저자 존 넬슨 박사, 태평양 표준시,이 프로토콜에 사용 하는 진동기의 진동 주파수를 확인 하기 위해 분석을 실시 하기 위한 인정 하 고 싶습니다.

제도적 검토 보드 세인트 Scholastica의 대학에 연구는이 프로토콜 개발 및 테스트를 승인 했습니다.
참고:이 프로토콜에서 사용 하는 진동기의 제조업체의 사양을 표시 '높은' 주파수 11,00 rpm (183.3 Hz) 했다. 이 주파수는 차동 증폭기 2 kHz로 샘플링에의 한 입력을 통해 수집 된 진동 데이터의 샘플을 사용 하 여 확인 되었다. 신호 평균 기간이 이었다 5.56 x 10-3 s 180 Hz에 해당. Raynaud의 질병을 가진 개인, 진동 Raynaud의 현상, 시간, 마지막 분 있으며 마비, 가려움증 또는 통증이 동반 될 수 있습니다 응용 프로그램의 사이트에서 임시 vasoconstriction을 발생할 수 있습니다. 23 그림 1 비슷한이 프로토콜에 사용 되는 진동으로 인 한 Raynaud의 현상의 예를 보여 줍니다. 잠재적인 참가자는이 프로토콜에 참여 하기 전에 Raynaud의에 대 한 상영 한다.
1. proprioception 최저의 프로토콜:
<ol><li>펜, 183 Hz 진동기, 2.5-인치 넓은 끈과 고무 밴드를 수집 ( 테이블의 자료를 참조).</li>
	<li>테스트 중인 상부 말단의 ulnar 홈 내에서 척 골 신경 만져<ol>
<li>장소는 "x" 마크 피부에 ulnar 홈 상 완 골 팔꿈치 과정 및 척 골의 내측 뼈 사이의 라인에 그냥 뛰어난. 참고: 그림 2 는 팔꿈치의 등에이 위치를 보여 줍니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>머리에 뛰어난 마사지의 핸들 표시 된 위치에 진동기의 머리를 배치 합니다.<ol>
<li>진동기와 참가자의 팔의 핸들 부분 주위 넓은 스트랩을 적용 됩니다.</li>
		<li>진동기 머리와 참가자의 팔에 진동기 머리를 개최 하 고 참가자의 피부와 고무 밴드는 피부에 대 한 하지만 머리를 유지 하기 위해 적절 한 크기는 보장 진동기 머리 사이 접촉을 유지 하는 목 주위에 고무 밴드를 배치 운동 또는 순환 제한.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>구 부의 팔꿈치를 똑바르게 하는 참가자를 요구 하십시오. 그는 결박으로 인 한 방해를 받지 않고 느껴야 한다. 이동의 자유 보장 되도록 그 보고 간섭, 띠와 고무 밴드 조정 합니다.</li>
	<li>높은 진동 설정, (게시 되지 않은 데이터를 기반으로) 2 분 동안 기다립니다.<ol>
<li>Proprioception 성능 측정을 실시 (결과 BKT의 태블릿 버전에서 여기에 표시 됩니다) 테스트 기간 동안 높은 실행 진동기와<ol>
<li>BKT 실시 합니다. 표준 높이 테이블 (29 인치 높이)는 커튼을 사용 하 여 정제에서 가려진 그들의 비전에 표준 높이 자 (18 인치 좌석 높이)에 있는 참가자를 좌석. 참가자에서 앉아.</li>
			<li>줄의 시작에 다시 (대상) 라인의 끝에 라인의 시작에서, 원심 phalanx에서 개최 참가자 검지 손가락을 안내. 참가자의 손가락을 놓고 터치 대상 지시. 각 상 지 20 시험을 완료 합니다.</li>
			<li>센티미터에 평균 절대 오차 (목표에서 거리)으로 각 상 지에 대 한 참가자의 점수를 할당 합니다.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>진동 자극의 제거에 따라 (VDT) 등 psychophysical 조치를 즉시 수행 합니다. 참고: 결과 발표에 VDT 전에 진동 자극의 기간이 이었다 5 ± 1 분.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 진동 검출 임계값 (13에서 적응)
<ol><li>수집 128 Hz 튜닝 포크, 초시계, 교과서 (튜닝 포크를 공격 하는 회사는 아직 호환 표면을 제공), 테이블 (29 인치 높이), 표준 자 (18 인치 좌석 높이), 마스킹 테이프와 펜.<ol>
<li>마스킹 테이프를 사용 하 여 튜닝 포크 삼진에 일관성에 대 한 대상으로 사용 하는 교과서에 1 ½ 인치 x 1 ½ 인치 정사각형을 만듭니다.</li>
		<li>영구 마커, 컬러 1 m m (이 마크 테스트 하는 동안 응용 프로그램 튜닝 포크의 압력을 표준화 하는 데 사용 됩니다) 튜닝 포크의 줄기의 바닥을 사용 하 여.</li>
		<li>좌석 테이블에의 자에 있는 참가자. Supinated 테스트 되 고 말단의 팔 뚝을 확장 하 고 완전히 팔꿈치를 포함 한 테이블에서 휴식을 그녀를 요구 하십시오. 사지를 긴장 하도록 요청 합니다. 참고: 시험관 참가자 건너편 장착 한다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>원심 팔 뚝 힘 줄, 팔꿈치 주름에 우수한 약 1 cm 이상의 피부에 도트를 표시 합니다.<ol>
<li>참가자, 참가자의 팔꿈치 사이 가장 가까운 테이블의 가장자리에 책을 배치 합니다.</li>
		<li>말: "이 진동 감지 수의 테스트입니다. 지금 나 팔 뚝 힘 줄에이 음 차를 넣어 것입니다. 나에 게 당신이 어떤 진동을 느낄 경우 진동의 감각 사라집니다 때 바로 '지금' 말을 말하십시오. 이 절차가 반복 됩니다 3 번 각 팔에. "</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>튜닝 포크의 각 단자의 끝에서 디스크 시작 전에 꽉 있는지 확인 하십시오. 그들은 느슨한 경우 그들은 딸 랑이 하 고 음 차 공명 신뢰할 수 없는 테스트를 만들기의 기간을 줄일 수 있습니다.<ol>
<li>엄지와 검지 손가락 사이 느슨하게 튜닝 포크의 줄기를 누른 공명 생산을 충분 한 힘을 가진 평방 대상 내 책에 그것을 공격 합니다.<ol>
<li>눈에 띄는, 직후 튜닝 포크 피부를 우울 하 게 하 고 비전에서 튜닝 포크에 1 mm 밴드를 감추기에 충분 한 압력을 사용 하 여 테스트 위치에 놓습니다. 참고: 그림 3 보여 줍니다 튜닝 포크 원심 팔 뚝에 힘 줄이이 프로토콜에서 사용 하는 테스트 위치.</li>
			<li>참가자는 더 이상 ('지금' 말한다) 진동 느낌까지 참가자의 피부에 튜닝 포크의 위치에서 시간을 계량 초시계를 사용 하 여.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>3 재판의 총 같은 팔에 두 번 더 반복 합니다.<ol>
