Yazarlar bu protokol için kullanılan vibratör titreşim frekansı onaylamak için analiz yapma için Jon Nelson doktora, PT, kabul etmek istiyorum.

Kurumsal değerlendirme Komitesi St. skolastik üniversite altında bu protokolü geliştirilen ve test çalışma onayladı.
Not: Bu protokol için kullanılan vibratör üreticinin belirtimlerine 'yüksek' frekanstan 11,00 rpm (183.3 Hz) olduğunu belirtti. Bu frekans titreşim veri örneği kullanarak bir giriş 2 kHz örnek bir fark amplifikatör aracılığıyla toplanan doğrulandı. Sinyalin ortalama süre için 180 Hz eşdeğer 5,56 x 10-3 s, idi. Raynaud hastalığı olan bireylerde, titreşim Raynaud fenomeni, uygulama, son dakika ile saat, ve uyuşukluk, kaşıntı veya ağrı ile birlikte yerinde geçici bir vazokonstriksiyona neden olabilir. 23 Şekil 1 Raynaud fenomeni titreşim bu protokol için kullanılan benzer neden bir örneği gösterilir. Bu protokol için katılan önce potansiyel katılımcılar Raynaud için taranması.
1. proprioception devirme iletişim kuralı:
<ol><li>Kalem, 183 Hz vibratör, 2.5-inç geniş kayış ve bir lastik bant toplamak ( Tablo reçetesigörmek).</li>
	<li>Test edilen üst ekstremite ulnar oluk içinde ulnar sinir muayene et.<ol>
<li>Bir "x" işareti cilt üzerinde ulnar oluk pazı kemiği olecranon süreci ve dirsek kemiği medial epicondyle arasındaki çizgi sadece üstün yerleştirin. Not: Resim 2 dirsek patolojisi üzerinde bu konumunu gösterir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Vibratör başkanı masaj saplı işaretli konuma kafa daha üstün yerleştirin.<ol>
<li>Vibratör ve katılımcının kol kolu bölümünü çevresinde geniş kayış uygulanır.</li>
		<li>Lastik bant vibratör baş ve vibratör kafayı yerine tut ve katılımcının deri ve lastik bant başından değil ama cilt karşı korumak için uygun bir boyut sağlamak vibratör baş arasında temas korumak için katılımcının kolunu boynuma yerleştirin hareket veya dolaşım sınırlamak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Eğil ve seçtiğin bu kullanıcı dirsek düzeltmek için Katılımcı sormak. O herhangi bir girişim askıları dan hissetmeniz gerekir. O parazit bildirirse, böylece hareket özgürlüğü sağlanır kayışlar ve lastik bant ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Vibratör yüksek üzerinde açmak, (yayınlanmamış verilerine dayalı) 2 dk bekleyin.<ol>
<li>Proprioception performans ölçütü kuralları (BKT tablet sürümünden sonuçları burada sunulmaktadır) test süresince yüksek üzerinde çalışan vibratör ile<ol>
<li>BKT kuralları. Standart yükseklik sandalyede (18 inç Sele yüksekliği), katılımcı bir perde kullanarak tablet tıkandı kendi vizyonu ile bir standart yükseklik masada (29-inç yükseklik) koltuk. Katılımcı karşısında oturmak.</li>
			<li>Satırın sonuna kadar satırı (hedef) ve satırın başlangıcına geri dan sadece, distal falanks düzenlenen katılımcılar işaret parmağı Kılavuzu. Katılımcının parmak serbest bırakmak ve onları hedef dokunmak talimat. Her üst ekstremite ile tam 20 denemeler.</li>
