Bu çalışmada Proje 140413 bir parçası olarak GreenPAC polimer Uygulama Merkezi tarafından desteklenmiştir: "3D baskı üretiminde". Albert Hartman, Corinne van Noordenne kabul etmek istiyoruz, van Rens Leeuwen, Anniek Bruins, Femke Tamminga, Jur van Dijken ve Albert Woortman video çekim kolaylaştırmak için.

Dikkat: Lütfen ilgili tüm malzeme güvenlik bilgi formları (MSDS) kullanmadan önce danışın.
1. Photocurable reçine hazırlanması
Not: Lütfen aşağıdaki yordamı sırasında kişisel koruyucu ekipman (koruyucu gözlük, eldiven, önlük) kullanın. Daha fazla ayrıntı için önceki bizim iş12 bu bölümüne bakın.
<ol><li>50 g 1,10-decanediol diacrylate (SA5201) 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask dökün.</li>
	<li>1.0 g ekleyin diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) fosfamin oksit (TPO) ve 2,5 - 0.40 gBIS(5 -tert-butil-benzoxazol-2-yl) tiyofen (BBOT) şişeye için.</li>
	<li>Şişeye bir mekanik karıştırıcı ile donatmak ve TPO ve BBOT akrilat monomer çözmek için oda sıcaklığında 5 min için 200 devirde karışımı ilave edin.</li>
	<li>100 g pentaerythritol tetraacrylate ve çok fonksiyonlu epoksi akrilat 100 g ekleyin ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) karışımı için.</li>
	<li>Karışımı 30 min 50 ° c homojen bir reçine sağlamak için 200 devirde ilave edin.</li>
	<li>Mekanik karıştırıcı kaldırmak ve şişeye bir tıpa ile uygun. Şişeye ışıktan biobased akrilat fotopolimer reçine (BAPR) korumak için alüminyum folyo sarılı. Not: Protokol burada duraklatılmış.</li>
	<li>Bir rheometer photoresin ile paralel-plaka geometri ile alt plaka kapak.</li>
	<li>1 mm plakalar arasındaki boşluğu ayarla ve rheometer UV Işınlarına dayanıklı bir kukuleta ile kaplayın.</li>
	<li>Kesme hızlarında 0.1 100 s-1oda sıcaklığında reçine viskozite ölçmek; Örneğin,0,100, 0.126, 0,158, 0.200, 0.251, 0.316, 0.398, 0.501, 0.631, 0.794, 1.00, 1,26, 1.58, 2.00, 2,51, 3.16, 3,98, 5.01, 6.31, 7.94, 10.0, 12,6, 15,8, 20.0, 25,1, 31,6, 39.8, 50,1, 63.1, 79.4 ve 100 s-1.</li>
</ol>2. Stereolithographic 3D baskı ile Biobased İnceltilebilen
Not: daha fazla ayrıntı için önceki bizim iş12 bu bölümüne bakın.
<ol><li>SLA 3D yazıcıyı açın ve açık modunu seçin.</li>
	<li>Model hazırlama yazılımı bir bilgisayarda başlatın. İstenen yazdırma ayarlarını seçin: malzeme (Clear), sürüm (V4) ve kalınlığı (50 µm).</li>
	<li>Karmaşık şekilli prototip, bir standart mozaik dili (.stl) dosyası dijital modeli açın (bkz. Ek kodlama dosyası) ve yapı platformu üzerinde yönlendirme ve konumunu seçin.  Modeli hazırlık yazılımından yazdırma işi SLA 3D yazıcıya yükleyin. Not: ürün mimari bağlı olarak, bir destek yapı yapı imalat sırasında stabilize etmek için 3D modeli entegre edilebilir. Karmaşık şekilli prototip aşağıda gösterildiği durumunda bir destek yapı yapı yön normal yazdırıldıysa gerekli değildir.</li>
	<li>Biobased photoresin 200 mL reçine tankı dökün. 3D yazıcıyı açın ve reçine tankı düzgün monte edin.</li>
	<li>Yapı platform monte ve 3D yazıcıyı kapatın.</li>
	<li>Yazdırma işi başlatır.</li>
	<li>3D yazıcının karmaşık şekilli prototip imal izin.  Yazdırma işinin bitmesini yazıcıyı açın. Not: yazdırmadan önce 3D yazıcı dümdüz edildi emin olun. Gösterdiği için UV Lazer dalga boyu 405 protokoldür nm. Yazdırma nesnesinin 2,5 h zamanı.</li>
</ol>3. tedavi sonrası 3B nesnelerin yazdırılan
Not: Lütfen aşağıdaki yordamı sırasında kişisel koruyucu ekipman (koruyucu gözlük, eldiven) kullanın.
<ol><li>Yazdırma işi tamamlandığında yazıcıyı açın. Yapı platformu bağlı üretilen parçalar ile alın ve yazıcıyı kapatın.</li>
	<li>İzopropil alkol ile dolu yıkama istasyonu açın ve yapı platformu yerleştirin. Yordam ve durulama için herhangi bir unreacted reçine kaldırmak 20 dk başlatın.</li>
	<li>Durulama yordamı tamamlandığında, yapı platformu çamaşır biriminden çıkarmak ve prototip yapı platformdan ayır.</li>
