Name: practical use of rna interference: oral delivery of double-stranded rna in liposome carriers for cockroaches
Uploaded: 2018-05-01T14:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 26 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches at JoVE.com

Bu çalışmada (Bakanlığı bilim ve teknoloji, en 100-2923-B-002-002-MY3 ve H.J.L. 106-2313-B-002-011-MY3), Tayvan gelen hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir Çek Cumhuriyeti (Grant ajansı South Bohemia Üniversitesi, GAJU vermek 065/2017/P Y.H.L için) ve İspanya ( X.B. ve Katalan hükümet İspanyolca Ekonomi Bakanlığı ve rekabet gücünü, CGL2012-36251 ve CGL2015-64727-P verir 2014 SGR 619 X.B. için vermek); Bu aynı zamanda ekonomik ve bölgesel kalkınma (FEDER fon X.B. için) için Avrupa fonundan mali destek aldı.

1. sentez ve dsRNA hazırlanması
<ol><li>DsRNA hedef siteleri 3' Çevrilmeyen bölgesi hedef genlerin tanımlamak. DsTub α-tübülin (küvet) gen hedefleme için kullanılır (GenBank üyelik numarası: KX228233), ve dsEGFP negatif dsRNA Denetim dizisi tasarlandığı gibi gelişmiş yeşil Floresans protein (EGFP; GenBank üyelik numarası: LC311024).</li>
	<li>DsRNA Şablonlar T7 organizatörü sıra içeren gen özgü astar ile sentezlemek için standart PCR güçlendirme gerçekleştirmek (5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3'). PCR güçlendirme koşulları ve kullanılan astar bilgi bildirilen bu Lin ve arktarafından alıyor. (2017) 12 ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek).</li>
	<li>T7 transkripsiyon kullanarak dsRNA hazırlık ile devam edin (bkz. Tablo reçetesi) Kit, üreticinin yönergeleri izleyin. Not: Yüksek miktar dsRNA verim için iki reaksiyonlar (içinde toplam 40 µL) bir tüp içinde karıştırın ve 37 ° C'de gecede kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Dnaz 2 µL ekleyin ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) dsRNA örnekleri Özet DNA şablonları için 37 ° C'de 15 dakika içine.</li>
	<li>200 µL ayıklama reaktif ekleyin ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) ve 40 µL kloroform, o zaman girdap.</li>
	<li>13.000 x g 4 ° c de 10 dakika santrifüj kapasitesi sonra süpernatant (150 µL) yeni microcentrifuge tüp içinde toplamak.</li>
	<li>DsRNA 150 µL isopropanol ekleyip 15 dakika buzda kuluçka çökelti.</li>
	<li>13.000 x g 4 ° c de 15 dakika santrifüj kapasitesi, sonra süpernatant kaldırın.</li>
	<li>DsRNA granül yıkamak için % 70 etanol 200 µL ekleyin. Santrifüj 13.000 x g 4 ° C'de 10 dakika için</li>
	<li>Etanol kaldırmak ve etanol yıkama adımları yineleyin.</li>
	<li>Etanol ve kuru dsRNA pelet tarafından 3 dk santrifüj vakum yoğunlaştırıcıları kaldırın ve sonra dsRNA RNase free su ile resuspend.</li>
	<li>Bir mikro-cilt UV-VIS Spektrofotometre kullanarak saf dsRNA sayısını belirle ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) için üreticinin yönergelerini according ve istenen konsantrasyonu (örneğin, 0,25 µg/µL hazırlanması için ayarlamak dsRNA lipoplexes).</li>
	<li>DsRNA örnekleri-20 ° C'de 3 aya kadar saklayın.</li>
</ol>2. dsRNA Lipoplexes hazırlanması
<ol><li>Transfection reaktif 4 µL seyreltik ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) %5 glikoz çözüm 4 µL ekleyerek. DsRNA (1 µg) 4 µL %5 glikoz çözüm 4 µL ekleyerek sulandırmak.</li>
	<li>Seyreltilmiş lipozom reaktif çözüm hemen hepsini birden seyreltilmiş dsRNA çözüm içine ekleyin. Kısaca bunları karıştırın, daha sonra 25 ° C'de 15 dakika kuluçkaya girdap Not: Ters sırada çözümleri birlikte kullanmayın.</li>
	<li>DsRNA lipoplexes kullanıma hazır. Hazırlık 1 saat içinde kullanın ve 1 saat sonra atın. Not: Üreticinin yönergelerine göre lipoplexes en kısa zamanda kullanılmalıdır.</li>
</ol>3. Hemolymph ve Midgut suyu ekstrasellüler enzimler topluluğu
<ol><li>
Böcek tuzlu arabellek (10 x hisse senedi)
	<ol>
<li>900 mL 109.3 g NaCl, 15.7 g KCl, 6.3 g CaCl2ve 8.3 g MgCl2·6H2O. ile Çift Kişilik distile su karışımı</li>
		<li>PH 6.8 için ayarlamak ve 1000 mL doldurun.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Hemolymph koleksiyonu
	<ol>
<li>3 dakikadır hareket değil kadar buz hamamböceği anestezi.</li>
		<li>Hamam böceği (başparmak ve işaret parmağı) iki parmağınızla basılı tutun ve hamamböceği ventral tarafında sesini aç.</li>
		<li>Arka bacak coxa ihbar kesmeye diseksiyon makas kullanın. Not: Coxa ve trochanter arasında bağlı kavşak kesti. Coxa diğer kısmı eksizyon hemolymph toplamak için daha az verimli.</li>
		<li>Karın orta parmağınızla hafifçe sıkmak ve kesi 10 µL micropipette ile gelen kanama hemolymph toplamak.</li>
