Name: surgical labyrinthectomy of the rat to study the vestibular system
Uploaded: 2018-05-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 3 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System at JoVE.com

Bu araştırma Kore sağlık teknoloji R & D proje ile Kore Sağlık Sanayi Geliştirme Enstitüsü (Sağlık Bakanlığı ve sosyal yardım, Kore Cumhuriyeti tarafından finanse edilen KHIDI), bir hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir (sayı vermek: HI15C2651).

Bu çalışmada kurumsal hayvan bakım ve kullanım Komitesi, Seul Ulusal Üniversitesi hangi değerlendirme ve akreditasyon laboratuvar hayvan bakım Derneği tarafından akredite Hastanesi (14-0148-C1A1), uygun olarak gerçekleştirildi Uluslararası.
Not: 7-8 hafta eski (200/250 g) Sprague-Dawley (SD) erkek rats üzerinde deneyler yapıldı. Her hayvan 1 hafta deneme başlangıcı önce laboratuvar koşulları acclimatized. Hayvanlar bir sabit 12 ile sıcaklık ve nem kontrollü bir odada muhafaza-h:12-s açık: koyu döngüsü ücretsiz erişimi ile yiyecek ve su için.
1. Labyrinthectomy
<ol><li>Autoclaved cerrahi aletler steril bir yastık ile kapak. Çalışma alanının % 70 etanol ile dezenfekte. Steril örtü kullanmak ve steril koşullar ameliyat sırasında korumak.</li>
	<li>Bir elbise giymek, maske (kapak burun ve ağız için), kap (kafa kapsayacak şekilde) ve bir çift steril eldiven. Cerrahi aletler steril yüzeyler ile temas sadece gelmelidir.</li>
	<li>Tiletamine-zolazepam anestezi (40 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı) enjekte intramüsküler medial uyluk veya intraperitoneally ve xylazine (10 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı) intramüsküler veya intraperitoneally. Not: Genel anestezi isoflurane inhalasyon, dahil olmak üzere, diğer modları da kullanılabilir.</li>
	<li>Fare (42 ° C'de başlangıçta küme) bir ısınma yastık yerleştirin. Her iki gözde ise anestezi altında göz kuruluğu önlemek için farenin yağlayıcı göz merhem uygulamak.</li>
	<li>Fareyi onun sağ yanına koyun. Cerrahi alanda kürk Saç makasları ile tıraş. Site % 70 etanol ile dezenfekte.</li>
	<li>%1 lidokain hidroklorür subkutan sol retroauricular alanın içine enjekte.</li>
	<li>Bir neşter bıçak #15 kullanarak, bir ~5.0 cm retroauricular kesi yapmak. Kas ve fasya dış işitme kanal Iris makasla (Şekil 1A) ortaya çıkarmak için ayırın. Biraz dış işitme #15 bıçak veya Iris makas (Şekil 1B) kullanılarak kanal açın. Yaygın olarak kulak zarı (Şekil 2A) ortaya çıkarmak.</li>
	<li>(7.5 X veya 12,5 X) mikroskop altında kulak zarı ve forseps kullanarak üzengi dışında kemikçiklerdeki kaldırın. Kasları lambdoidal sırt üzerinde bıçak #15 veya Iris makas (Şekil 2B) ile bağlantısını kesin.</li>
