingly, development of the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism&#160;has shown that the entire range of clinically observed early transmitral flow (Doppler E-wave) patterns are extremely well fit by the laws of damped oscillatory motion.&#160;This permits analysis of individual E-waves in accordance with a causal mechanism (recoil-initiated suction) that yields three (numerically) unique lumped parameters whose physiologic analogues are chamber stiffness (k), viscoelasticity/relaxation (c), and load (xo).&#160;The recording of transmitral flow (Doppler E-waves) is standard practice in clinical cardiology and, therefore, the echocardiographic recording method is only briefly reviewed. Our focus is on determination of the PDF parameters from routinely recorded E-wave data.&#160;As the highlighted results indicate, once the PDF parameters have been obtained from a suitable number of load varying E-waves, the investigator is free to use the parameters or construct indexes from the parameters (such as stored energy 1/2kxo2, maximum A-V pressure gradient kxo, load independent index of diastolic function, etc.) and select the aspect of physiology or pathophysiology to be quantified.

Accurate, causality-based quantification of global diastolic function has been achieved by kinematic modeling-based analysis of transmitral flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism. PDF generates unique stiffness, relaxation,&#160;and load parameters and elucidates &#39;new&#39; physiology while providing sensitive and specific indexes of dysfunction.

매개 변수화 이완기 충전 형식주의를 통해 Transmitral 흐름의 운동 학적 모델링 기반의 분석에 의하여 세계적인 이완기 기능의 정량화

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised ...

Formation of Biomembrane Microarrays with a Squeegee-based Assembly Method

Lipid bilayer membranes form the plasma membranes of cells and define the boundaries of subcellular organelles. In nature, these membranes are heterogeneous mixtures of many types of lipids, contain membrane-bound proteins and are decorated with carbohydrates. In some experiments, it is desirable to decouple the biophysical or biochemical properties of the lipid bilayer from those of the natural membrane. Such cases call for the use of model systems such as giant vesicles, liposomes or supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). Arrays of SLBs are particularly attractive for sensing applications and mimicking cell-cell interactions. Here we describe a new method for forming SLB arrays. Submicron-diameter SiO2 beads are first coated with lipid bilayers to form spherical SLBs (SSLBs). The beads are then deposited into an array of micro-fabricated submicron-diameter microwells. The preparation technique uses a "squeegee" to clean the substrate surface, while leaving behind SSLBs that have settled into microwells. This method requires no chemical modification of the microwell substrate, nor any particular targeting ligands on the SSLB. Microwells are occupied by single beads because the well diameter is tuned to be just larger than the bead diameter. Typically, more 75% of the wells are occupied, while the rest remain empty. In buffer SSLB arrays display long-term stability of greater than one week. Multiple types of SSLBs can be placed in a single array by serial deposition, and the arrays can be used for sensing, which we demonstrate by characterizing the interaction of cholera toxin with ganglioside GM1. We also show that phospholipid vesicles without the bead supports and biomembranes from cellular sources can be arrayed with the same method and cell-specific membrane lipids can be identified.

Supported lipid bilayers and natural membrane particles are convenient systems that can approximate the properties of cell membranes and be incorporated in a variety of analytical strategies. Here we demonstrate a method for preparing microarrays composed of supported lipid bilayer-coated SiO2 beads, phospholipid vesicles or natural membrane particles.

스퀴지 기반의 조립 방법과 생체막 마이크로 어레이의 형성

Lipid bilayer membranes form the plasma membranes of cells and define the boundaries of subcellular organelles. In nature, these membranes are ...

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible applications in controlling cell morphology/orientation. Nanofiber organization is controlled with a new fabrication apparatus that enables the gradual decrease of fiber organization in a scaffold. Changing the alignment of fibers is achieved through decreasing deposition time of random electrospun fibers on a uniaxially aligned fiber mat. By covering the collector with a moving barrier/mask, along the same axis as fiber deposition, the organizational structure is easily controlled. For tissue engineering purposes, adipose-derived stem cells can be seeded to these scaffolds. Stem cells undergo morphological changes as a result of their position on the varied organizational structure, and can potentially differentiate into different cell types depending on their locations. Additionally, the graded organization of fibers enhances the biomimicry of nanofiber scaffolds so they more closely resemble the natural orientations of collagen nanofibers at tendon-to-bone insertion site compared to traditional scaffolds. Through nanoencapsulation, the gradated fibers also afford the possibility to construct chemical gradients in fiber scaffolds, and thereby further strengthen their potential applications in fast screening of cell-materials interaction and interfacial tissue regeneration. This technique enables the production of continuous gradient scaffolds, but it also can potentially produce fibers in discrete steps by controlling the movement of the moving barrier/mask in a discrete fashion.

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradated organization of fibers and explore their applications in regulating cell morphology/orientation. Gradients with regard to physical and chemical properties of the nanofiber scaffolds offer a wide variety of applications in the biomedical field.