		<li>Üzerinden birkaç Hamam böcekleri (5 kişi) bir microcentrifuge tüp hemolymph havuz. Not: Microcentrifuge tüpler melanization önlemek için buz üzerinde tutun. Ortalama erkek Hamam böceği elde edilen hemolymph 2-3 µL birimdir.</li>
		<li>Spin hemolymph kısa bir süre için 10 benchtop santrifüj ile s.</li>
		<li>Hemolymph (Yani, 10 µL) istenen hacmi aktarmak ve 1 x böcek tuzlu arabellek 50 µL ile karıştırın.</li>
		<li>Santrifüj 1000 x g hemocytes spin 4 ° c de 10 dakika. Süpernatant temiz microcentrifuge tüp aktarın.</li>
		<li>Bir mikro-cilt UV-VIS Spektrofotometre A28015ölçerek kullanarak toplam protein konsantrasyonu ölçmek.</li>
		<li>Her örnek aynı protein konsantrasyonu (6 mg/µL toplam protein) için ayarlayın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Midgut suyu toplama
	<ol>
<li>Buzda hamamböceği anestezi. Hamamböceği ventral yan diseksiyon plaka üzerinde böcek iğne kullanarak soğuk 1 x böcek serum fizyolojik ile tampon düzeltmek.</li>
		<li>Karın iyi cımbızla incelemek. (Ön, orta ve arka bağırsak dahil) tüm gut böcek tuzlu arabellek x 1 ile taze bir yemek için kaldırın.</li>
		<li>Ve hızlı bir şekilde transfer midgut 100 µL böcek tuzlu arabellek içeren bir microcentrifuge tüp ön ve arka bağırsak çıkarın.</li>
		<li>Aynı tüp ve 10 için girdap altı hamamböceği üzerinden midguts havuz s.</li>
		<li>Santrifüj 1000 x g aşağı belgili tanımlık hemocytes ve bağırsak dokularında dönmeye 4 ° c de 10 dakika. Süpernatant temiz microcentrifuge tüp aktarın.</li>
		<li>Bir mikro-cilt UV-VIS Spektrofotometre A28015ölçerek kullanarak toplam protein konsantrasyonu ölçmek.</li>
		<li>Her örnek aynı protein konsantrasyonu (6 mg/µL toplam protein) için ayarlayın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. dsRNA bozulması tahlil
<ol><li>Taze çıplak dsRNA veya dsRNA lipoplexes (1 µg) 4 µL hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>DsRNA çıkarılan çözümlerle böcek tuzlu arabelleği (kontrol), 10 µL enzimler hemolymph veya midgut suyunu karıştırın.</li>
	<li>EGTA (20 mM) ya da RNase free su örnekleri enzim aktiviteleri inhibisyonu için denetimler olarak ayırmak için 2 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>1 saat veya daha uzun (6, 12 veya 24 saat) 25 ° C'de için kuluçkaya</li>
	<li>200 µL ayıklama reaktif ve 40 µL kloroform, sonra girdap ekleyin.</li>
	<li>13.000 x g 4 ° c de 10 dakika santrifüj kapasitesi sonra süpernatant (150 µL) yeni microcentrifuge tüp içinde toplamak.</li>
	<li>DsRNA 150 µL isopropanol ekleyip 15 dakika buzda kuluçka çökelti.</li>
	<li>13.000 x g 4 ° c de 15 dakika santrifüj kapasitesi, sonra süpernatant kaldırın.</li>
	<li>DsRNA granül yıkamak için % 70 etanol 200 µL ekleyin. Santrifüj 13.000 x g 4 ° C'de 10 dakika için</li>
	<li>Etanol kaldırmak ve etanol yıkama adımları yineleyin.</li>
	<li>Etanol ve kuru dsRNA pelet tarafından 3 dk. Resuspend dsRNA RNase free 10 µL suyla için santrifüj vakum yoğunlaştırıcı kaldırmak.</li>
	<li>% 1.5 özel jel üzerinde Jel Elektroforez ile tedavi dsRNA bütünlüğünü denetleyin.</li>
</ol>5. sözlü dsRNA İdaresi
<ol><li>Kuru gıda (köpek yemi) bir ad libitum diyet Hamam böcekleri korumak. Bir gün önce dsRNA yenmesi deneyler hamamböceği su kaynağından mahrum.</li>
	<li>Hamam böceği tarafından kapma kanat esnek forseps (şekil 1, Adım 5) ile tutun. Not: Hamam böceğinden vücut parçaları kapmak değil.</li>
	<li>Çıplak dsRNA yanı sıra dsRNA lipoplexes beslenmesi için 2 bölümünde açıklandığı gibi hazırlayın. Not: DsRNA lipoplexes taze besleme önce hazırlanmalıdır.</li>
	<li>DsRNA lipoplexes ya da çıplak dsRNA 4 µL besleme (250 ng) ile bir micropipette.</li>
	<li>Yavaş yavaş dsRNA çözüm damlacık Hamam böcekleri ağız için kapatın ve hamamböceği izin damlalıklı tamamen damlacığı yutmayın.</li>
	<li>Sindirim denemeleri 8 gün veya 16 gün sürekli olarak günde iki kez (1 h sonra ışıkları ve ışıkları önce 1 h) gerçekleştirir. Not: Tüm hamamböcekleri manuel dsRNA çözüm veya denetim reaktifleri ile (örneğin, nükleaz boş su, glikoz çözüm ve lipozom reaktif) sindirim deneyler sırasında beslenme yoluyla su satın aldı.</li>
	<li>Su şişeleri Hamamböceklerine sindirim dsRNA deneyler 16 gün sonra sağlar.</li>
</ol>6. nakavt değerlendirmek
<ol><li>Seçilen zaman puan (2, 9 ve 17 gün sonra dsRNA yenmesi tahlil), dsEGFP ve dsTub tedavi böcekler toplamak ve seçilen doku (örneğin, midgut) incelemek.</li>
	<li>Nicel gerçek zamanlı PCR (qRT-PCR) gerçekleştirin. Lin ve arktarafından belirlendiği şekilde astar bilgi ve qRT-PCR güçlendirme koşulları. (2017) 12.</li>
	<li>Denetim ve mortalite denetlemek ve artık hareket ediyor hamamböceği kaldırmak için dsRNA tedavi böcekler her gün değerlendirmek.</li>
</ol>