<li>진동 감지 임계값 (VDT)를 결정 하기 위해 3 재판에서 진동 자극의 실종에 평균 시간을 계산 합니다.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dukelow, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+limb+position+sense+following+stroke.">Quantitative assessment of limb position sense following stroke.</a> Neurorehabilitation and neural repair. 24, 178 (2010).</li><li>Cappello, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robot-aided+assessment+of+wrist+proprioception.">Robot-aided assessment of wrist proprioception.</a> Frontiers in human neuroscience. 9, (2015).</li><li>Han, J., Waddington, G., Adams, R., Anson, J., Liu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+proprioception:+a+critical+review+of+methods.">Assessing proprioception: a critical review of methods.</a> Journal of Sport and Health Science. 5, 80-90 (2016).</li><li>Goble, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proprioceptive+acuity+assessment+via+joint+position+matching:+from+basic+science+to+general+practice.">Proprioceptive acuity assessment via joint position matching: from basic science to general practice.</a> Physical therapy. 90, 1176-1184 (2010).</li><li>Meyer, S., Karttunen, A. H., Thijs, V., Feys, H., Verheyden, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+somatosensory+deficits+in+the+arm+and+hand+relate+to+upper+limb+impairment,+activity,+and+participation+problems+after+stroke?+A+systematic+Review.">How do somatosensory deficits in the arm and hand relate to upper limb impairment, activity, and participation problems after stroke? A systematic Review.</a> Physical Therapy. 94, (2014).</li><li>Elangovan, N., Herrmann, A., Konczak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+proprioceptive+function:+evaluating+joint+position+matching+methods+against+psychophysical+thresholds.">Assessing proprioceptive function: evaluating joint position matching methods against psychophysical thresholds.</a> Physical therapy. 94, 553 (2014).</li><li>Aman, J. E., Elangovan, N., Yeh, I. L., Konczak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effectiveness+of+proprioceptive+training+for+improving+motor+function:+a+systematic+review.">The effectiveness of proprioceptive training for improving motor function: a systematic review.</a> Frontiers in human neuroscience. 8, (2014).</li><li>Thiemann, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+post-movement+and+sensory+processing+disentangled+by+temporary+deafferentation.">Cortical post-movement and sensory processing disentangled by temporary deafferentation.</a> Neuroimage. 59, 1582-1593 (2012).</li><li>Furmanek, M. P., S&#322;omka, K., Juras, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+cryotherapy+on+proprioception+system.">The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system.</a> BioMed research international. 2014, (2014).</li><li>Costello, J. T., Donnelly, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryotherapy+and+joint+position+sense+in+healthy+participants:+a+systematic+review.">Cryotherapy and joint position sense in healthy participants: a systematic review.