섬유 조직의 그라데이션으로 전기 방사 나노 섬유 공사장 공중 발판

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible ...

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related processes while conferring biocompatibility and biofunctionality to solid substrates. The spontaneous adsorption and rupture of phospholipid vesicles is the most commonly used method to form SLBs. However, under physiological conditions, vesicle fusion (VF) is limited to only a subset of lipid compositions and solid supports. Here, we describe a one-step general procedure called the solvent-assisted lipid bilayer (SALB) formation method in order to form SLBs which does not require vesicles. The SALB method involves the deposition of lipid molecules onto a solid surface in the presence of water-miscible organic solvents (e.g., isopropanol) and subsequent solvent-exchange with aqueous buffer solution in order to trigger SLB formation. The continuous solvent exchange step enables application of the method in a flow-through configuration suitable for monitoring bilayer formation and subsequent alterations using a wide range of surface-sensitive biosensors. The SALB method can be used to fabricate SLBs on a wide range of hydrophilic solid surfaces, including those which are intractable to vesicle fusion. In addition, it enables fabrication of SLBs composed of lipid compositions which cannot be prepared using the vesicle fusion method. Herein, we compare results obtained with the SALB and conventional vesicle fusion methods on two illustrative hydrophilic surfaces, silicon dioxide and gold. To optimize the experimental conditions for preparation of high quality bilayers prepared via the SALB method, the effect of various parameters, including the type of organic solvent in the deposition step, the rate of solvent exchange, and the lipid concentration is discussed along with troubleshooting tips. Formation of supported membranes containing high fractions of cholesterol is also demonstrated with the SALB method, highlighting the technical capabilities of the SALB technique for a wide range of membrane configurations.

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer SALB Method

We present an experimental protocol to form a supported lipid bilayer on solid substrates without using lipid vesicles. We demonstrate a one-step method to form a lipid bilayer on silicon dioxide and gold as well as supported membranes with cholesterol-enriched domain for various biological applications.

용매를 이용한 지질 이중층 (SALB) 방법에 의해 생체막 제작

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

의 생명 공학에 대한 각질 기반의 나노 섬유의 합성

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation

Cellular adhesion and differentiation is conditioned by the nanoscale disposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with local concentrations having a major effect. Here we present a method to obtain large-scale uneven nanopatterns of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-functionalized dendrimers that permit the nanoscale control of local RGD surface density. Nanopatterns are formed by surface adsorption of dendrimers from solutions at different initial concentrations and are characterized by water contact angle (CA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning probe microscopy techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The local surface density of RGD is measured using AFM images by means of probability contour maps of minimum interparticle distances and then correlated with cell adhesion response and differentiation. The nanopatterning method presented here is a simple procedure that can be scaled up in a straightforward manner to large surface areas. It is thus fully compatible with cell culture protocols and can be applied to other ligands that exert concentration-dependent effects on cells.

A method to obtain dendrimer-based uneven nanopatterns that permit the nanoscale control of local arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) surface density is described and applied for the study of cell adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation.

로컬 컨트롤 표면 점착을 고르지 Nanopatterns Dendrimer 기반: Chondrogenic 차별화 하는 방법

Cellular adhesion and differentiation is conditioned by the nanoscale disposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with local concentrations ...

A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are isolated and used to generate a cell suspension with 70% iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs, and 15% HUVECs. They are co-cultured in an ultra-low attachment "hanging drop" system, which contains micropores for condensing hundreds of spheroids at one time. The cells aggregate and spontaneously form beating spheroids after 3 days of co-culture. The spheroids are harvested, seeded into a novel mold cavity, and cultured on a shaker in the incubator. The spheroids become a mature functional tissue approximately 7 days after seeding. The resultant multilayered tissues consist of fused spheroids with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior. This new method has promising potential as a reproducible and cost-effective method to create engineered tissues for the treatment of heart failure in the future.

This protocol describes a net mold-based method to create three-dimensional scaffold-free cardiac tissues with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior.

비 계-무료 3 차원 심장 조직 창조의 그물 형 기반 방법

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause inflammation, fever, hypo- or hypertension, and, in extreme cases, can lead to tissue and organ damage that may become fatal. The amounts of endotoxin in pharmaceutical products, therefore, are strictly regulated. Among the methods available for endotoxin detection and quantification, the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is commonly used worldwide. While any pharmaceutical product can interfere with the LAL assay, nano-formulations represent a particular challenge due to their complexity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical guide to researchers inexperienced in estimating endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticle-formulated drugs. Herein, practical recommendations for performing three LAL formats including turbidity, chromogenic and gel-clot assays are discussed. These assays can be used to determine endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based drug products, vaccines, and adjuvants.

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

Detection of endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials represents one of the grand challenges in the field of nanomedicine. Here, we present a case study that describes the framework composed of three different LAL formats to estimate potential endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles.

셀 루 로스 Nanofiber 단방향 동결에 의해 준비 Microhoneycomb Monoliths 기반 Sols: 메서드 및 확장

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