	<li>Hava bir prototip Kuru 30 dk için izin. Bu arada, 60 ° C'de UV fırın Not: Ön ısıtma en az 15 dakika sürer. UV dalga fırın boyu 405 mi nm, SLA lazer dalga boyu aynı.</li>
	<li>UV fırın açın ve hızlı bir şekilde prototip dönen platformda yer. 60 ° C'de tam dönüşüm sağlamak için 60 dk için cure UV fırın kapatın.</li>
	<li>Sonrası kür yordamı tamamlandığında, UV fırın açmak ve bir prototip.</li>
</ol>4. karmaşık şekilli prototip yüzey morfolojisi karakterizasyonu
Not: daha fazla ayrıntı için önceki bizim iş12 bu bölümüne bakın.
<ol><li>CA. 1 cm iç sarmal bir jilet kullanarak karmaşık şekilli prototipten kes.</li>
	<li>Çift taraflı karbon iletken teyp ile örnek sahibi örnek iliştirin.</li>
	<li>Görüntüleme önce örnek 30 kat nm Pt/Pd (80:20) sputtering bir sistemde.</li>
	<li>Örnek bir taramalı elektron mikroskobu 5 hızlanan bir gerilim çalışma eklemek kV. 30 X örnek birkaç görüntü ve 120 X büyütme elde etmek.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Van Wijk, A., van Wijk, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> 3D Printing with Biomaterials: Towards a Sustainable and Circular Economy. , (2015).</li><li>Gross, B. C., Erkal, J. L., Lockwood, S. Y., Chen, C., Spence, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+3D+Printing+and+Its+Potential+Impact+on+Biotechnology+and+the+Chemical+Sciences.">Evaluation of 3D Printing and Its Potential Impact on Biotechnology and the Chemical Sciences.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 86, 3240-3253 (2014).</li><li>Chia, H. N., Wu, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+3D+printing+of+biomaterials.">Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials.</a> Journal of Biological Engineering. 9, 4 (2015).</li><li>Mechels, F. P. W., Feijen, J., Grijpma, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+stereolithography+and+its+applications+in+biomedical+engineering.">A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 31, 6121-6130 (2010).</li><li>Skoog, S. A., Goering, P. L., Narayan, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereolithography+in+tissue+engineering.">Stereolithography in tissue engineering.</a> Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 25, 845-856 (2014).</li><li>Bhatia, S. K., Ramadurai, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> 3D Printing and Bio-Based Materials in Global Health. , (2017).</li><li>Oskui, S. M., Diamante, G., Liao, C., Shi, W., Gan, J., Schlenk, D., Grover, W. 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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+approach+to+resin+formulation+for+3D+printed+microfluidics.">Optical approach to resin formulation for 3D printed microfluidics.</a> RSC Advances. 5, 106621-106632 (2015).</li><li>Zarek, M., Layani, M., Cooperstein, I., Sachyani, E., Cohn, D., Magdassi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+printing+of+shape+memory+polymers+for+flexible+electronic+devices.">3D printing of shape memory polymers for flexible electronic devices.</a> Advanced Materials. 28, 4449-4454 (2016).</li><li>Ligon-Auer, S. C., Schwentenwein, M., Gorsche, C., Stampfl, J., Liska, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toughening+of+photo-curable+polymer+networks:+A+review.">Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: A review.</a> Polymer Chemistry. 7, 257-286 (2016).</li><li>Miao, S., Zhu, W., Castro, N. J., Nowicki, M., Zhou, X., Cui, H., Fisher, J. P., Zhang, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4D+printing+smart+biomedical+scaffolds+with+novel+soybean+oil+epoxidized+acrylate.">4D printing smart biomedical scaffolds with novel soybean oil epoxidized acrylate.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 27226 (2016).