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Bu iletişim kuralı için dsRNA lipoplexes, sözlü teslim yoluyla etkili RNAi Alman Hamam böceği midgut suyu ribonükleaz sindirim karşı koruma içeren bir yöntem sunuyor. Böcek türleri diğer çalışmalarda gösterildiği gibi zavallı RNAi etkisi dsRNA sözlü teslim yoluyla çoğunlukla için dsRNA8,9,10bozulması tarafından muhasebeleştirilir. Bu iletişim kuralı oral teslimat dsRNA gut düşmesine karşı koruy...

RNAi döngüsünün birçok Ökaryotlar1dsRNA moleküller tarafından tetiklenen bir çoğu silencing bir mekanizma aracılığıyla devirme gen ekspresyonu için etkili bir yöntem olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Çalışmanın son on yıldır, RNAi enjeksiyon yoluyla belirli genlerin ifade tüketen ve/veya çeşitli takson böcekler2,3dsRNA, besleme için davranış geliştirme genlerin fonksiyonları eğitim için yararlı bir araç haline gelmiştir. Özgüllük ve sağlamlık tüketen etkisi nedeniyle, uygulama, RNAi şu anda haşere kontrol yönetimi4,5için potansiyel bir strateji olarak kabul ediliyor. Ancak, RNAi verimliliğini yaygın hedef farklı genler ve teslim yöntemleri bağlı olarak böcek türler arasında değişir. Kanıt büyüyen bir vücut dsRNA, ribonükleaz tarafından bozulmuş, istikrarsızlık RNAi5,6sınırlı etkinliği kritik bir faktör olduğunu göstermektedir. Örneğin, Manduca sexta düşük RNAi duyarlılık hemolymph ile karışık dsRNA 1 saat7içinde hızlı bir şekilde bozulmuş gerçeği açıkladı. Benzer şekilde, verimli bir şekilde alınan dsRNA düşürebilir, alkalin enzimler içinde midgut varlığı kuvvetle farklı böcek sipariş8,9,10düşük RNAi verimlilik ile ilişkilidir.
DsRNA oral teslimat RNAi uygulamada bir haşere kontrol stratejisi için özellikle ilginç, ancak midgut enzimler tarafından dsRNA bozulma geri zekalı bir yöntem henüz, hangi etkili sağlamak için potansiyel var geliştirilmiştir değil RNAi besleme yoluyla. Ancak, RNAi yanıt alamama durumu dsRNA oral teslimat için dsRNA, örneğin 50 µg Bombiks moriiçinde büyük miktarda besleme veya 8 gün (Toplam 8 µg dsRNA) keçiboynuzu türler için sürekli besleme tarafından bildirilmiştir. Alman Hamam böceği, Blattella germinica, RNAi için son derece hassas dsRNA11,12,13,14enjeksiyonu ile ama besleme yoluyla dsRNA yanıt vermiyor. Son zamanlarda, Lin vd. (2017) dsRNA nakavt için başarılı RNAi lipozom taşıyıcıları sonuçlarında ile α-tübülin gen ekspresyonu midgut ve tetikleyici önemli mortalite Alman Hamam böceği15kapsüllenmiş olduğunu göstermiştir. DsRNA midgut içinde bozulma sözlü RNAi için sınırlayıcı bir faktör olduğu gibi lipozom taşıyıcıları bozulması, kolayca diğer böcekler gut güçlü nükleaz faaliyetleri ile ilgili olan dsRNA korumak için bir araç olarak hizmet vermektedir. Dikkat, belirli transfection reaktif seçtiğiniz için nedeni, lipozom gemisi geçerli protokol bu böcek hücre satırı transfection için daha az toksisite ile test edilmiş olduğu gibi biz kullanılan ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) göre prosedürü yerine getirin. Gharavi ve ark. farklı lipozom transfection sistemlerinde karşılaştırma göre (2013) 16, transfecting küçük müdahale RNA (siRNA) verimliliğini yaklaşık bu ve diğer böcekler17,18 dsRNA dağıtım sistemleri için kullanılan piyasada bulunan diğer sistemleri arasında aynıdır . Ayrıca, bizim besleme yöntemi dsRNA uygun miktarda her hamamböceği tarafından yutulur ve sonuçları sağlam ve onaylanan emin olmak dikkatli olduğunu. Özet olarak, dsRNA lipoplexes kullanarak dsRNA istikrar geliştirir ve gelecekte haşere kontrolü için umut verici bir yaklaşım olduğu tasarım RNAi, strateji oral teslimat için kapıyı açar mevcut iletişim kuralı ve sonuçları göstermektedir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>GenJe Plus DNA in vitro Transfection reagent</td><td>SignaGen</td><td>SL100499</td><td>for lipoplexes preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Blend Taq plus</td><td>TOYOBO&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BTQ-201</td><td>for PCR</td></tr><tr><td>Fast SYBR Green Master Mix</td><td>ABI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>4385612</td><td>for qPCR</td></tr><tr><td>FirstChoice RLM-RACE Kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM1700</td><td>for 3&#039; UTR identification&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>MEGAscript T7 Transcription Kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AMB13345</td><td>for dsRNA synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>TURBO DNase</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM2239</td><td>remove DNA template from dsRNA</td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15596018</td><td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td></tr><tr><td>RQ1 RNase-Free Dnase</td><td>Promega</td><td>M6101</td><td>remove DNA template from