	<li>Düşük hızda bir matkap kullanarak (< 3000 devir/dakika) bir elmas bur (2.1 veya 1,4 mm) ile yüz sinir (Şekil 3A) çıkış noktasının çevresinde tympanic bulla kemik matkap. Stapedial arter tanımlayın. Stapedial arter delme işlemi sırasında zarar vermemesi için dikkat ediniz.</li>
	<li>Antre stapedial arter ile üstün sondaj devam ve yuvarlak pencere ve kemikli lateral semisirküler kanal bulaşmasına neden. Onun ampulla yakınındaki lateral semisirküler kanal açın. Lateral semisirküler kanal düzlemde delme devam ve üst semisirküler kanal ampulla matkap.</li>
	<li>18-G veya 22-G iğne kullanarak giriş içeriğini Aspire edin. Enjekte ve 1 cm%3 100 etanol 3 Aspire x.</li>
	<li>Kaslar ve basit kesintiye uğramış dikiş ile iki kat deride kapatın.</li>
	<li>Sternal recumbency korumak için yeterli kendine geldi kadar bir hayvan başıboş bırakmayın. Bir ısıtma yastığı veya a ısı lamba kullanarak wakens kadar fareyi sıcak tut. Uyanış sonra her zamanki çevre koşullarına sahip bir oda bireysel bir kafeste fare taşımak.</li>
	<li>Antibiyotik yönetmek (Örneğin, Cefazoline 20 mg/kg, trimetoprim-sülfonamid 100 µL subkutan, veya penisilin 300.000 IU) 1; gün gerektiği gibi bir ağrı kesici (değil bir opioid; Örneğin, Metacam 2 mg/kg, Carprofen 5 mg/kg subkutan) da verilebilir.</li>
</ol>2. sahte cerrahi
<ol><li>Bir denetim olarak sahte ameliyat için (Bölüm 1), başı olarak aynı cerrahi ve ameliyat sonrası yordamları gerçekleştirin dış işitme kanal ve kulak zarı (adım 1,7), kulak zarı ve kemikçiklerdeki maruz dahil olmak üzere ve dekolmanı lambdoidal üzerinde kaslarının (adım 1.8), ridge ama semisirküler kanal açmayın veya etanol enjekte.</li>
</ol>3. onay vestibüler fonksiyon kaybı
Not: Vestibüler fonksiyon kaybı her iki davranış veya vestibüler fonksiyon testleri kullanılarak değerlendirilebilir. 13 , 17 , 18 postural asimetri ve nistagmus değerlendirme davranış testleri içerir.
<ol><li>Spontan veya uyarılmış varil-sol tarafına düşen veya lesioned yan18doğru eğilerek hareket etme haddeleme, içeren postural asimetri tanımlayın. Video 1bkz.</li>
	<li>Nistagmus gönüllü göz hareketi görsel bir denetim tarafından tanımlayın. Spontan nistagmus yok ne zaman dinlenme durumunda hava yavaşça hayvan18kafasına puf. Video 2bkz.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bu teknik ani, kalıcı ve tam vestibüler fonksiyon kaybı oluşturmak için kullanışlı bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmak vestibüler nörite, bir akustik tümör ve Meniere hastalığı gibi vestibüler patolojiler için kullanılabilir. Birçok çalışma bu teknik çalışmak vestibüler çekirdeği nöronal plastisite veya ilgili merkezi sürece5,17,18,19için kullandık.
<p class="jov...