</li><li>Voet, V. S. D., Strating, T., Schnelting, G. H. M., Dijkstra, P., Tietema, M., Xu, J., Woortman, A. J. J., Loos, K., Jager, J., Folkersma, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biobased+acrylate+photocurable+resin+formulation+for+stereolithographic+3D+printing.">Biobased acrylate photocurable resin formulation for stereolithographic 3D printing.</a> ACS Omega. 3, 1403-1408 (2018).</li><li>Ligon-Auer, S. C., Liska, R., Stampfl, J., Gurr, M., M&#252;lhaupt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymers+for+3D+Printing+and+Customized+Additive+Manufacturing.">Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing.</a> Chemical Reviews. 117, 10212-10290 (2017).</li><li>Weng, Z., Zhou, Y., Lin, W., Senthil, T., Wu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-property+relationship+of+nano+enhanced+stereolithography+resin+for+desktop+SLA+3D+printer.">Structure-property relationship of nano enhanced stereolithography resin for desktop SLA 3D printer.</a> Composites: Part A. 88, 234-242 (2016).</li><li>Scalera, F., Esposito Corcione, C., Montagna, F., Sannino, A., Maffezzoli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+UV+curable+epoxy/hydroxyapatite+suspensions+for+stereolithography+applied+to+bone+tissue+engineering.">Development and characterization of UV curable epoxy/hydroxyapatite suspensions for stereolithography applied to bone tissue engineering.</a> Ceramics International. 40, 15455-15462 (2014).</li><li>Lee, H., Fang, N. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro+3D+Printing+using+a+digital+projector+and+its+application+in+the+study+of+soft+materials+mechanics.">Micro 3D Printing using a digital projector and its application in the study of soft materials mechanics.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (69), e4457 (2012).</li><li>Huemer, K., Squirrell, J. M., Swader, R., Pelkey, K., LeBert, D. C., Huttenlocher, A., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+live+imaging+device+for+improved+experimental+manipulation+of+zebrafish+larvae.">Long-term live imaging device for improved experimental manipulation of zebrafish larvae.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (128), e56340 (2017).</li><li>Decker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-induced+crosslinking+polymerization.">Light-induced crosslinking polymerization.</a> Polymer International. 51, 1141-1150 (2002).</li><li>Elliot, J. E., Bowman, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+network+formation+of+free+radical+polymerization+of+multifunctional+monomers.">Predicting network formation of free radical polymerization of multifunctional monomers.</a> Polymer Reaction Engineering. 10, 1-19 (2002).</li><li>Ellakwa, A., Cho, N., Lee, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+resin+matrix+composition+on+the+polymerization+shrinkage+and+rheological+properties+of+experimental+dental+composites.">The effect of resin matrix composition on the polymerization shrinkage and rheological properties of experimental dental composites.</a> Dental Materials. 23, 1229-1235 (2007).</li><li>Charton, C., Falk, V., Marchal, P., Pla, F., Colon, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Tg,+viscosity+and+chemical+structure+of+monomers+on+shrinkage+stress+in+light-cured+dimethacrylate-based+dental+resins.">Influence of Tg, viscosity and chemical structure of monomers on shrinkage stress in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins.</a> Dental Materials. 23, 1447-1459 (2007).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Üretim kalıpları ve araçları gerek yok olduğundan yüksek üretim maliyetleri bölüm başına geleneksel süreçleri ile rekabet edebilecek katkı imalat imalatı terzi prototipleri ve küçük serisi, uygulanır. Son on yılda, hizmetleri ve ürünleri için katkı imalat ile ilgili gelirleri13katlanarak büyüdü. Büyük malzeme satış photopolymers bölümüdür. Büyüme dikkat çekti ve büyük sanayi, Örneğin, Havacılık ve uzay, otomotiv, medikal yatırımları. Bu nede...