total RNA&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>chloroform&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C2432</td><td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td></tr><tr><td>2-Propanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I9516</td><td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>24102</td><td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td></tr><tr><td>Diethyl pyrocarbonate, DEPC</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5758</td><td>for RNase free water preparation</td></tr><tr><td>glucose solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G3285</td><td>for lipoplexes preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride, NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S7653</td><td>insect saline buffer formula</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride, KCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9333</td><td>insect saline buffer formula</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride, CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1016</td><td>insect saline buffer formula</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M2670</td><td>insect saline buffer formula</td></tr><tr><td>EGTA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E3889</td><td>enzyme inhibitor&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>dissecting scissor</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td></td><td>cockroach dissection</td></tr><tr><td>fine tweezers</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td></td><td>cockroach dissection</td></tr><tr><td>flexible tweezer</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td></td><td>cockroach holding&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>pipetman</td><td>RAININ</td><td>P10</td><td>sample preparation</td></tr><tr><td>microcentrifuge tube</td><td>Axygen</td><td>MCT175C, PCR02C</td><td>sample preparation</td></tr><tr><td>pipette tip&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Axygen</td><td></td><td>sample preparation</td></tr><tr><td>vortexter</td><td>Digisystem</td><td>vm1000</td><td>sample preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Minispin centrifuge</td><td>The Gruffin Group</td><td>GMC 206</td><td>for liquid spin down&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>ALC</td><td>PK121R</td><td>sample preparation</td></tr><tr><td>pH meter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>JENCO</td><td>6071</td><td>for pH adjust</td></tr><tr><td>micro-volume spectrophotometer</td><td>Quawell</td><td>Q3000</td><td>nucleic acid quantitative</td></tr><tr><td>PCR Thermal cycler</td><td>ABI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2720</td><td>for template PCR or&amp;nbsp; dsRNA synthesis incubation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>quantitative real-time PCR</td><td>ABI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>StepOne plus</td><td>gene expression quantitative</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifugal Vacuum Concentrators</td><td>eppendorf</td><td>5301</td><td>for dsRNA or total RNA extraction</td></tr><tr><td>Multipette&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eppendorf</td><td>xstream</td><td>for real-time PCR sample loading&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose I</td><td>amresco</td><td>0710</td><td>for nucleic acid electrophoresis</td></tr><tr><td>tub gene specfifc forward preimer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>GGG ACA AGC CGG AGT GCA GA</td></tr><tr><td>tub gene specfifc reverse preimer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>TCC TGC TCC TGT CTC GCT GA</td></tr><tr><td>dsTub template forward primer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGA CAA GCC GGA GTG CAG&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>dsTub template reverse primer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGT CCT GCT CCT GTC TCG CTG&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>dsEGFP template forward preimer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGT ATG GTG AGC AAG GGC GAG GAG</td></tr><tr><td>dsEGFP template reverse preimer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGT GGC GGA TCT TGA AGT TCA CC</td></tr><tr><td>tub qPCR forward primer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>GGA CCG CAT CAG GAA ACT GGC</td></tr><tr><td>tub qPCR reverse preimer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>CCA CAG ACA GCC TCT CCA TGA GC</td></tr><tr><td>ef1 qPCR forward primer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>CGC TTG AGG AAA TCA AGA AGG A</td></tr><tr><td>ef1 qPCRreverse preimer</td><td>tri-I biotech</td><td></td><td>CCT GCA GAG GAA GAC GAA G</td></tr></tbody></table>