</a> Journal of athletic training. 45, 306-316 (2010).</li><li>Weerakkody, N., Mahns, D., Taylor, J., Gandevia, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impairment+of+human+proprioception+by+high-frequency+cutaneous+vibration.">Impairment of human proprioception by high-frequency cutaneous vibration.</a> The Journal of physiology. 581, 971-980 (2007).</li><li>Boucher, J. A., Normand, M. C., Boisseau, &. #. 2. 0. 1. ;., Descarreaux, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+control+during+peripheral+muscle+vibration:+An+experimental+study.">Sensorimotor control during peripheral muscle vibration: An experimental study.</a> Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 38, 35-43 (2015).</li><li>Rolke, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+sensory+testing:+a+comprehensive+protocol+for+clinical+trials.">Quantitative sensory testing: a comprehensive protocol for clinical trials.</a> European Journal of Pain. 10, 77-77 (2006).</li><li>Ayres, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+integration+and+praxis+test+(SIPT).">Sensory integration and praxis test (SIPT).</a> Los Angeles, Western Psychological Services. , (1989).</li><li>Dunn, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatosensation+assessment+using+the+NIH+Toolbox.">Somatosensation assessment using the NIH Toolbox.</a> Neurology. 80, S41-S44 (2013).</li><li>Dunn, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Change+in+Somatosensation+Across+the+Lifespan.">Measuring Change in Somatosensation Across the Lifespan.</a> American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 69, 6903290020p6903290021-6903290020p6903290029 (2015).</li><li>Witchalls, J., Blanch, P., Waddington, G., Adams, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+functional+deficits+associated+with+increased+risk+of+ankle+injuries:+a+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis.">Intrinsic functional deficits associated with increased risk of ankle injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis.</a> Br J Sports Med. 46, 515-523 (2012).</li><li>Borstad, A. L., Nichols-Larson, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+and+treating+Higher-level+Somatosensory+Impairments+Post+Stroke.">Assessing and treating Higher-level Somatosensory Impairments Post Stroke.</a> Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 21, 290-295 (2014).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessell, T. M., Siegelbaum, S. A., Hudspeth, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles of neural science. 4, (2000).</li><li>Goodwin, G. M., Mccloskey, D. I., Matthews, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+muscle+afferents+to+keslesthesia+shown+by+vibration+induced+illusionsof+movement+and+by+the+effects+of+paralysing+joint+afferents.">The contribution of muscle afferents to keslesthesia shown by vibration induced illusionsof movement and by the effects of paralysing joint afferents.</a> Brain. 95, 705-748 (1972).