Hızlı prototipleme isteğe bağlı üretim ve tasarım özgürlüğü sağlar ve verimli üretim 3B katman katman şekilde1' yapıları sağlar. Sonuç olarak, 3D baskı imalat Teknik olarak son yıllarda2' hızla geliştirmiştir. Tüm sanal modelleri tercüme fiziksel nesneler güvenerek ve ekstrüzyon, doğrudan enerji birikimi, toz katılaşma, levha laminasyon ve photopolymerization gibi işlemleri uygulayarak çeşitli teknolojileri mevcuttur. İkinci kademeli UV sıvı Fotopolimer reçineler kür içerir. 1986'da, Hull ve iş stereolitografi aparatı (SLA), bir UV lazer tabanlı 3D yazıcı geliştirdi. Daha yakın zamanlarda, dijital ışık işleme (DLP) adı verilen bir benzer işlem hangi photopolymerization hafif bir projektör ile başlatılır kullanılabilir hale gelmiştir. Birlikte, DLP ve SLA stereolitografi 3D yazdırma3adlandırılır.
SLA yüksek çözünürlüklü prototip ve üretim / Biyomedikal Cihazlar4,5uygulanır. Yaygın olarak kullanılan erimiş birikimi (FDM) modelleme doğruluğu, yüzey ve çözünürlük6açısından üstün bir teknolojidir. Ürün mimari bağlı olarak, bir destek yapı yapı imalat sırasında stabilize etmek için 3D modeli entegre edilmiştir. Ayrıca, bir sonrası baskı üretilen parçaların gerekli7,8tedavidir. Tipik olarak, yazdırılan nesnelerin unreacted reçine çözülmeye bir alkol banyosu yıkanır ve sonraki bir UV fırında kür polimerizasyon9tam dönüşüm garanti altına almak için gerçekleştirilir.
Genel olarak, reçineler litografi tabanlı katkı maddesi üretimi için çok fonksiyonlu İnceltilebilen veya epoksitler10içeren photocurable sistemlerde güveniyor. Düşük maliyetli yenilenebilir reçineler kullanılabilirliğini atık-alerjik ve yerel üretim sürdürülebilir 3D ürün biobased ekonomi1 için kolaylaştırmak için gerekli ticari piyasada geçerli Fotopolimer reçineler fosil tabanlı ve pahalı, iken , 6. son zamanlarda, Fotopolimer reçineler yenilenebilir İnceltilebilen göre geliştirilmiş olup başarıyla uygulanan stereolitografi 3D yazdırma11,12'. Bu ayrıntılı iletişim kuralında, biz hızlı prototipleme biobased reçineler üzerinde bir ticari stereolitografi aparatı ile göstermek. Özel dikkat reçine formülasyonu ve sonrası yazdırma tedaviler katkı imalat alanında yeni uygulayıcıları yardımcı olmak için yordamda, Yani, kritik adımları ödenir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isobornyl acrylate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA5102</td>
			<td>Acrylate monomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,10-decanediol diacrylate</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA5201</td>
			<td>Acrylate monomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA5400</td>
			<td>Acrylate monomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multifunctional epoxy acrylate</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA7101</td>
			<td>Acrylate oligomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO), 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>415952</td>
			<td>Photoinitiator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT), 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>223999</td>
			<td>Optical absorber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 99%</td>
			<td>Bleko</td>
			<td>1010500</td>
			<td>For alcohol bath (applied in Form Wash)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paar Physica MCR300&#160;</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Rheometer with parallel plate geometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form 2 Printer</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Desktop SLA 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form Wash&#160;</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Washing station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form Cure</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>UV oven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instron 4301 1KN Series IX</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Universal testing machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Philips XL30 ESEM-FEG&#160;</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Scanning electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stereolithographic 3d printing with renewable acrylates