practical use of rna interference: oral delivery of double-stranded rna in liposome carriers for cockroaches

RNA müdahale (RNAi) biyolojik fonksiyonları çok sayıda gen açığa çıkarmak için yaygın olarak uygulanan ve bir haşere kontrol aracı temel gen ekspresyonu bozulma tarafından işletim olarak öngörülen. Besleme ve iliklerine kadar enjeksiyon gibi farklı yöntemler çift iplikçikli RNA (dsRNA) başarılı teslimi için bildirilmiş olan, RNAi verimliliği oral dsRNA teslimini aracılığıyla farklı böcek grupları arasında son derece değişken olsa da. Alman Hamam böceği, Blattella germanica, birçok çalışma daha önce Yayınlanan tarafından gösterildiği gibi dsRNA, enjeksiyon için son derece hassas olur. Bu da çalışmanın lipozom gemileri ile kapsüllü dsRNA dsRNA bozulma midgut suyu tarafından geri zekalı için yeterli olduğunu ispat yöntemi açıklanır. Özellikle önemli ölçüde lipozomlar tarafından kapsüllü dsRNA sürekli besleme midgut tübülin ifadede azaltır ve hamamböceği ölümüne yol açtı. Sonuç olarak, formülasyonu ve dsRNA enzimler karşı korumak, dsRNA lipoplexes kullanımı pratik kullanımı RNAi Böcek ilaçlama için gelecekte olabilir.

İletişim kuralı dsRNA oral teslimat için basitleştirilmiş bir düzeni nereye dsRNA lipoplexes hazırlanması için önemli adımlar gösterilir şekil 1' de sunulmuştur.
B. germanica, dsTub lipoplexes midgut suyu ile inkübe nerede yapılmıştır bir ex vivo tahlil ve dsRNA bütünlüğünü midgut suyu dsRNA bozulması üzerine lipozom taşıyıcıları tarafından verilen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches at JoVE.com

Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches

RNA müdahale pratik kullanımı: lipozom taşıyıcıları hamamböceği için çift iplikçikli RNA'ın sözlü teslim

Bu el yazması Almanca hamamböceği lipozomlar içinde kapsüllü çift iplikçikli RNA'ın sözlü sindirim yoluyla gen ifadesinin içinde midgut tükenmesi gösterir.

RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely applied for uncovering the biological functions of numerous genes, and has been envisaged as a pest control tool ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.3K Görüntüleme.  National Taiwan University. Bu el yazması Almanca hamamböceği lipozomlar içinde kapsüllü çift iplikçikli RNA'ın sözlü sindirim yoluyla gen ifadesinin içinde midgut tükenmesi gösterir.