			<li>Katılımcıların puanları her üst ekstremite için santimetre ortalama mutlak hata (mesafe hedef) olarak atayın.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>(VDT gibi) psikofizik önlemleri hemen titreşim uyarıcı kaldırma üzerine yapmak. Not: sunulan sonuçlarında titreşim uyarıcı VDT önce süresi 5 ± 1 dakika oldu.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. titreşim algılama eşik (13uyarlanmıştır)
<ol><li>Toplamak 128 Hz tuning çatal, kronometre, ders kitabı, (sağlar hangi tuning çatal vurmaya firma henüz uyumlu yüzeyinde) tablo (29-inç yükseklik), standart sandalye (18 inç Sele yüksekliği), maskeleme bandı ve kalem.<ol>
<li>Tuning çatal çarpıcı tutarlılık için bir hedef olarak kullanılacak maskeleme bandı kullanarak ders kitabı 1 ½ inç x 1 ½ inç kare oluşturun.</li>
		<li>Renk ayarlama çatal (bu işareti tuning çatal uygulama test sırasında basınç standartlaştırmak için kullanılacak) kök 1 mm alt kalıcı bir kalem kullanarak.</li>
		<li>Masa sandalye katılımcısı koltuk. Onun supinated test edilen ekstremite önkol genişletmek ve tamamen dirsek dahil olmak üzere masaya dinlenmek için sor. Ekstremitelerde dinlenmek isteyin. Not: Sınav katılımcı karşısında oturmuş olması.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Distal pazı tendon, yaklaşık 1 cm dirsek giderilmesi için üstün üzerinde cilt üzerinde bir nokta işareti.<ol>
<li>Kitap tablo kenarında katılımcı, katılımcının dirsek arasında en yakın yerleştirin.</li>
		<li>Ki: "Bu bir titreşim algılamak için yeteneğinizi denemedir. Şimdi senin pazı tendon bu tuning çatal koyacağız. Lütfen bana herhangi bir titreşim hissediyorum sonra ne zaman titreşim hissi kaybolur hemen 'Şimdi' de söyle. Bu yordamı 3 kez her kolunda tekrarlanacak."</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Diskler her sivri uç tuning çatal ucunda başlangıç önce sıkı olduğundan emin olun. Eğer onlar gevşek onlar çıngırak ve tuning çatal'ın rezonans test güvenilmez yapma süresini azaltmak.<ol>
<li>Kök tuning çatal başparmak ve işaret parmağı arasında gevşek tutun ve kitap içinde rezonans üretmek için yeterli gücü ile kare hedef grev.<ol>
<li>Hemen çarpıcı sonra cilt düşürmek ve vizyon tuning çatal 1 mm bandında gizlemek için yeterince baskı kullanarak test konumunu ayarlama çatal yerleştirin. Not: Şekil 3 tuning çatal distal pazı bu protokol için kullandığınız tendon test konumunu gösterir.</li>
			<li>Katılımcı artık ('Şimdi' diyor) titreşim hissediyor kadar Kronometrenin kullanýlmasý, tuning çatal katılımcının cilt üzerine yerleşimini üzerinden zaman ölçmek.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>İki kez daha aynı kolundaki üç denemeler toplam için yineleyin.<ol>
<li>Titreşim uyarıcı ortadan kalkması için bu süre titreşim algılama eşik (VDT) belirlemek için üç denemeler hesaplayın.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bu iletişim kuralı üst ekstremite insan proprioception aşağı vurmak için bir yöntem sağlar. 20 sağlıklı katılımcılar arasında amac nakavt etkisini Aα afferent axon iletim yansıtacak şekilde bir psikofizik ölçü hassasiyeti düşündüm VDT tarafından ölçülen büyüktü. Ne zaman Aα afferent deşarj titreşim kaldırılmasını azalır sonra VDT kısa zamanda ölçüldü. 25 bu protokolü etkisi görsel tıkanıklığı (tBKT) ile bir hedefe ulaşmada hata ılımlı. Bu pr...