Rekabetçi maliyet yenilenebilir malzemeler ve bunların uygulama katkı imalat erişilebilirliğini verimli biobased ekonomisi için önemlidir. Biz bir stereolithographic 3D printerlere harcama maddeler kullanarak sürdürülebilir reçineler hızlı prototipleme göstermek. Reçine formülasyonu basit biobased akrilat monomerler ve reaksiyonlar bir photoinitiatior ve optik emici ile karıştırarak yer alır. Reçine viskozite monomer oligomer oranı tarafından denetlenir ve kesme hızı bir fonksiyonu olarak bir rheometer paralel plaka geometri ile belirlenir. Biobased reçine ile tahsil stereolithographic cihazları yüksek doğrulukta karmaşık şekilli prototip üretmek için istihdam edilmektedir. Ürünleri alkol durulama ve UV radyasyon vermeliyiz tam kür emin olmak için dahil olmak üzere, tedavi sonrası gerektirir. Yüksek özelliği çözünürlük ve mükemmel yüzey bir prototip bitirme elektron mikroskobu tarama tarafından saptandı.

Dört temsilcisi reçine besteleri bileşenleri bireysel M.Ö türetilmiş Tablo 1, onların ortalama biobased karbon içerik ile birlikte (M.Ö.) görüntülenir. Reçine viskozite (Şekil 1) oranı akrilat monomerler ve reaksiyonlar tarafından etkilenir ve genellikle Newton davranışı gösterir. Mekanik özellikleri çeşitli reçineler üretilen parçaların stres gerginlik analiz tarafından belirlenmiştir. Şekil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates at JoVE.com

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Stereolitografi cihazları üzerinde yenilenebilir Fotopolimer reçineler ile katkı üretim için bir protokol sunulmuştur.

Stereolithographic 3D baskı ile yenilenebilir İnceltilebilen

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. ...

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JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.4K Görüntüleme.  NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. Stereolitografi cihazları üzerinde yenilenebilir Fotopolimer reçineler ile katkı üretim için bir protokol sunulmuştur.

Video: Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed by hydrophobic interaction of the semiconducting polymer MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) with the fullerene PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the presence of a non-compatible solvent. MEH-PPV has a high extinction coefficient that leads to high rates of triplet formation, and efficient charge and energy transfer to the fullerene PCBM. The latter processes enhance the efficiency of the PDT system through fullerene assisted triplet and radical formation, and ultrafast deactivation of MEH-PPV excited stated. The results reported here show that this nanoparticle PDT sensitizing system is highly effective and shows unexpected specificity to cancer cell lines.

This protocol describes a method for the fabrication of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene. These nanoparticles were investigated for their potential use as a next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).

Karma Polimer / Fulleren Nanopartikül photosensitizers Şefliği ile Fotodinamik Tedavi

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next ...

Kimya

Determination of Carbonyl Functional Groups in Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration: The Faix Method

Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically, carbonyls cause an increase in viscosity (often referred to as &#39;aging&#39;) during storage of bio-oils. As such, carbonyl content has previously been used as a method of tracking bio-oil aging and condensation reactions with less variability than viscosity measurements. Additionally, carbonyls are also responsible for coke formation in bio-oil upgrading processes. Given the importance of carbonyls in bio-oils, accurate analytical methods for their quantification are very important for the bio-oil community. Potentiometric titration methods based on carbonyl oximation have long been used for the determination of carbonyl content in pyrolysis bio-oils. Here, we present a modification of the traditional carbonyl oximation procedures that results in less reaction time, smaller sample size, higher precision, and more accurate carbonyl determinations. While traditional carbonyl oximation methods occur at room temperature, the Faix method presented here occurs at an elevated temperature of 80 &#176;C.

Here we present a potentiometric titration technique for accurately quantifying carbonyl compounds in pyrolysis bio-oils.

Faix Yöntemi: Potansiyometrik Titrasyon tarafından Bio-yağlar Karbonil Fonksiyonel Grupların belirlenmesi

Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically, carbonyls ...

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Temperature programmed reaction (TPRxn) is a simple yet powerful tool for screening solid catalyst performance at a variety of conditions. A TPRxn system includes a reactor, furnace, gas and vapor sources, flow control, instrumentation to quantify reaction products (e.g., gas chromatograph), and instrumentation to monitor the reaction in real time (e.g., mass spectrometer). Here, we apply the TPRxn methodology to study molybdenum carbide catalysts for the deoxygenation of acetic acid, an important reaction among many in the upgrading/stabilization of biomass pyrolysis vapors. TPRxn is used to evaluate catalyst activity and selectivity and to test hypothetical reaction pathways (e.g., decarbonylation, ketonization, and hydrogenation). The results of the TPRxn study of acetic acid deoxygenation show that molybdenum carbide is an active catalyst for this reaction at temperatures above ca. 300 &#176;C and that the reaction favors deoxygenation (i.e., C-O bond-breaking) products at temperatures below ca. 400 &#176;C and decarbonylation (i.e., C-C bond-breaking) products at temperatures above ca. 400 &#176;C.