Video: Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches

Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects

Phloem and plant sap feeding insects invade the integrity of crops and fruits to retrieve nutrients, in the process damaging food crops. Hemipteran insects account for a number of economically substantial pests of plants that cause damage to crops by feeding on phloem sap. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) are hemipteran insect pests introduced in North America, where they are an invasive agricultural pest of high-value specialty, row, and staple crops and citrus fruits, as well as a nuisance pest when they aggregate indoors. Insecticide resistance in many species has led to the development of alternate methods of pest management strategies. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing mechanism for functional genomic studies that has potential applications as a tool for the management of insect pests. Exogenously synthesized dsRNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) can trigger highly efficient gene silencing through the degradation of endogenous RNA, which is homologous to that presented. Effective and environmental use of RNAi as molecular biopesticides for biocontrol of hemipteran insects requires the in vivo delivery of dsRNAs through feeding. Here we demonstrate methods for delivery of dsRNA to insects: loading of dsRNA into green beans by immersion, and absorbing of gene-specific dsRNA with oral delivery through ingestion. We have also outlined non-transgenic plant delivery approaches using foliar sprays, root drench, trunk injections as well as clay granules, all of which may be essential for sustained release of dsRNA. Efficient delivery by orally ingested dsRNA was confirmed as an effective dosage to induce a significant decrease in expression of targeted genes, such as juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase (JHAMT) and vitellogenin (Vg). These innovative methods represent strategies for delivery of dsRNA to use in crop protection and overcome environmental challenges for pest management.

This article demonstrates novel techniques developed for oral delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) through the vascular tissues of plants for RNA interference (RNAi) in phloem sap feeding insects.

Phloem ve Hemipteran böcekler bitki su besleme RNA müdahale ikna etmek için çift iplikçikli RNA Oral teslim yöntemleri

Phloem and plant sap feeding insects invade the integrity of crops and fruits to retrieve nutrients, in the process damaging food crops. Hemipteran ...

Çevre

Reproducible dsRNA Microinjection and Oviposition Bioassay in Mosquitoes and House Flies

Synthetic dsRNAs, used to induce RNA interference, may have dose dependent phenotypic effects. These effects are difficult to define if the dsRNAs are delivered using a non-quantitative method. Accurate delivery of known quantities of nucleic acids or other chemicals is critical to measure the efficacy of the compound being tested and to allow reliable comparison between compounds.
Here we provide a reproducible, quantitative microinjection protocol that ensures accurate delivery of specific doses of dsRNA, reducing the mortality typically induced by injection injury. These modifications include the addition of Rhodamine B, a graduated injection needle, and an improved recovery method borrowed from Isoe and Collins. This method allows calculation of dose responses and facilitates comparisons between compounds. Versions of this method have been successfully used on three genera of mosquitoes as well as house flies to assess the reduction in fecundity resulting from gene silencing of ribosomal RNA transcripts.
This protocol provides strategies to reduce several challenges of small insect microinjection. Together, mechanical delivery of dsRNAs accompanied by visual verification, identification of effective locations for delivery, and inclusion of a post-injection recovery period ensure accurate dosing and low injury mortality. This protocol also describes an oviposition bioassay for uniform determination of effects on fecundity.

This protocol describes a microinjection methodology that we have standardized and used for several years to deliver specific quantities of nucleic acids directly to the hemolymph of mosquitoes and house flies. This protocol results in minimal injection mortality and allows dose correlated measurements of fecundity.

Tekrarlanabilir dsRNA mikroenjeksiyon ve Oviposition Bioassay sivrisinekler ve evi sinekler

Synthetic dsRNAs, used to induce RNA interference, may have dose dependent phenotypic effects. These effects are difficult to define if the dsRNAs are ...

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

RNA interference (RNAi) remains a powerful technique that allows for the targeted reduction of gene expression through mRNA degradation. This technique is applicable to a wide variety of organisms and is highly efficient in the species-rich order Coleoptera (beetles). Here, we summarize the necessary steps for developing this technique in a novel organism and illustrate its application to the different developmental stages of the aquatic diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus. Target gene sequences can be obtained cost-effectively through the assembly of transcriptomes against a close relative with known genomics or de novo. Candidate gene cloning utilizes a specific cloning vector (the pCR4-TOPO plasmid), which allows the synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for any gene with the use of a single common primer. The synthesized dsRNA can be injected into either embryos for early developmental processes or larvae for later developmental processes. We then illustrate how RNAi can be injected into aquatic larvae using immobilization in agarose. To demonstrate the technique, we provide several examples of RNAi experiments, generating specific knockdowns with predicted phenotypes. Specifically, RNAi for the tanning gene laccase2 leads to cuticle lightening in both larvae and adults, and RNAi for the eye pigmentation gene white produces a lightening/lack of pigmentation in eye tubes. In addition, the knockdown of a key lens protein leads to larvae with optical deficiencies and a reduced ability to hunt prey. Combined, these results exemplify the power of RNAi as a tool for investigating both morphological patterning and behavioral traits in organisms with only transcriptomic databases.