Vestibüler organ denge ve göz kontrolü için önemlidir. Normal vestibüler fonksiyon iki iç kulak vestibüler organlarda simetrik afferent sinyaller bağlıdır. Vestibüler hypofunction veya kaybı, baş dönmesi, nistagmus ve postural dengesizlik neden olmaktadır. Akut hasar sonra vestibüler fonksiyon kendiliğinden vestibüler tazminat1,2olarak bilinen bir işlem birkaç gün içinde kurtarır. Statik açıkları vestibüler tazminat spontan dinlenme faaliyet Ipsilateral ve kontralateral vestibüler çekirdekler arasında dengesizlik ile ilgili kurtarma bir süreçtir. Dinamik açıkları vestibüler tazminat elde esas üzerinden duyu ve davranış oyuncu değişikliği (görüntü veya somatosensor girişlerini kullanarak)3. Bu işlemler için nöronal plastisite çalışmaları4,5caziptir.
Vestibüler sistem ve nöronal plastisite cerrahi ve kimyasal labyrinthectomy ve vestibüler neurectomy5,6 gibi vestibüler tazminat sırasında destek mekanizmaları incelemek için birkaç yöntem geliştirilmiştir ,7,8. Vestibüler neurectomy tamamıyla vestibüler kayıp ikna etmek için belirli bir şekilde, ama daha zor ve invaziv bir işlemdir ve beyin hasarı8,9neden olabilir. Bu yöntem büyük cerrahi beceri gerektirir ve labyrinthectomy daha fazla zaman alır. Kimyasal labyrinthectomy viomisin, arsanilate ve tetracaine, dahil olmak üzere daha kolay ve güvenilir sonuçlar10,11,12yol açabilir. Ancak, koklea da zarar görebilir ve vestibüler kaybı saat11üzerinde gelişebilir. Ayrıca, doğru değerlendirme için korunmalıdır, beyin kimyasalların etkileri pek açık değildir. Cerrahi labyrinthectomy ilk 184215 hayvan çalışmalarında tanıştı ve ilk 193616köstebeğiyle bildirildi. Bu teknik çok beri kullanılmıştır hayvan çalışmaları5,17,18,19. Cerrahi labyrinthectomy bir özel, güvenilir ve nispeten basit yöntemdir. 13 , 14 bunların yanında vestibüler hasar belirtileri hemen ameliyat sonrası görülür. Burada, bizim cerrahi tekniğin fare labyrinthectomy için açıklamak.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ASPIRATOR KB-012</td><td>KOH BONG &amp;amp; CO., LTD.</td><td>KB-012</td><td>Medical aspirator</td></tr><tr><td>Blade: #15</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#10015-00</td><td>Blades for #7 Scalpel Handles, #15</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Steel Burrs</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#19007-05</td><td>shaft diameter: 2.3 mm, length: 44 mm, package of 10 burrs</td></tr><tr><td>Carl Zeiss Surgical GmbH</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>#6627100863</td><td>Surgical microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #3c</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#11231-20</td><td>Standard tip 0.17 x 0.10 mm, 11 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5SF</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#11252-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #7B</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#11270-20</td><td>Serrated 0.17 x 0.10 mm, 11 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Extra Fine Bonn: straight</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#14084-08</td><td>Iris scissors, best suited for microdissection under high magnification</td></tr><tr><td>Fine Iris Scissors: straight</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#14094-11</td><td>Made from martensitic stainless steel, combined with molybdenum and vanadium</td></tr><tr><td>Finger Loop Ear Punch</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#24212-01</td><td>1 mm. Provides stability and control for researchers using the numbering system</td></tr><tr><td>Hartman</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#13002-10</td><td>Tip width: 1 cm, serrated, 10 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Short Scalpel Handle #7 Solid</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#10003-12</td><td>#7 short, 12 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Small Vessel Cauterizer</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#18000-03</td><td>Replacement tip, straight knife, keeps bleeding to a minimum and therefore provides a surgical field clear of clamps and hemostats</td></tr><tr><td>Strong 207S</td><td>SAESHIN</td><td>207S</td><td>Powerful torque at low speed, available with speed or on/off foot controller</td></tr><tr><td>Suction Tubes</td><td>JEUNGDO B&amp;amp;P CO., LTD.</td><td>H-1927-8</td><td>Frazier, 18 cm</td></tr><tr><td>VICRYL</td><td>ETHICON</td><td>W9570T</td><td>Synthetic absorbable sterile surgical suture</td></tr><tr><td>Weitlaner-Locktite</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>#17012-13</td><td>Maximum spread: 4.5 cm, 2 x 3 blunt teeth, 11 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Zoletil</td><td>Virbac, France</td><td></td><td>Tiletamine-zolazepam</td></tr><tr><td>Rompun</td><td>Bayer</td><td></td><td>Xylazine</td></tr><tr><td>Rimadyl</td><td>Pfizer</td><td></td><td>Carprofen</td></tr><tr><td>Septra</td><td>Pfizer</td><td></td><td>Trimethoprim-sulfonamide&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