Presented here is a protocol for the operation of a micro-scale temperature-programmed reactor for evaluating the catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide during acetic acid deoxygenation.

Molibden Karbür Katalizörler üzerinde Asetik Asit Sıcaklık programlanmış deoksijenasyonu

Temperature programmed reaction (TPRxn) is a simple yet powerful tool for screening solid catalyst performance at a variety of conditions. A TPRxn system ...

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous covalent materials which are frequently synthesized as unprocessable crystalline powders. The first COF was reported in 2005 with much effort centered on the establishment of new synthetic routes for its preparation. To date, most available synthetic methods for COF synthesis are based on bulk mixing under solvothermal conditions. Therefore, there is increasing interest in developing systematic protocols for COF synthesis that provide for fine control over reaction conditions and improve COF processability on surfaces, which is essential for their use in practical applications. Herein, we present a novel microfluidic-based method for COF synthesis where the reaction between two constituent building blocks, 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde (BTCA) and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB), takes place under controlled diffusion conditions and at room temperature. Using such an approach yields sponge-like, crystalline fibers of a COF material, hereafter called MF-COF. The mechanical properties of MF-COF and the dynamic nature of the approach allow the continuous production of MF-COF fibers and their direct printing onto surfaces. The general method opens new potential applications requiring advanced printing of 2D or 3D COF structures on flexible or rigid surfaces.

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

We present a novel microfluidic-based method for synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). We demonstrate how this approach can be used to produce continuous COF fibers, and also 2D or 3D COF structures on surfaces.

Kovalent Organik Çerçevelerin Mikroakışkan Temelli Sentezi (COF&#39;ler): Bir Yüzey Üzerinde COF Liflerinin Sürekli Üretimi ve Doğrudan Baskı için Bir Aracı

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous covalent materials which are frequently synthesized as unprocessable crystalline powders. The ...

Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is prepared by mixing solutions of glycol chitosan with a synthesized benzaldehyde terminated polymer gelator, and hydrogels are efficiently obtained in several minutes at room temperature. By varying ratios between glycol chitosan, polymer gelator, and water contents, versatile hydrogels with different gelation times and stiffness are obtained. When damaged, the hydrogel can recover its appearances and modulus, due to the reversibility of the dynamic imine bonds as crosslinkages. This self-healable property enables the hydrogel to be injectable since it can be self-healed from squeezed pieces to an integral bulk hydrogel after the injection process. The hydrogel is also multi-responsive to many bio-active stimuli due to different equilibration statuses of the dynamic imine bonds. This hydrogel was confirmed as bio-compatible, and L929 mouse fibroblast cells were embedded following standard procedures and the cell proliferation was easily assessed by a 3D cell cultivation process. The hydrogel can offer an adjustable platform for different research where a physiological mimic of a 3D environment for cells is profited. Along with its multi-responsive, self-healable, and injectable properties, the hydrogels can potentially be applied as multiple carriers for drugs and cells in future bio-medical applications.

Here we describe a facile preparation of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. Methods to adjust the hydrogel&#8217;s mechanical strength and its application in 3D cell culture are presented.

Kitosan-esaslı enjekte edilebilir Hydrogels ve kendi uygulamasında 3D hücre kültürü hazırlanması

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

Platin-nikel Nanowires ve oksijen azaltma performansı için en iyi duruma getirme sentezi

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Obtaining 3D Chemical Maps by Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography

Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy tomography (EFTEM tomography) can provide three-dimensional (3D) chemical maps of materials at a nanometric scale. EFTEM tomography can separate chemical elements that are very difficult to distinguish using other imaging techniques. The experimental protocol described here shows how to create 3D chemical maps to understand the chemical distribution and morphology of a material. Sample preparation steps for data segmentation are presented. This protocol permits the 3D distribution analysis of chemical elements in a nanometric sample. However, it should be noted that currently, the 3D chemical maps can only be generated for samples that are not beam sensitive, since the recording of filtered images requires long exposure times to an intense electron beam. The protocol was applied to quantify the chemical distribution of the components of two different heterogeneous catalyst supports. In the first study, the chemical distribution of aluminum and titanium in titania-alumina supports was analyzed. The samples were prepared using the swing-pH method. In the second, the chemical distribution of aluminum and silicon in silica-alumina supports that were prepared using the sol-powder and mechanical mixture methods was examined.

