This work is funded by the Swiss National Foundation (31_138429) and Synapsis Foundation for the support of research on Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

Bütün hayvan prosedürleri bilimsel amaçlarla kullanılan hayvanların korunması konusunda AB Direktifi 2010/63 / AB ile uyumlu olan ve (Canton of Fribourg, İsviçre) yerel Hayvan Bakım Komitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Hayvan hazırlanması <ol><li> Deney hayvanları <ol><li> Yetişkin erkek vahşi tip ve yaş 3-5 ay transgenik farelerin (C57BL / 6 background) üzerinde deneyler yapın. farelerin üç grup vahşi tip yavru kontroller karşılık (grup A, Jagged1 flox / flox 19) ve iki koşullu KO fare hatları (B grubu, Jagged1ncKO ve C, Jagged1gcKO). </li><li> 12 saat kontrollü aydınlık / karanlık döngüsü ile havalandırılmış bir odada standart laboratuvar koşullarında Ev fareleri, ve yiyecek ve su ad libitum sağlar. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Deneysel Kurulum <ol><li> Deneysel arena <ol><li> Deneysel arenada için, temiz bir steril fare kafesini kullanın (36 cm uzunluk x 20,5 cm genişlik x 13.5 cm yükseklik) (Şekil 1A). </li><li> 3 cm yüksekliğinde taze yatak, bir numaralı kafes her fare atayın. Kafesleri yeniden ise, koku hassasiyeti testinde olduğu gibi, koku ve fareler arasında çapraz bulaşmayı önlemek için aşağıdaki önlemleri alacaktır. <ol><li> Su tarafı işaretleyin. </li><li> % 70 etanol, her tarafı için biri ile püskürtülür iki doku kağıtları ile kafesleri dar duvarları temizleyin. </li><li> Farelerin genotip göre kafesleri yığmak ve laminar kaputun altında geçici olarak saklamak. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Kamera <ol><li> Kafes (Şekil 1A) altından 58 cm amacı ile özel bir tripod üzerinde kamera monte edin. Tripod ve kafesin konumunu düzeltmek ve kamera kafesinin üst merkezli olması için izin vermek için işaretleriyle sınırlandırmak. </li><li> X 240 piksel, MOV dosyaları olarak saniyede 15.08 kare 320 piksel Video kaydetme. </li></ol></li><li> Kokular <ol><li> Scen yeniden süspansebelirtilmedikçe, TH, bir çözücü içinde ki bu çözünürdür. </li><li> Tercih testi kullanım fıstık ezmesi için. Yer fıstığı yağı, fıstık yağı (ağ / hac% 10) yeniden süspanse edin. </li><li> Kaçınma testi kullanımı saf 2-metilbutirik (2 MB) asit (% 98) için. </li><li> Duyarlılık testi için, aynı fare kolonisi ve arka plan (C57BL / 6) kadın idrar kullanın. <ol><li> Kolaylık sağlamak için koku testi 1-2 gün önce idrar toplamak. Dizginlemek ve kafes ızgara üzerinde karnı ile kaputun altındaki fareyi tutun. Kafes ızgara altında idrar damla toplamak için plastik bir petri yerleştirin. </li><li> 1.5 ml tüp içinde her kadın idrar toplayın ve hayvanlar arasındaki değişkenliği normalleştirmek için tüm idrar örnekleri karıştırın. Kullanılıncaya kadar -20 ° C&#39;de saklayın. </li><li> Deney gününde, idrar çözülmesi ve 10 bir seyreltme faktörü ile iki kere damıtılmış su içinde 4 seyreltileri, yerine (1:10, 1: 100, 1: 1000, 1: 10,000). </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>3. Koku Testi Not: Güçlü cezbedici (fıstık ezmesi ve kadın idrar) veya güçlü kovucu (2-MB asit) 15 olarak algılanmaktadır kasten seçilmiştir Bu protokol kokuları içinde. Bu koku davranışı ile herhangi bir