surgical labyrinthectomy of the rat to study the vestibular system

Vestibüler sistem veya vestibüler tazminat işlem çalışmaya, birkaç yöntem cerrahi ya da kimyasal labyrinthectomy ve vestibüler neurectomy gibi vestibüler zarar için geliştirilmiştir. Cerrahi labyrinthectomy nispeten basit, güvenilir ve hızlı bir yöntemdir. Burada, fare labyrinthectomy için cerrahi tekniği tarif. Postauricular bir kesi dış işitme kanal ve sonra üzengi kulak zarı ve kemikçiklerdeki kaldırıldı kulak zarının ortaya çıkarmak için genel anestezi altında yapılır. Üzengi ve oval pencere arasında yer almaktadır, stapes arter savunmasız bir yapıdır ve açık cerrahi alan elde etmek için korunması gerekir. Fenestrate bir delik antre 2.1 mm matkap bur ile stapes için üstün yapılır. Daha sonra % 100 etanol bu delikten enjekte ve birkaç kez Aspire. Titiz diseksiyon mikroskop ve dikkatli kanama kontrol altında güvenilir sonuçlar elde etmek için önemlidir. Nistagmus, baş eğerek ve haddeleme hareket gibi vestibüler kaybı belirtileri hemen ameliyat sonrası görülür. Rotarod veya döndürme sandalye test objektif ve kantitatif vestibüler fonksiyon değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Ameliyat başarısını davranış testleri tarafından doğrulandı. Bütün hayvanlar vestibüler fonksiyon tek taraflı bir kaybı tipik davranış sergiledi. Spontan varil inişli çıkışlı bir hava puff tarafından erken kurtarma aşamasında (Video 1) baş veya vücut için hafif bir dokunuş uyarılmış ameliyattan hemen sonra açıktı. Ameliyattan sonra 3 d, ara sıra ile lesioned yana doğru eğilerek etrafında taşındı hayvanlar sol tarafına düşüyor....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System at JoVE.com

Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System

Bu iletişim kuralı cerrahi labyrinthectomy vestibüler sistem çalışmak için kullanışlı bir yöntemdir bir farenin açıklar.

Vestibüler sistem çalışmaya farenin cerrahi Labyrinthectomy

To study the vestibular system or the vestibular compensation process, a number of methods have been developed to cause vestibular damage, including ...

surgical-labyrinthectomy-of-the-rat-to-study-the-vestibular-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.0K Görüntüleme.  Chung-Ang University College of Medicine. Bu iletişim kuralı cerrahi labyrinthectomy vestibüler sistem çalışmak için kullanışlı bir yöntemdir bir farenin açıklar.

Video: Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System

Canalostomy As a Surgical Approach to Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ears of Adult and Neonatal Mice

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) has been shown to be a useful approach to local drug delivery into the inner ear. The goal of this article is to describe, in detail, the surgical techniques involved in canalostomy in both adult and neonatal mice. As indicated by fast-green dye and adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with the green fluorescent protein gene, the canalostomy facilitated broad distribution of injected reagents in the cochlea and vestibular end-organs with minimal damage to hearing and vestibular function. The surgery was successfully implemented in both adult and neonatal mice; indeed, multiple surgeries could be performed if required. In conclusion, canalostomy is an effective and safe approach to drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice and may be used to treat human inner ear diseases in the future.

Here we describe canalostomy procedure which allows local drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice through the semicircular canal with minimum damage to hearing and vestibular function. This method can be used to inoculate viral vectors, pharmaceuticals, and small molecules into the mouse inner ear.

Canalostomy yerel ilaç dağıtım yetişkin ve Neonatal farelerin iç kulaklarına bir cerrahi yaklaşım olarak

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) ...

Genetik

Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents 

The ability to measure extracellular basal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain of awake animals allows for the determination of effects of different systemic challenges (pharmacological or physiological) to the CNS. For example, one can directly measure how the animal's midbrain dopamine projections respond to dopamine-releasing drugs like d-amphetamine or natural stimuli like food. In this video, we show you how to implant guide cannulas targeting specific sites in the rat brain, how to insert and implant a microdialysis probe and how to use high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) to measure extracellular levels of oxidizable neurotransmitters and metabolites. Local precise introduction of drugs through the microdialysis probe allows for refined work on site specificity in a compound s mechanism of action. This technique has excellent anatomical and chemical resolution but only modest time resolution as microdialysis samples are usually processed every 20-30 minutes to ensure detectable neurotransmitter levels. Complementary ex vivo tools (i.e., slice and cell culture electrophysiology) can assist with monitoring real-time neurotransmission.

Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents

The monitoring of extracellular neurotransmitter levels in distinct brain regions of freely moving animals offers insights on the link between neurotransmitter release and behavior. In vivo microdialysis coupled with electrochemical detection provides excellent anatomical and chemical resolution; and information on how basal neurotransmission is altered by pharmacological or physiological manipulations.

Kemirgenler içinde Kurtarılabilir Stereotaksik Cerrahi

The ability to measure extracellular basal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain of awake animals allows for the determination of effects of different ...

Biyoloji

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt, 1980; Landeau et al., 1984; Etienne, 1987; Gallistel, 1990;
Maurer and S&#233;guinot, 1995). Piloting requires the use of the relationships between relatively stable external (visual, olfactory, auditory) cues, whereas dead reckoning requires the integration of cues generated by self-movement. Animals obtain self-movement information from vestibular receptors, and possibly muscle and joint receptors, and efference copy of commands that generate movement. An animal may also use the flows of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli caused by its movements. Using a piloting strategy an animal can use geometrical calculations to determine directions and distances to places in its environment, whereas using an dead reckoning strategy it can integrate cues generated by its previous movements to return to a just left location. Dead reckoning is colloquially called "sense of direction" and "sense of distance."

Although there is considerable evidence that the hippocampus is involved in piloting (O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O&#x2019;Keefe and Speakman, 1987), there is also evidence from behavioral (Whishaw et al., 1997; Whishaw and Maaswinkel, 1998; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999), modeling (Samsonovich and McNaughton, 1997), and electrophysiological (O&#x2019;Mare et al., 1994; Sharp et al., 1995; Taube and Burton, 1995; Blair and Sharp, 1996; McNaughton et al., 1996; Wiener, 1996; Golob and Taube, 1997) studies that the hippocampal formation is involved in dead reckoning. The relative contribution of the hippocampus to the two forms of navigation is still uncertain, however. Ordinarily, it is difficult to be certain that an animal is using a piloting versus a dead reckoning strategy because animals are very flexible in their use of strategies and cues (Etienne et al., 1996; Dudchenko et al., 1997; Martin et al., 1997; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999). The objective of the present video demonstrations was to solve the problem of cue specification in order to examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus in the use of these strategies. The rats were trained in a new task in which they followed linear or polygon scented trails to obtain a large food pellet hidden on an open field. Because rats have a proclivity to carry the food back to the refuge, accuracy and the cues used to return to the home base were dependent variables (Whishaw and Tomie, 1997). To force an animal to use a a dead reckoning strategy to reach its refuge with the food, the rats were tested when blindfolded or under infrared light, a spectral wavelength in which they cannot see, and in some experiments the scent trail was additionally removed once an animal reached the food. To examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus, fimbria&#x2013;fornix (FF) lesions, which disrupt information flow in the hippocampal formation (Bland, 1986), impair memory (Gaffan and Gaffan, 1991), and produce spatial deficits (Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995), were used.

In a piloting scent tracking task, the ability of the rats to return to a refuge with food using visual an odor trail or using dead reckoning in infrared light, the integrated record of previous movements, demonstrates that the hippocampus is necessary for dead reckoning.

Rat fimbria-forniks Lezyonlar Koku Takibi sonra ancak Engelli Dead Reckoning Pilotaj Korunan bir video gösteri

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

Assessing the Autonomic and Behavioral Effects of Passive Motion in Rats using Elevator Vertical Motion and Ferris-Wheel Rotation

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and Ferris-wheel rotation devices. These assays can help confirm the integrity and normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. They are coupled to quantitative measures based on defecation counting, open-field examination, and balance beam crossing. The advantages of these assays are their simplicity, reproducibility, and quantitative behavioral measures. The limitations of these assays are that the autonomic reactions could be epiphenomena of non-vestibular disorders and that a functioning vestibular system is required. Examination of disorders such as motion sickness will be greatly aided by the detailed procedures of these assays.