RNA interference is a widely applicable, powerful technique for manipulating gene expression at specific developmental stages. Here, we describe the necessary steps for implementing this technique in the aquatic diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus, from the acquisition of gene sequences to the knockdown of genes that affect structure or behavior.

Belirli Gelişimsel Zaman Noktalarında Gen İfadesi Manipüle Etmek Için Güçlü Bir Araç Olarak Su Böcekleri RNA Girişim

RNA interference (RNAi) remains a powerful technique that allows for the targeted reduction of gene expression through mRNA degradation. This technique is ...

Applications of RNA Interference in American Cockroach

Cockroaches, a sanitary pest, are essential species in insect developmental and metamorphic studies due to their easy feeding and hemimetabolous characteristics. Altogether with well-annotated genome sequences, these advantages have made American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, an important hemimetabolous insect model. Limited by the shortage of knockout strategy, effective RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene knockdown becomes an indispensable technique in functional gene research of P. americana. The present protocol describes the RNAi operation techniques in P. americana. The protocol includes (1) selection of the P. americana at proper developmental stages, (2) preparation for the injection setting, (3) dsRNA injection, and (4) gene knockdown efficiency detection. RNAi is a powerful reverse genetic tool in P. americana. The majority of P. americana tissues are sensitive to extracellular dsRNA. Its simplicity allows researchers to quickly obtain dysfunctional phenotypes under one or multiple targeting dsRNA injections, enabling researchers to better use the P. americana for developmental and metamorphic studies.

The present protocol describes step-by-step guidelines for the RNAi operation techniques in P. americana.

Amerikan Hamamböceğinde RNA Girişiminin Uygulamaları

Cockroaches, a sanitary pest, are essential species in insect developmental and metamorphic studies due to their easy feeding and hemimetabolous ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements and tools for genetic manipulation have become available in Drosophila 2. Soon after the initial discovery by Frie and Mello 3 that double stranded RNA can be used to knockdown the activity of individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to provide a powerful reverse genetic approach to analyze gene functions in Drosophila organ development 4, 5.
Many organs, including lung, kidney, liver, and vascular system, are composed of branched tubular networks that transport vital fluids or gases 6, 7. The analysis of Drosophila tracheal formation provides an excellent model system to study the morphogenesis of other tubular organs 8. The Berkeley Drosophila genome project has revealed hundreds of genes that are expressed in the tracheal system. To study the molecular and cellular mechanism of tube formation, the challenge is to understand the roles of these genes in tracheal development. Here, we described a detailed method of dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryo to knockdown individual gene expression. We successfully knocked down endogenous dysfusion(dys) gene expression by dsRNA injection. Dys is a bHLH-PAS protein expressed in tracheal fusion cells, and it is required for tracheal branch fusion 9, 10. dys-RNAi completely eliminated dys expression and resulted in tracheal fusion defect. This relatively simple method provides a tool to identify genes requried for tissure and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

RNA interference has been proven very effective to analyze gene function in Drosophila tracheal development. A detailed protocol used by Jiang lab to inject dsRNA into fly embryos to knockdown gene expression is illustrated. This technique has the potential for screening genes required for tissue and organ development in Drosophila.

DsRNA Enjeksiyon RNAi Girişim içine Drosophila Embriyolar

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements ...

Biyoloji

Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects facilitated research in new facets of mosquito biology, including functional genetic studies in the primary African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae and the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti. RNA interference- (RNAi-) mediated gene silencing has been used to target genes of interest in both of these disease vector mosquito species. Here, we describe a procedure for preparation of chitosan/interfering RNA nanoparticles that are combined with food and ingested by larvae. This technically straightforward, high-throughput, and relatively inexpensive methodology, which is compatible with long double stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, has been used for the successful knockdown of a number of different genes in A. gambiae and A. aegypti larvae. Following larval feedings, knockdown, which is verified through qRT-PCR or in situ hybridization, can persist at least through the late pupal stage. This methodology may be applicable to a wide variety of mosquito and other insect species, including agricultural pests, as well as other non-model organisms. In addition to its utility in the research laboratory, in the future, chitosan, an inexpensive, non-toxic and biodegradable polymer, could potentially be utilized in the field.

Here we describe a procedure for inhibiting gene function in disease vector mosquitoes through the use of chitosan/interfering RNA nanoparticles that are ingested by larvae.

Hastalık Vektör Sivrisinek Larva içinde Kitosan / Müdahale RNA Nanopartikül Aracılı gen susturma

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects ...