müdahale olasılığını ortadan kaldırmak için kaçınma testi öncesinde keyifli kokulara tercih ve duyarlılık testleri yürütmek önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, bu kağıt, tercih ve kaçınma testinde basitlik, hem algı test altında açıklanacaktır. Her davranış oturumu alışma aşaması ile başlar. <ol><li> Alışma Faz <ol><li> Temiz atanan kafeste hayvan koyun ve 5 dakika (Şekil 1B) için inceleyelim. Deneysel kafesin çevre evde kafes tanıdık olduğundan, bu kısa süre alışma izin vermek için yeterlidir. </li><li> Duyarlılık testi bir günde tamamlanması durumunda, uygulamanıza önce sadece bir kez alışkanlık gerçekleştirmekEn yüksek sulandırılmış koku n. Duyarlılık testi farklı günlerde yapılır, her gün yeni bir temiz kafes bir alışma aşaması gereklidir. </li></ol></li><li> Algı Testi <ol><li> Alışma sonra kamerayı etkinleştirmek ve hemen altındaki (Şekil 1C) yaklaşık 10 cm kafesin zıt duvarlarına hoş koku (fıstık ezmesi) 60 ul ve nötr koku (musluk suyu) 60 ul pipetle. </li><li> Fare 2 dakika (Şekil 1D) için kokuları inceleyelim. Bundan sonra, fotoğraf makinesini kapatın. </li><li> Bu noktada, bir sonraki fare alışkanlık aşamasından devam edin. Kovucu koku 60 ul (2-MB asit) ve su içinde 60 ul uygulanarak aynı şekilde tam olarak Uzak Durma testi gerçekleştirir. </li></ol></li><li> Hassasiyet testi <ol><li> 1: aşağıdaki sırayla bir kadın idrar artan konsantrasyonlarda erkek farelerin gözde eşik değerlendirir 10,000; 1: 1,000; 1: 100; 1:10 ve saf idrarı. </li><li> Alışma sonra, daha önce 3.2.1&#39;de açıklandığı gibi deneyci tarafından pipetle yüksek seyreltme her fare maruz bırakmaktadır. </li><li> Bir video kamerada 2 dk zaman diliminde, su karşı idrar keşif davranışlarını kaydedin. Tüm farenin kohort yüksek seyreltme (1: 10,000) açısından test edilir sonra, yukarıda belirtildiği gibi, idrar, daha yüksek bir konsantrasyona maruz kalmaktadır. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Post-hoc Veri Analizi Not: açıklanan tüm davranış testleri veri analizi talimatları izleyerek post hoc işlenir. <ol><li> Windows sistemler için ImageJ MOV dosyaları açın <ol><li> Http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download özelleştirilmiş ayarları kullanarak Java için Quick Time yükleyin. </li><li> ImageJ sitesinde (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/qt-capture.html) den Quick Time eklenti yüklemek. </li><li> Kütüphane EXTENS içine: ( Program Files QuickTime QTSystem C) QTJava.zip İthalatImageJ iyon (.ImageJ jre lib ext). </li><li> Plugins klasörüne kopyalayın de QTJava.zip ve QTJava.jar olarak yeniden adlandırın. </li><li> Makro klasöründe bağlı altı komut takın (ImageJ plugins Makrolar). </li><li> Açık ImageJ sonra yakın ImageJ derlemek ve Quick Time eklentisi çalıştırmak ve. </li><li> Quick Time kullanarak&gt; ImageJ yeniden açın ve Dosya&gt; Al&#39;ı kullanarak MOV dosyasını açın. </li></ol></li><li> Video Ayar <ol><li> Video dosyası ImageJ açıldığında, deneyi kafes (T0) içine Koku moleküllerini pipetle olan zaman sabit bir 2 dakika keşif elde etmek için video kesti. (Yığınları ToolsSlice sökücü ImageJ Image) 1 artışlarını kullanarak önceki çerçeveleri T0 tekabül çerçeveyi belirlemek ve kaldırmak. 