Sinir kontrolü hareketi için tüm katılımcılar proprioception az de ölçülen olabilir. Özel ekipman kullanarak proprioception tedbirlerinin araştırma son zamanlarda güvenilirliği, geçerliliği ve hassasiyet elde ettik; 1 , 2 , 3 ' te kontrast, klinik tedbirlerinin proprioception, en yaygın anlamda pozisyon test uzuv olmak,4 düşük çözünürlüğe sahip, duyusal diğer yöntemleri tarafından4 kirlenmiş ve yoksul veya yayımlanmış hiçbir psikometrik özellikleri var. 5 proprioception yeni kesin, güvenilir ölçü amac denetim,3 bozukluğu, klinik tanı için periferik ve merkezi mekanizmaları aydınlatmak için ve amac eğitim sonuçlarını ölçmek için ihtiyaç vardır. 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 bu amaçla doğru bir geçici olarak zarar için basit, non-invaziv bir yöntem ya da 'nakavt' proprioception gereklidir.
Sağlıklı insanlarda amac nakavt rolü geliştirme ve doğrulama standart önlemler bilgilendirmek yararlı olan bir sensorimotor görevde amac fonksiyonunun anlaması araştırmacılar sağlar. Devirme modelleri Engelli proprioception insanlarla eğitim üzerinde iki ana avantajları vardır. İlk katılımcı durumu olduğunu; proprioception bozukluğu olan bireyler için pek çok araştırmacı kolayca erişilebilir değildir. İkincisi, in vivo proprioception bozulma farklı olarak, bozulma ölçüde katılımcılar arasında kontrol yeteneği devirme modelleri izin verebilir.
Üst ekstremite geçici proprioception nakavt geçerli yayımlanmış yöntemleri invaziv, pratik veya katılımcı için rahatsız edici olabilir. Anestezik enjeksiyonları, nispeten güvenli olsa da, teknik uzmanlık gerektiren ve bazı araştırma katılımcılar tarafından invaziv düşünülebilir. İskemik sinir blokları bir rahatsızlık ve Pıhtılaşma bozukluğu onların uygulamadan önce için ekran için kan testi uygulanmaktadır. 8 kriyoterapi da rahatsızlık neden olur. Kriyoterapi kaldırılır bir kez uygulama proprioception çarpışmaya kriyoterapi için ortalama süre 20,3 ± 5.3 dk.9 , hangi ısınma önce proprioception ölçmek kısa bir pencerede kalır, hangi için tutarsız etkisi katkıda bulunabilir kriyoterapi ortak konum duygusu üzerinde. 10 yüksek frekans (300 Hz) titreşim başarıyla bir parmak hareketi algılama görev amac keskinliği azaltmak için kullanılan; mekanizması diğer titreşim hassas Kutanöz reseptörleri girişten inhibisyonu pacinian parçacık kaynaklı olduğu bildirildi. 11 son zamanlarda, amac bilgi bozan tarafından izometrik kuvvet üretim doğruluğu azaltmak için soleus kas titreşim (80 Hz) bulundu. 12 üst ekstremite proprioception geçici nakavt için basit bir non-invaziv yöntem ancak, yayımlanmadı.
Bu yöntemin amacı sağlıklı yetişkinlerde yüksek frekanslı titreşim geçici olarak devirme üst ekstremite proprioception için kullanmaktır. Nakavt iki önlem, titreşim algılama eşik (VDT) ve kısa kinestezi Test (tBKT) tablet sürümü kullanılarak doğrulandı. VDT Aα afferent axon iletim yansıtacak şekilde düşündüm duyarlılık psikofizik ölçüsüdür. 13 amac performans bizim laboratuvarda geliştirme aşamasındadır tBKT kullanarak sayısal. Kısa kinestezi Test (Ayres, çalışmaları temel BKT),14 test ancak ulusal kurumları Sağlık (NIH) araç kutusu çekirdek pilleri dahil değil deneysel bir araçtır. 15 , 16 BKT her üst ekstremite için üç ulaşan denemeler içerir. TBKT üst ekstremite başına 20 ulaşan denemeler içerir ve özgün testi psikometrik özellikleri geliştirilmesi amacı ile geliştirilmektedir. Duyusal girdi (üst ekstremite hedef için sınav rehberliğinde), tBKT içerir merkezi işlem (hedef uzaysal konumunu hatırlıyorum) ve (rehberlik kaldırıldıktan sonra hedef konumlandırmaya çalışırken), bir motor çıkış düşündüm bir ölçüsü gerekli olmak Genel olarak amac performans. 17 VDT ve tBKT ölçümleri düşük ve daha yüksek seviyelere, sırasıyla, somatosensor hiyerarşisinde,18 temsil ve böylece proprioception daha kapsamlı bir miktar daha tek başına kullanılan her iki ölçü sağlamalıdır.
İki nöral mekanizmaların en çok yüksek frekanslı titreşim tarafından neden olduğu düşük amac keskinliği ilgilidir. Birincisi, Pacinian yuvarları Kutanöz mekanoreseptör en sık titreşim algılama ile ilişkili vardır. Büyük olasılıkla bu protokol için kullanılan sürekli titreşim Aα kısa vadeli habituation sinirsel mekanizmasının temel titreşim algılama ve Pacinian yuvarları ile ilişkili β fiber grubu reseptör ayarlama eşiği yükseltir. 19 aynı yoğunlukta ve frekans, 128 VDT testinde kullanılan Hz gibi bir titreşim için daha kısa bir süre hissedilir fizyolojik sonucudur. İkinci olarak, bu kas İğler, via Aα afferent lifler, kas uzunluğu yanlış tarafından azaltılmış doğruluğu kuvvet sunumu sırasında12 kanıtladığı gibi çarpık amac bilgilerinde kaynaklanan yüksek frekanslı titreşim aşağıdaki kod düşünülmektedir yanılsama azaltılmış kinestezi ve hareket,20,21 . 22