Effective Oral RNA Interference (RNAi) Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

RNA interference has been a heavily utilized tool for reverse genetic analysis for two decades. In adult mosquitoes, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) administration has been accomplished primarily via injection, which requires significant time and is not suitable for field applications. To overcome these limitations, here we present a more efficient method for robust activation of RNAi by oral delivery of dsRNA to adult Anopheles gambiae. Long dsRNAs were produced in Escherichia coli strain HT115 (DE3), and a concentrated suspension of heat-killed dsRNA-containing bacteria in 10% sucrose was offered on cotton balls ad-libitum to adult mosquitoes. Cotton balls were replaced every 2 days for the duration of the treatment. Use of this method to target doublesex (a gene involved in sex differentiation) or fork head (which encodes a salivary gland transcription factor) resulted in reduced target gene expression and/or protein immunofluorescence signal, as measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) or fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. Defects in salivary gland morphology were also observed. This highly flexible, user-friendly, low-cost, time-efficient method of dsRNA delivery could be broadly applicable to target genes important for insect vector physiology and beyond.

Effective Oral RNA Interference RNAi Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

The oral administration of dsRNA produced by bacteria, a delivery method for RNA interference (RNAi) that is routinely used in Caenorhabditis elegans, was successfully applied here to adult mosquitoes. Our method allows for robust reverse genetics studies and transmission-blocking vector studies without the use of injection.

Yetişkin Anofeller gambiae Sivrisineklerine Etkili Oral RNA İnferferi (RNAi) Uygulaması

RNA interference has been a heavily utilized tool for reverse genetic analysis for two decades. In adult mosquitoes, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ...

Application of RNA Interference in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive invasive species worldwide, causing the wilting and eventual death of pine trees. Despite the recognition of their economic and environmental significance, it has thus far been impossible to study the detailed gene functions of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) using conventional forward genetics and transgenic methods. However, as a reverse genetics technology, RNA interference (RNAi) facilitates the study of the functional genes of nematodes, including B. xylophilus. 
This paper outlines a new protocol for RNAi of the ppm-1 gene in B. xylophilus, which has been reported to play crucial roles in the development and reproduction of other pathogenic nematodes. For RNAi, the T7 promoter was linked to the 5&#8242;-terminal of the target fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized by in vitro transcription. Subsequently, dsRNA delivery was accomplished by soaking the nematodes in a dsRNA solution mixed with synthetic neurostimulants. Synchronized juveniles of B. xylophilus (approximately 20,000 individuals) were washed and soaked in dsRNA (0.8 &#181;g/mL) in the soaking buffer for 24 h in the dark at 25 &#176;C.
The same quantity of nematodes was placed in a soaking buffer without dsRNA as a control. Meanwhile, another identical quantity of nematodes was placed in a soaking buffer with green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene dsRNA as a control. After soaking, the expression level of the target transcripts was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The effects of RNAi were then confirmed using microscopic observation of the phenotypes and a comparison of the body size of the adults among the groups. The current protocol can help advance research to better understand the functions of the genes of B. xylophilus and other parasitic nematodes toward developing control strategies through genetic engineering.

Application of RNA Interference in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Here, we introduce a detailed soaking method of RNA interference in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to facilitate the study of gene functions.

RNA Girişiminin Çam Ağacı Nematodunda Uygulanması, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive invasive species worldwide, causing the wilting and eventual death of ...

Gen Fonksiyon Analizi için Trichogramma dendrolimi'de RNAi Tekniklerinin Geliştirilmesi

RNA Interference in the Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura

The egg parasitoids, Trichogramma spp, are recognized as efficient biological control agents against various lepidopteran pests in agriculture and forests. The immature stages of Trichogramma offspring develop within the host egg, exhibiting remarkable diminutiveness (approximately 0.5 mm in adult length). RNA-interference (RNAi) methodology has emerged as a crucial tool for elucidating gene functions in numerous organisms. However, manipulating RNAi in certain small parasitoid species, such as Trichogramma, has generally posed significant challenges. In this study, we present an efficient RNAi method in Trichogramma denrolimi. The outlined procedure encompasses the acquisition and isolation of individual T. dendrolimi specimens from host eggs, the design and synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the in vitro transplantation and cultivation of T. dendrolimi pupae, the micro-injection of dsRNA, and the subsequent assessment of target gene knockdown through RT-qPCR analysis. This study furnishes a comprehensive, visually detailed procedure for conducting RNAi experiments in T. dendrolimi, thereby enabling researchers to investigate the gene regulation in this species. Furthermore, this methodology is adaptable for RNAi studies or micro-injections in other Trichogramma species with minor adjustments, rendering it a valuable reference for conducting RNAi experiments in other endoparasitic species.

Yazar Spotlight: RNA Girişimi Yoluyla Wolbachia'nın Neden Olduğu Thelytokous Partenogenez ve Genetik Araç Seti Gelişiminin Araştırılması

The manipulation of RNA interference (RNAi) presents a formidable challenge in many parasitoid species with diminutive size, such as Trichogramma wasps. This study delineated an efficient RNAi method in Trichogramma denrolimi. The present methodology provides a robust model for investigating gene regulation in Trichogramma wasps.