2 dk keşif aşan tüm kareleri silmek için aynı komutunu kullanın. </li><li> Kafes merkezli olduğundan emin olun ve gerekli kullanım Image&gt; Transform eğer&gt; Döndür komutunu hizalamak için. </li></ol></li><li> Bakınızo İşleme Not: video işleme tamamen bilgisayar destekli ve bu kağıdı eşlik eden makrolar komutları kullanır. <ol><li> 127 piksel x 218 piksel boyutu kafes üzerine alanını kısıtlamak amacıyla Plugin&gt; Makrolar&gt; Çalıştır komutu Adım 1 makroyu çalıştırın. Kafes (Şekil 2, Adım 1) üzerinde sabit bir dikdörtgen getirin. </li><li> Adım 2 makro (Şekil 2, Adım 2) kullanılarak faiz (ROI) bölgede kafes alanını kırpın. </li><li> Bir eşik sinyali atama despeckling ve sinyal değişimini filtreleyerek kökenli fare görüntüsünü çıkarmak için Adım 3 makro kullanın. Z ekseni arsa çıkış değerleri 2 dk keşif sırasında &quot;su haznesinin&quot; nin ROI içinde hareket fare gölge yoğunluğuna karşılık, ortalama gri değerlerini gösterir. Bir elektronik tablo dosyasına ROI (Şekil 2, Adım 3) &#39;e göre adlı bir çalışma sayfasına sonuçları kopyalayın. </li><li> Adım 4 makro kullanınROI &quot;koku odasına&quot; fare ortalama gri değerleri ayıklamak. 4.3.3 aynı elektronik tablo dosyasındaki ROI (Şekil 2, Adım 4) &#39;e göre adlı bir çalışma sayfasına sonuçları kopyalayın. </li><li> Daha fazla ROI &quot;su çevre&quot; fare hareketi analizi kısıtlamak amacıyla Adım 5 makro kullanın. 4.3.3 aynı elektronik tablo dosyasındaki ROI (Şekil 2, Adım 5) göre adlandırılır çalışma sayfası üzerine sonucunu kopyalayın. </li><li> ROI &quot;koku çevre&quot; fare hareketi analizi kısıtlamak için Adım 6 makro kullanın. 4.3.3 gibi ROI elektronik tablo dosyası (Şekil 2, Adım 6) göre adlandırılır çalışma sayfası üzerine sonucunu kopyalayın. </li><li> Tüm videoları işlemek ve hayvanların başına kare sayısını tutarlılık açısından kontrol edin. Burada, 2 dk keşif oturumuna gelen 1.810 kare için tüm hayvanları kayıt. </li><li> Her bir hayvan için ve sıralama çerçeveleri ortalama gri va her ROI içinlues büyük 0. Divide daha değerlere göre kare sayısı 1 saniye tekabül ve her ROI harcanan saniye edinin. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. İstatistiksel Analiz <ol><li> Her test için http://www.real-statistics.com/one-way-analysis-of-variance-anova/homogeneity-variances/ bulunan formülü kullanarak Bartlett testi ile gruplar / genotipleri içinde varyans homojenliği doğrulayın. </li><li> Zaman Bartlett testi sonuçlarına bağlı olarak eşit veya eşitsiz varyansları varsayarak bir yönsüz Student t-testi kullanılarak tek grup içindeki koku karşı su ile harcanan arasında cazibe ve kaçınma testinde, karşılaştırmalar yürütmek. Bonferroni post-hoc testi ile tek yönlü ANOVA ile genotipler arasındaki su ile harcanan zaman çıkarılır kokuları ile harcanan süreleri karşılaştırın. </li><li> Duyarlılık testinde Wate ile harcanan zaman çıkarılır koku ile harcanan zaman karşılaştırmalar analizBonferroni post-hoc testi ile tek yönlü ANOVA ile idrar belirli bir seyreltilerde gruplar arasında r. Bonferroni post-hoc testi ile tekrarlı 2-Yönlü ANOVA büyüyen koku konsantrasyonları gruplar arasında duyarlılık karşılaştırın. </li><li> Cazibe ve kaçınma testinde genotipleri ve tedaviler arasındaki etkileşim Bonferroni post-hoc testi ile 2 yollu ANOVA ile incelenmiştir. </li></ol>