</li><li>Burke, D., Hagbarth, K. E., L&#246;fstedt, L., Wallin, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+responses+of+human+muscle+spindle+endings+to+vibration+of+non-contracting+muscles.">The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of non-contracting muscles.</a> The Journal of physiology. 261, 673-693 (1976).</li><li>Roll, J., Vedel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinaesthetic+role+of+muscle+afferents+in+man,+studied+by+tendon+vibration+and+microneurography.">Kinaesthetic role of muscle afferents in man, studied by tendon vibration and microneurography.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 47, 177-190 (1982).</li><li>Wigley, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raynaud's+phenomenon.">Raynaud's phenomenon.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 347, 1001-1008 (2002).</li><li>Oldfield, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+assessment+and+analysis+of+handedness:+the+Edinburgh+inventory.">The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory.</a> Neuropsychologia. 9, 97-113 (1971).</li><li>Kito, T., Hashimoto, T., Yoneda, T., Katamoto, S., Naito, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+processing+during+kinesthetic+aftereffect+following+illusory+hand+movement+elicited+by+tendon+vibration.">Sensory processing during kinesthetic aftereffect following illusory hand movement elicited by tendon vibration.</a> Brain research. 1114, 75-84 (2006).</li><li>Carey, L. M., Oke, L. E., Matyas, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+limb+position+sense+after+stroke:+a+quantitative+test+for+clinical+use.">Impaired limb position sense after stroke: a quantitative test for clinical use.</a> Arch.Phys.Med.Rehabil. 77, 1271-1278 (1996).</li><li>Roll, J., Vedel, J., Ribot, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alteration+of+proprioceptive+messages+induced+by+tendon+vibration+in+man:+a+microneurographic+study.">Alteration of proprioceptive messages induced by tendon vibration in man: a microneurographic study.</a> Experimental brain research. 76, 213-222 (1989).</li><li>Calvin-Figui&#232;re, S., Romaigu&#232;re, P., Roll, J. -. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relations+between+the+directions+of+vibration-induced+kinesthetic+illusions+and+the+pattern+of+activation+of+antagonist+muscles.">Relations between the directions of vibration-induced kinesthetic illusions and the pattern of activation of antagonist muscles.</a> Brain research. 881, 128-138 (2000).</li><li>Fallon, J. B., Macefield, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibration+sensitivity+of+human+muscle+spindles+and+Golgi+tendon+organs.">Vibration sensitivity of human muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.</a> Muscle &amp; nerve. 36, 21-29 (2007).</li><li>Seizova-Cajic, T., Smith, J. L., Taylor, J. L., Gandevia, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proprioceptive+movement+illusions+due+to+prolonged+stimulation:+reversals+and+aftereffects.">Proprioceptive movement illusions due to prolonged stimulation: reversals and aftereffects.</a> PloS one. 2, e1037 (2007).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