Protocols are presented to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using elevator vertical motion and Ferris-wheel rotation.

Asansör Dikey Hareketi ve Dönme Dolap Rotasyonu Kullanarak Sıçanlarda Pasif Hareketin Otonom ve Davranışsal Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and ...

Davranış

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

Elektrofizyoloji ve yüksek çözünürlüklü İki foton Mikroskopi için Fare Vestibüler Duyu epiteli bir İzole Yarı sağlam Hazırlık

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

Nörobilim

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

Fareler serbestçe davranıyor uzun vadeli duyusal çatışma

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Unraveling the Role of Discrete Areas of the Rat Brain in the Regulation of Ovulation through Reversible Inactivation by Tetrodotoxin Microinjections

Many experimental approaches have been used for studying the role of the brain in the regulation of ovulation. Examples include the lesion and deafferentation of neuronal groups, which are both invasive methods that permanently impair the integrity of the target area. These methods are accompanied by collateral effects that can affect the analysis of acute and temporal regulatory mechanisms. The stereotaxic implantation of guide cannulas aimed at specific brain regions, followed by a recovery period, allows researchers to microinject different drugs after the disappearance of the undesired effects of the surgery. Tetrodotoxin has been used to determine the roles of several brain areas in diverse physiological processes because it transiently inhibits the sodium-dependent action potentials, thus blocking all neural activity in the target region. This protocol combines this method with strategies for the assessment of the estrous cycle and ovulation to reveal the role of discrete brain regions in the regulation of ovulation at particular times of any given stage of the estrous cycle. Awake and unrestrained rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used to avoid the blocking effects that anesthetics and stress hormones exert on ovulation. This protocol can be easily adapted to other species, brain targets and pharmacological agents to study different physiological processes. Future improvements to this method include the design of a microinjection system using glass capillaries of small diameter instead of guide cannulas. This will reduce the amount of tissue damaged during the implantation and decrease the spread of the infused drugs outside the target area.

This protocol describes the construction of a low-cost microinjection system, its stereotaxic implantation into deep-brain structures and the procedure for timed microinjections of tetrodotoxin in awake and unrestrained rats. The goal is to reveal the participation of hypothalamic structures in the regulation of ovulation by inhibiting their neural activity.

Tetrodotoksin Mikroenjeksiyonları ile Ters İnaktivasyon Yoluyla Yumurtlamanın Düzenlenmesinde Sıçan Beyninin Ayrık Alanlarının Rolünün Çözülmesi

Many experimental approaches have been used for studying the role of the brain in the regulation of ovulation. Examples include the lesion and ...

Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and exercise. However, these approaches do not address the underlying causes of balance decline. Using mice, the impact of near infrared light (NIr) on the metabolism of cells in the vestibular sensory epithelium was assessed. Data collected shows that this simple and safe intervention may protect these vulnerable cells from the deleterious effects of natural aging. mRNA was extracted from the isolated peripheral vestibular sensory epithelium (crista ampullaris and utricular macula) and subsequently transcribed into a cDNA library. This library was then probed for the expression of ubiquitous antioxidant (SOD-1). Antioxidant gene expression was then used to quantify cellular metabolism. Using transcranial delivery of NIr in young (4 weeks) and older (8 - 9 months) mice, and a brief treatment regime (90 sec/day for 5 days), this work suggests NIr alone may be sufficient to improve mitochondrial function in the vestibular sensory epithelium. Since there are currently no available, affordable, non-invasive methods of therapy to improve vestibular hair cell function, the application of external NIr radiation provides a potential strategy to counteract the impact of aging on cellular metabolism inthe vestibular sensory epithelium.