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There is no conflict of interest.

kokulara karşı algısını, kokulara, su ve duyarlılık karşısında kokular arasındaki ayrım: Bu protokol önerilen testler farelerde doğuştan koku davranış farklı yönlerini değerlendirmek için izin verir. Bu protokol daha önce 15 gösterilen tercih ve kaçınma ölçeğine göre herhangi bir koku uygulanabilir. Protokol keşif faaliyeti dayalı yana fareler kendi hareketini etkileyecek ve koku keşif engel olabilir herhangi bir motor bozukluğu ya da kaygı görüntü yok önemlidir. tarif ed...

Olfaction memelilerde en gelişmiş ve önemli duyu işlevlerinden biridir. Koku aktivitede herhangi bir değer düşüklüğü kötü durum senaryosu gıda alımını, sosyal davranış ve hatta hayatta kalma etkileyebilir. İnsanlarda, koku bozulma 1 bağımlı yaş ve nörolojik bozukluklar 2 güçlü bir belirleyicisi olarak kabul edilir - 6. Pennsylvania Üniversitesi tarafından geliştirilen koku kimlik testi şu anda erken nörolojik defisit 7 değerlendirmek ve yüksek olasılıkla demans 8,9 ilerlemesini tahmin edebilirsiniz en çok kullanılan non-invaziv ve ölçülebilir, tanısal testlerin birini temsil eder. koku alma sistemi ve kemirgenler koku duyusunun öne erişilebilirlik, altında yatan mekanizmaları koku fonksiyonları 10 adresleme araştırma yoğun bir çizgi yol açtı. Daha önce sinyal alınmasından fonksiyon kaybının göstermiştirya Notch1 koku kaçınma 11 etkiler. Bu protokolde koku performansı incelemek için nöronların veya glia sinyalizasyon ligandı, Jagged1 eksik fareler, kullanın. Doğuştan koku alma algısı olarak üç parametre, koku ve koku hassasiyeti 4 arasındaki ayrım olarak tanımlanır. Kemirgenlerde Koku kontrol çeşitli şekillerde yapılabilir ve bazı davranış çalışmalarda belli bir buhar konsantrasyonlarda ve hassas bir zaman dilimi 12 hayvana bir kokunun sağlanması olfactometers yararlanabilirler - 14. Bununla birlikte, bu enstrümantasyon pahalı ve sadece uzman tesislerde mevcut olabilir. Bizim çalışmamızda, uçucu koku kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen bir basit, hızlı ve yeniden üretilebilir bir koku test protokolü, sağlar. testler cezbedici veya itici koku tedbir algısını açıklanan ve koku ve su 11,15,16 arasındaki ayrımcılığı değerlendirir. W, aynı kurulumu kullanarake farklı konsantrasyonlarda 16,17 bir koku hassasiyeti ölçebilirsiniz. Page ve arkadaşları 18 çalışmalarından esinlenerek post-hoc bilgisayar destekli görüntü işleme, deneysel Körlemenin ve tüm deneyi yürütmek için bir tek kişi için izin gerek kalmadan tarafsız sonuçlar sağlar. Bu protokol, farelerde koku alma davranışı incelemek için bir başlangıç ​​noktası sağlamak için tasarlanmıştır.

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 collapse;width:192pt">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="4" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Mouse cage</td>
			<td class="xl64">Italplast (Italy)</td>
			<td class="xl64">1144B</td>
			<td class="xl64">36 cm length x 20.5 cm width x 13.5 cm height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Chipped wood bedding</td>
			<td class="xl64">Abedd (Austria)</td>
			<td class="xl64">LTE E-001</td>
			<td class="xl64">3 cm high</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Peanut butter</td>
			<td class="xl64">Migros (Swizterland)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td align="right" class="xl65">1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">2-Methylbutyric</td>
			<td class="xl64">Sigma Aldrich (Switzerland)</td>
			<td class="xl64">W269514</td>
			<td class="xl64">Pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Female Urine from fertile females of same mouse strain</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">Dilution series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Camera</td>
			<td class="xl64">Olympus (US)</td>
			<td class="xl64">Camedia C-8080</td>
			<td class="xl64">MOV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Quicktime for Java (Windows)</td>
			<td class="xl64">Apple (USA)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">video plugin for visualizing MOV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Image J for Windows</td>
			<td class="xl64">NIH (USA)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">Video Processing/Analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simple and computer-assisted olfactory testing for mice