이 프로토콜에는 상 지에 인간의 proprioception 허물고 방법을 제공 한다. 20 건강 한 참가자에 걸쳐 고유 최저 효과가 컸다 psychophysical 측정 감도의 Aα 구심 축 삭 전송에 맞게 생각 하는 VDT에 의해 측정 된. VDT는 진동, Aα 성의 방전 할 때의 제거를 감소 후 최대한 빨리 측정 했다. 25 오류 visual 폐색 (tBKT)와 대상에 도달에이 프로토콜의 효과 온건 했다. 이 프로토콜 팔꿈치, 도달의 여?...

모든 참여자의 운동 신경 제어, proprioception 가장 잘 측정 될 수 있습니다. 연구 proprioception 특수 장비를 사용 하 여 측정 최근 달성 신뢰성, 유효성, 및 정밀도; 1 , 2 , 3 proprioception, 가장 일반적인 사지 위치 감각 테스트 되 고,4 의 대비, 임상에서 낮은 해상도, 다른 감각 양식4 에 의해 오염 있고 가난한 또는 게시 psychometric 속성이 없습니다. 5 고유 컨트롤, 장애의 임상 진단을 위해3 의 주변 및 중앙 메커니즘을 명료 하 고 고유 훈련의 결과 측정 proprioception의 새로운 정확 하 고 신뢰할 수 있는 조치 필요 합니다. 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 이 끝으로 일시적으로 손상 간단한, 비-침략 적 방법 또는 '최저' proprioception 필요 합니다.
건강 한 인간에서 고유 최저 연구를 개발 및 표준화 된 조치의 유효성 검사를 유용 sensorimotor 작업에 고유 함수의 역할을 유추할 수 있습니다. 최저의 모델 장애인된 proprioception과 인간을 공부 하는 데 다음 두 가지 주요 장점이 있다. 첫 번째는 참가자 여부; proprioception 장애가 있는 개인은 많은 연구자에 게 쉽게 접근할 수 없습니다. 둘째, proprioception 장애 vivo에서 와 달리 최저 모델 참가자에 걸쳐 장애의 범위를 제어 하는 능력을 허용할 수 있습니다.
위 사지의 임시 proprioception 최저의 현재 게시 된 메서드는 침략 적, 허무, 또는 참가자에 대 한 불편 한. 마 취 주사, 반면 상대적으로 안전 하 고, 기술력을 요구 하 고 간주 될 수 있습니다 침략 일부 연구 참가자. 허 혈 성 신경 블록 원인 불편 그리고 응고 전에 그들의 응용 프로그램 장애에 대 한 화면으로 혈액 검사를 연습. 8 cryotherapy 또한 불편을 초래. Cryotherapy proprioception 영향에 대 한 응용 프로그램의 평균 시간은 20.3 ± 5.3 분9 cryotherapy 제거 되 면, proprioception rewarming에 앞서 측정 하는 간단한 창 남아의 일치 하지 않는 효과에 기여할 수 있는 cryotherapy 관절 위치 감각에. 10 높은 주파수 (300 Hz) 진동 사용 되었다 성공적으로 손가락 움직임 탐지 작업;에 고유의 시력을 줄이기 위해 메커니즘은 다른 진동 민감한 피부 수용 체에서 입력의 pacinian 소 체 유발 저해 보고. 11 최근 soleus 근육 진동 (80 Hz)은 고유 정보를 왜곡 하 여 아이소메트릭 힘 생산 정확도 감소 발견 되었습니다. 그러나 12 , 상 지 proprioception의 임시 최저에 대 한 간단한 비-침략 적 방법 하지 게시 되었습니다.
이 방법의 목적은 건강 한 성인에서 일시적으로 최저의 상 지 proprioception 고주파 진동을 사용 하는 것입니다. 최저 2 측정, 진동 감지 임계값 (VDT) 간단한 Kinesthesia 테스트 (tBKT)의 태블릿 버전을 사용 하 여 확인 되었다. VDT는 psychophysical Aα 구심 축 삭 전송에 맞게 생각 하는 감도의. 13 고유 성능 연구소에서 개발 중인 tBKT를 사용 하 여 정량 했다. 간단한 Kinesthesia 테스트 (BKT),이 리스, 작품에 따라14 테스트 되었지만 국립 보건원 (NIH) 도구 상자 코어 배터리에 포함 되지 않은 실험적인 악기입니다. 15 , 16 는 BKT 3 도달 재판 상 지 각에 대 한 포함 되어 있습니다. TBKT는 위 사지 당 20 도달 시련을 포함 하 고 원래 테스트 동안 psychometric 속성을 개선 하는 목적으로 개발 되 고. tBKT 포함 감각 입력 (대상 위 사지의 심사 지침), 중앙 처리 (대상의 공간적 위치 기억) (지도 제거 된 후 대상 찾으려고 시도), 모터 출력의 측정에 필요한 것으로 생각 하 고 전반적으로 고유 성능입니다. 17 는 VDT와 tBKT 측정, 낮은 및 높은 수준, 각각, somatosensory 계층 구조18 에 나타내고 따라서 단독으로 사용 하거나 측정 보다 proprioception의 더 포괄적인 정량화를 제공 해야 합니다.
2 신경 메커니즘 고주파 진동으로 인 한 감소 된 고유 시력 가장 밀접 하 게 관련이 있습니다. 첫째, Pacinian 미 립 자는 가장 일반적으로 진동 감지와 관련 된 피부 mechanoreceptor. 연속 진동 가능성이이 프로토콜에 사용 되는 Aα에서 단기 요법이 니의 신경 메커니즘에 따라 진동 감지 및 β 섬유 그룹 Pacinian 미 립 자 연관의 수용 체 조정 임계값을 발생 시킵니다. 19 생리는 짧은 기간 동안 동일한 강도와 같은 VDT 테스트에서 사용 된 128 Hz 주파수의 진동 느낌입니다. 둘째, 그것은 Aα 구심 성 섬유를 통해 근육 스핀 들, 고주파 진동 힘 재생산,12 동안 감소 된 정확도 의해 입증으로 왜곡 된 고유 정보 결과 정확 하 게 다음 길이 코드 생각 운동,20,21 및 감소 kinesthesia의 환영. 22