This paper describes a protocol to achieve 3D chemical maps combining energy filtered imaging and electron tomography. The chemical distribution of two catalyst supports formed by elements that are difficult to distinguish by other imaging techniques was studied. Each application consists of mapping overlapped chemical elements - respectively spaced-ionization edges.

3D kimyasal haritalar tarafından enerji elde etme transmisyon elektron mikroskobu tomografi filtre

Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy tomography (EFTEM tomography) can provide three-dimensional (3D) chemical maps of materials at a ...

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization integrates the advantages of radical polymerization and living polymerization. This work presents the preparation of methionine functionalized biocompatible block copolymers via RAFT polymerization. Firstly, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide-b-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (BNHEMA-b-APMA, BA) was synthesized via RAFT polymerization using 4,4&#8217;-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) as an initiating agent and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as the chain transfer agent. Subsequently, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide-b-N-(3-guanidinopropyl)methacrylamide (methionine grafted BNHEMA-b-GPMA, mBG) was prepared by modifying amine groups in APMA with methionine and guanidine groups. Three kinds of block polymers, mBG1, mBG2, and mBG3, were synthesized for comparison. A ninhydrin reaction was used to quantify the APMA content; mBG1, mBG2, and mBG3 had 21%, 37%, and 52% of APMA, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed that BA copolymers possess molecular weights of 16,200 (BA1), 20,900(BA2), and 27,200(BA3) g/mol. The plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexing ability of the obtained block copolymer gene carriers was also investigated. The charge ratios (N/P) were 8, 16, and 4 when pDNA was complexed completely with mBG1, mBG2, mBG3, respectively. When the N/P ratio of mBG/pDNA polyplexes was higher than 1, the Zeta potential of mBG was positive. At an N/P ratio between 16 and 32, the average particle size of mBG/pDNA polyplexes was between 100-200 nm. Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for the block copolymer carrier synthesis.

This work presents the preparation of methionine functionalized biocompatible block copolymers (mBG) via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method. The plasmid DNA complexing ability of the obtained mBG and their transfection efficiency were also investigated. The RAFT method is very beneficial for polymerizing monomers containing special functional groups.

Hedeflenen Plasmid DNA teslim için metiyonin functionalized biyouyumlu blok kopolimerler

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization integrates the advantages of radical polymerization and living polymerization. This ...

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction&#160;measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

Fotovoltaik uygulamalar için tüm inorganik Halide Perovskite mürekkepler baskı mürekkep püskürtmeli

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are ...

Reactive Inkjet Printing and Propulsion Analysis of Silk-based Self-propelled Micro-stirrers

In this study, a protocol for using reactive inkjet printing to fabricate enzymatically propelled silk swimmers with well-defined shapes is reported. The resulting devices are an example of self-propelled objects capable of generating motion without external actuation and have potential applications in medicine and environmental sciences for a variety of purposes ranging from micro-stirring, targeted therapeutic delivery, to water remediation (e.g., cleaning oil spills). This method employs reactive inkjet printing to generate well-defined small-scale solid silk structures by converting water soluble regenerated silk fibroin (silk I) to insoluble silk fibroin (silk II). These structures are also selectively doped in specific regions with the enzyme catalase in order to produce motion via bubble generation and detachment. The number of layers printed determines the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the device, and so here the effect of this parameter on the propulsive trajectories is reported. The results demonstrate the ability to tune the motion by varying the dimensions of the printed structures.

This protocol demonstrates the ability to utilize reactive inkjet printing to print self-motile biocompatible and environmentally friendly micro-stirrers for use in biomedical and environmental applications.

Ipek bazlı kendinden tahrikli mikro karıştırıcılar reaktif Inkjet Baskı ve Itme Analizi

In this study, a protocol for using reactive inkjet printing to fabricate enzymatically propelled silk swimmers with well-defined shapes is reported. The ...