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence. This paper uses non-invasive near-infrared (NIr) treatment to improve mitochondrial function in the aging mouse vestibular sensory epithelium.

Yakın Kızılötesi (NIR) Işık Fare Vestibüler Duyu Epitelinin Mitokondriyal Fonksiyonun bir Marker Anlatım artırır

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and ...

Isolating and Culturing Vestibular and Spiral Ganglion Somata from Neonatal Rodents for Patch-Clamp Recordings

The compact morphology of isolated and cultured inner ear ganglion neurons allows for detailed characterizations of the ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors that contribute to cell diversity across this population. This protocol outlines the steps necessary for successful dissecting, dissociating, and short-term culturing of the somata of inner ear bipolar neurons for the purpose of patch-clamp recordings. Detailed instructions for preparing vestibular ganglion neurons are provided with the necessary modifications needed for plating spiral ganglion neurons. The protocol includes instructions for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the perforated-patch configuration. Example results characterizing the voltage-clamp recordings of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)-mediated currents highlight the stability of perforated-patch recording configuration in comparison to the more standard ruptured-patch configuration. The combination of these methods, isolated somata plus perforated-patch-clamp recordings, can be used to study cellular processes that require long, stable recordings and the preservation of intracellular milieu, such as signaling through G-protein coupled receptors.

Presented here are methods providing detailed instructions for dissecting, dissociating, culturing, and patch-clamp recording from vestibular ganglion and spiral ganglion neurons of the inner ear.

Patch-Clamp Kayıtları için Yenidoğan Kemirgenlerinden Vestibüler ve Spiral Ganglion Somata'nın İzole Edilmesi ve Kültürlenmesi

The compact morphology of isolated and cultured inner ear ganglion neurons allows for detailed characterizations of the ion channels and neurotransmitter ...

Harvest of Vestibular End-Organs under Physiologic Conditions during Labyrinthectomy

The living human inner ear is challenging to study because it is encased within dense otic capsule bone that limits access to biological tissue. Traditional temporal bone histopathology methods rely on lengthy, expensive decalcification protocols that take 9-10 months and reduce the types of tissue analysis possible due to RNA degradation. There is a critical need to develop methods to access fresh human inner ear tissue to better understand otologic diseases, such as M&#233;ni&#232;re's disease, at the cellular and molecular level. This paper describes a technique for the harvest of human vestibular end organs from a living donor under physiologic conditions. An individual with M&#233;ni&#232;re's disease and 'drops attacks' that were refractory to intratympanic gentamicin injection underwent labyrinthectomy. A traditional mastoidectomy was first performed, and the horizontal and superior semicircular canals (SCC) were identified. The mastoid cavity was filled with a balanced salt solution so that the labyrinth could be opened under more physiologic conditions to preserve cellular integrity. A zero-degree endoscope fit with a lens-cleaning sheath irrigation system was used to visualize the submerged mastoid cavity, and a 2 mm diamond burr was used to skeletonize and open the horizontal and superior SCCs, followed by the vestibule. The ampullae and portion of the canal ducts for the superior and lateral SCCs were harvested. The utricle was similarly harvested. Harvested tissue was immediately placed in an ice-cold buffer and then fixed for one hour in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The tissue was rinsed several times in 1x PBS and stored for 48 h at 4 &#176;C. The tissue samples underwent immunostaining with a combination of primary antibodies against tenascin-C (Calyx), oncomodulin (streolar hair cells), calretinin (Calyx and Type II hair cells), synaptic vesicle protein 2 (efferent fibers and boutons), &#946;-tubulin 1 (Calyx and afferent boutons), followed by incubation with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies. The tissue samples were then rinsed and mounted for confocal microscopy examination. Images revealed the presence of ampullar and macular hair cells and neural structures. This protocol demonstrates that it is possible to harvest intact, high-quality human inner ear tissue from living donors and may provide an important tool for the study of otologic disease.

Here, we describe a technique for harvesting human vestibular end-organs under physiologic conditions during labyrinthectomy and their analysis using immunostaining.