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1075">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:329px;">Pure Enrichment-Massage Mini with Built in USB Rechargeable Battery</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ebay</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">None</td>
			<td style="width:455px;">183 Hz cordless vibrator, 7 inches total length including handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Chattanooga 2.5 inch velcro strap&#160;</td>
			<td>ebay</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>used to secure vibrator to arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Tuning Fork C128 ENT Surgical Medical Instruments Exam Diagnostic Tools</td>
			<td>ebay</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>Used in VDT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Handheld Digital stop watch</td>
			<td>ebay</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>Used to time VDT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Universal Rubber Bands Size 33, 3 1/2 x 1/8 inch</td>
			<td>ebay</td>
			<td>Universal - UNV00433</td>
			<td>used to secure vibrator head to arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="4" height="40" style="height:40px;">Instructions to build Visual Screen were published here: https://www.jove.com/video/53178/design-fabrication-administration-hand-active-sensation-test&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple non-invasive method for temporary knockdown of upper limb proprioception

Proprioception 운동 신경 제어 모든 참여자의 가장 잘 측정 될 수 있습니다. Proprioception의 새로운 정확 하 고 신뢰할 수 있는 측정 장애, 고유 교육의 결과 측정 하 고 임상 진단을 위해 필요 합니다. 이 간단한, 비-침략 적 방법의 목적은 일시적으로 최저의 상 지 proprioception 개발 및 상 지 proprioception 조치의 테스트에 도움이 될 것 이라고 어느 정도 건강 한 성인에서 것입니다. 최저의 모델 장애인된 proprioception과 인간을 공부 하는 데 다음 두 가지 주요 장점이 있다: 참가자 가용성 및 참가자 전체 장애의 범위를 제어 하는 능력. 허 혈 성 신경 블록 등 cryotherapy, 위 사지의 임시 proprioception 최저의 현재 게시 된 메서드는 침략 적, 허무, 또는 참가자에 대 한 불편 한. 여기, 진동 ulnar 그루브를 통해 상 지 proprioception 줄이기 위해 사용 되었다. 높은 주파수의 진동 입력 pacinian 소 체 유발을 억제 함으로써 고유의 시력을 줄일 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜에 사용 되는 진동의 효과 두 가지 양적 측정을 사용 하 여 확인 되었다. 이 방법은 관리 간단, 참가자, 편안 하 고 실용적 이었다.

여기에 제시 된 프로토콜을 사용 하 여, 우리가 테스트 20 건강 한 성인, 8 남자 (의미 하는 시대 (SD) 32.5 (12.5) = 년; 19 오른쪽 / 왼쪽-손으로 1). 참가자는 아무 알려진된 병 리 위 사지를 포함 했다. Handedness에 딘 버 러 Handedness 인벤토리를 사용 하 여 평가 했다. 24 연구 참가자 아무 부작용을 보고.
각 참가자의 두 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception at JoVE.com

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

이 프로토콜의 목표는 건강 한 인 간에의 위 사지에서 proprioception 일시적으로 방해 하는 실용적인 방법을 설명.

상 지 Proprioception의 임시 최저에 대 한 간단한 비-침략 적 방법

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

a-simple-non-invasive-method-for-temporary-knockdown-upper-limb

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.4K 조회수.  The College of St. Scholastica. 이 프로토콜의 목표는 건강 한 인 간에의 위 사지에서 proprioception 일시적으로 방해 하는 실용적인 방법을 설명.

비디오: A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

동시에 두피 뇌파 (EEG), 근전도 (EMG), 멀티 모달 신경 디코딩을위한 전체 몸 분절 관성 기록

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

연구

행동분석학

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

허혈성 뇌졸중의 마우스 모델에서 감각 운동 피질 손상 후 보상 사지 사용과 운동 기능의 학습 행동 평가

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

간단하고 컴퓨터 지원 마우스에 대한 후각 테스트를

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

인간의 운동 기능의 변조를위한 비 침습 뇌 전기 자극 몽타주

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

대상 - 응답 작업하는 동안 이벤트 관련 전위를 일방적 뇌성 마비 아동의 상지 사용의인지 과정을 연구하기 위해

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

인간의 결합 침략 피질과인지의 평가를위한 비 침습적 표면 신경 생리학 녹음과 정서적 기능

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

디딜 방아 피로 시험 : 마우스에 대한 피로와 같은 행동 간단한, 높은 처리량 분석

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

앉아 - 투 - 독립 및-거리에 120 % 무릎 높이에서 : 소설 접근을 동적 자세 제어 독립적 인 리드 사지의 평가에

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

환경에서 신호의 결합 효과에 미치는 영향을 시험하는 방법<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.