Koklama yüksek türler arasında muhafaza edilir ve üreme ve hayatta kalma için gereklidir. İnsanlarda, olfaction da yaşlanma ile etkilenir duyu biridir ve nörodejeneratif hastalıkların güçlü bir belirleyicisidir. Böylece, olfaction testi erken nörolojik açıklarının tespit etmek için bir non-invaziv tanı yöntemi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Koku ağ duyarlılık altında yatan mekanizmaları anlamak için, kemirgenlerde koku araştırmalar son on yılda ivme kazanmıştır. Burada, biz önceden yiyecek veya su kısıtlaması gerek kalmadan farelerde doğuştan koku algısı ve duyarlılık çok basit, zaman verimli ve tekrarlanabilir koku test yöntemi sunuyoruz. Testler farelere tanıdık bir ortamda gerçekleştirilir, kokular ve odorant maruz kalma 2 dk oturumu sadece gerektirir. Analiz ImageJ bilgisayar destekli komutları kullanarak, post-hoc yapılır ve bu nedenle olabilirBir araştırmacı tarafından başından sonuna kadar yürüttü. Bu protokol, herhangi bir özel donanım veya kurulum gerektirmez ve koku algı ve hassasiyeti test ilgilenen herhangi bir laboratuvar endikedir.

algı testi 2-MB asit fıstık ezmesi ve kaçınma için cazibe ölçer. Farelerin üç grup test edilir ve su ile karşılaştırıldığında &quot;koku çevre&quot; harcanan zaman ölçülür. Su (t 8 = 2.52, p &lt;0.05) ile karşılaştırıldığında tercih testte, kontrol grubu ve bir koku önemli tercih gösterir. Öte yandan, B grubu fıstık ezmesi önemli cazibe görünmüyor ve su (t 6 = 3.22, p &lt;0.05) daha fazla zaman harcıyor. Böylece, kontrol grubu A (F 1,7 = 26,39, p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice at JoVE.com

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

Basit ve Bilgisayar destekli Fareler için Koku Testi

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

simple-and-computer-assisted-olfactory-testing-for-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Fribourg. We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing. 

Video: Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Küçük ve Büyük Kemirgen Modelleri ile Barnes Labirent Test Stratejileri

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Davranış

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

Fare Koku Ayrımcılık ve alışkanlık için test

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris Water Maze Testi: Fare Gerilme ve Test Ortamı için Optimizasyon

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

Koşu Bandı Yorulma Testi: Mouse Yorgunluk gibi Davranış Basit, Yüksek verim Deneyi

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

Görev Kesintisi ve bir Özet Düşünme Hedef Test Aktivasyon ve Pursuit için Devam Edeceğini Paradigma

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

Ambulation kas distrofisi, fare modellerinde ölçmek için basit ve düşük maliyetli bir tahlil

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

Üst ekstremite Proprioception geçici nakavt için basit bir Non-invaziv yöntem

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Aktif ve pasif Tameness ayrı olarak farelerde ölçme

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the upper and lower extremities, postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency. CAT, a modern measurement method, aims to provide a reliable estimate of the examinee's level of function rapidly. CAT administers only a few items whose item difficulties match an examinee's level of function and, thus, the administered items of CAT can provide sufficient information to reliably estimate the examinee's level of function in a short time. The CAT-FAS was developed through four steps: (1) determining the item bank, (2) determining the stopping rules, (3) validating the CAT-FAS, and (4) establishing a platform of online administration. The results of this study indicate that the CAT-FAS has sufficient administrative efficiency (average number of items = 8.5) and reliability (group-level Rasch reliability: 0.88 - 0.93; individual-level Rasch reliability: &#8805;70% of patients had Rasch reliability score &#8805;0.90) to simultaneously assess four functions in patients with stroke. In addition, because the CAT-FAS is a computer-based test, the CAT-FAS has three additional advantages: the automatic calculation of scores, the immediate storage of data, and the easy exporting of data. These advantages of the CAT-FAS will be beneficial to data management for clinicians and researchers.

Here, we present a protocol to develop the computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS). The CAT-FAS can simultaneously assess four functions (two motor functions [upper and lower extremities], postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency.

Bilgisayarlı Adaptive test sistemi işlevsel değerlendirme inme

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

Koku içerik bağımlı bellek: Odorants doğrudan sunulması

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...