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a simple non-invasive method for temporary knockdown of upper limb proprioception

Proprioception az de tüm katkıda bulunan hareket sinir kontrolünü ölçülen olabilir. Proprioception yeni kesin, güvenilir ölçü için klinik tanı bozukluğu ve amac eğitim sonuçlarını ölçmek için ihtiyaç vardır. Bu basit, non-invaziv yöntem amacı geçici olarak devirme üst ekstremite proprioception geliştirme ve sınama üst ekstremite proprioception önlemler yararlı olacaktır bir ölçüde sağlıklı erişkinlerde etmektir. Devirme modelleri var Engelli proprioception insanlarla eğitim üzerinde iki ana avantajları: katılımcı durumu ve bozulma ölçüde katılımcılar arasında kontrol yeteneği. Geçici proprioception nakavt iskemik sinir blokları ve kriyoterapi, gibi üst ekstremite, geçerli yayımlanmış yöntemleri invaziv, pratik veya katılımcı için rahatsız edici olabilir. Burada, titreşim ulnar oluk üzerinde üst ekstremite proprioception azaltmak için kullanıldı. Yüksek frekanslı titreşim pacinian parçacık kaynaklı giriş engelleyerek amac keskinliğini azaltabilir. Bu protokol için kullanılan titreşim etkisi iki nicel ölçüler kullanılarak doğrulandı. Bu yöntem basit yönetmek, katılımcılar için rahat ve pratik.

Burada sunulan iletişim kuralını kullanarak, 20 sağlıklı yetişkin test, 8 erkek (yani yaş (SD) 32.5 (12,5) = yıl; 19 sağ- ve 1 sol-el). Katılımcılar üst ekstremite içeren hiçbir bilinen patoloji vardı. El kullanımı Edinburgh el kullanımı stok kullanarak değerlendirildi. 24 çalışmaya katılanların hiçbir istenmeyen olaylar bildirdi.
Her katılımcı her iki üst ekstremitelerin V...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception at JoVE.com

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Bu iletişim kuralının amacı geçici olarak sağlıklı insanların üst ekstremite proprioception müdahale için pratik bir yöntem göstermektir.

Üst ekstremite Proprioception geçici nakavt için basit bir Non-invaziv yöntem

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

a-simple-non-invasive-method-for-temporary-knockdown-upper-limb

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.4K Görüntüleme.  The College of St. Scholastica. Bu iletişim kuralının amacı geçici olarak sağlıklı insanların üst ekstremite proprioception müdahale için pratik bir yöntem göstermektir.

Video: A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

Eşzamanlı Derisi Elektroensefalografi (EEG), elektromiyografi (EMG) ve Multi-modal Sinir kod çözme için Tüm vücut bölüm Ataletsel Kayıt

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Davranış

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

İskemik İnme bir Fare Modeli Duyusal Cortex Sakatlık sonrasında telafi edici Ekstremite Kullanımı ve Motor Beceri Öğrenme Davranışsal Değerlendirme

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

Basit ve Bilgisayar destekli Fareler için Koku Testi

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

İnsan Motor Fonksiyon Modülasyon Non-İnvaziv Elektrik beyin stimülasyonu Montajları

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Hedef-cevap Görevleri sırasında olaya ilişkin Potansiyeller Tek Taraflı Serebral Palsili Çocuklarda Üst Ekstremite Kullanım Bilişsel Süreçler Eğitim için

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

İnsanlarda Kombine İnvaziv subkortikal ve Bilişsel Değerlendirme Non-invaziv Yüzey Nörofizyolojik Kayıtlar ve Duygusal Fonksiyonlar

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

Koşu Bandı Yorulma Testi: Mouse Yorgunluk gibi Davranış Basit, Yüksek verim Deneyi

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

Sit-to-stand ve-yürüyüş% 120 Diz Boy dan: A Novel Yaklaşım Dinamik Postural Kontrol Independent Kurşun bacağın değerlendirilmesi için

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Çevresel İpuçlarının Eklem Davranışı Üzerine Etkisini Test Etmek İçin Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.