Bu çalışma, Hava Kuvvetleri Bilimsel Araştırma Ofisi'nden LRIR 16RH3003J hibesi ve ABD Savunma Bakanlığı Araştırma ve Mühendislik Müsteşarlığı Ofisi'nin S&T Önceliklerinin Geliştirilmesi için Askeri Ortamlar için Sentetik Biyoloji Uygulamalı Araştırma (ARAP) programı ile desteklenmiştir.
ThyRS için plazmid vektör dizisi (pSALv-RS-GFPa1, 3.4 kb) Dr. J. Gallivan tarafından cömertçe sağlanmıştır. Bombyx mori'den ipekböceği kozaları, Tufts Üniversitesi, MA'dan Dr. D.L. Kaplan tarafından cömertçe bağışlandı.

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis+for+the+separation+of+DNA+fragments.">Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (62), e3923 (2012).</li><li>Zhou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+regeneration+and+reuse+of+silica+columns+from+PCR+purification+and+gel+extraction+kits.">Rapid regeneration and reuse of silica columns from PCR purification and gel extraction kits.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 12870 (2018).</li><li>Kostylev, M., Otwell, A. E., Richardson, R. E., Suzuki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+should+be+simple:+Escherichia+coli+DH5&#945;-mediated+assembly+of+multiple+DNA+fragments+with+short+end+homologies.">Cloning should be simple: Escherichia coli DH5&#945;-mediated assembly of multiple DNA fragments with short end homologies.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), 0137466 (2015).</li><li>Rockwood, D. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Materials+fabrication+from+Bombyx+mori+silk+fibroin.">Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin.</a> Nature Protocols. 6 (10), 1612-1631 (2011).</li><li>Drachuk, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silk+macromolecules+with+amino+acid-Poly(Ethylene+Glycol)+grafts+for+controlling+layer-by-layer+encapsulation+and+aggregation+of+recombinant+bacterial+cells.">Silk macromolecules with amino acid-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) grafts for controlling layer-by-layer encapsulation and aggregation of recombinant bacterial cells.</a> ACS Nano. 9 (2), 1219-1235 (2015).</li><li>Antipov, A. A., Sukhorukov, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyelectrolyte+multilayer+capsules+as+vehicles+with+tunable+permeability.">Polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules as vehicles with tunable permeability.</a> Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 111 (1-2), 49-61 (2004).</li><li>Drachuk, I., Harbaugh, S., Ch&#225;vez, J. L., Kelley-Loughnane, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+activity+of+DNA-encoded+sensing+elements+through+confinement+in+silk+microcapsules.">Improving the activity of DNA-encoded sensing elements through confinement in silk microcapsules.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 12 (43), 48329-48339 (2020).</li><li>Melnikov, S., Ben-Shem, A., Garreau de Loubresse, N., Jenner, L., Yusupova, G., Yusupov, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+the+inhibition+of+the+eukaryotic+ribosome.">Structural basis for the inhibition of the eukaryotic ribosome.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 19 (6), 560-567 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+layer-by-layer+assembly:+A+tribute+to+ACS+Nano+associate+editor+Helmuth+M&#246;hwald.">The future of layer-by-layer assembly: A tribute to ACS Nano associate editor Helmuth M&#246;hwald.</a> ACS Nano. 13 (6), 6151-6169 (2019).</li><li>Main, K. H. S., Provan, J. I., Haynes, P. J., Wells, G., Hartley, J. A., Pyne, A. L. 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M., Dennis, P. B., Omenetto, F., Naik, R. R., Kaplan, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+and+chemical+aspects+of+stabilization+of+compounds+in+silk.">Physical and chemical aspects of stabilization of compounds in silk.</a> Biopolymers. 97 (6), 479-498 (2012).</li><li>Fritz, B. R., Jamil, O. K., Jewett, M. 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Burada sunulan görüş ve düşünceler yazarların görüşleridir ve mutlaka DoD'nin veya Bileşenlerinin görüşlerini temsil etmez

Bu protokolü takiben çeşitli DNA kodlu sensör tasarımları ile yüklenen seçici geçirgen hidrojel mikrokapsüller hazırlanabilir. LbL yaklaşımının ayırt edici özelliklerinden biri, genellikle moleküler türlerin kurban şablonları üzerinde adsorpsiyonuyla başlayan aşağıdan yukarıya montaj sırasında mikrokapsüllerin karmaşıklığını uyarlama yeteneğidir. İlk bileşenlerin konsantrasyonlarını, pH koşullarını ve katman sayısını dikkatlice ayarlayarak, farklı DNA yükleme parametreleri...

Sentetik biyoloji alanı, çevrelerini ve potansiyel tehditlerini izlemek için mikroorganizmalar tarafından geliştirilen doğal mekanizmalardan yararlanarak algılama yeteneklerini geliştirmek için eşsiz fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Önemli olarak, bu algılama mekanizmaları tipik olarak bu mikroorganizmaları zararlı maruziyetten koruyan, olumsuz etkileri hafifletmek veya toksik maddelerin alımını önlemek için gen ekspresyonunu düzenleyen bir yanıtla bağlantılıdır. Bu mikroorganizmaları, bu doğal tepkilerden yararlanarak tüm hücre sensörleri oluşturmak üzere tasarlamak, ancak yeni hedefleri tanımak ve / veya nicelleştirme amacıyla (tipik olarak floresan) ölçülebilen ölçülebilir bir sinyal üretmek için yeniden yönlendirmek için önemli çabalar sarf edilmiştir1,2. Şu anda, genetiği değiştirilmiş mikroorganizmaların (GDO'lar) kullanımıyla ilgili endişeler, özellikle çevrede veya insan vücudunda salınırken, tüm hücrelerin veya genetik materyallerinin bir kısmının sızması nedeniyle, bir polimer matrisinde kapsüllenmiş olsa bile, bu algılama yaklaşımlarından yararlanmak için alternatif yollara ihtiyaç duyulduğunu göstermektedir3.
GDO'ların konuşlandırılması endişesi olmadan mikroorganizma bazlı algılamanın faydalarından yararlanmak için güçlü bir yaklaşım, in vitro transkripsiyon / translasyon (IVTT) sistemlerinin kullanılmasıdır. Pratik bir bakış açısıyla, IVTT sistemleri, hücre bileşenlerinin çoğunu, sonikasyon, boncuk dövme veya diğerleri de dahil olmak üzere hücrelerden farklı yollarla "ekstrakte edilmiş" aktif bir durumda içeren bir karışımdan oluşur4. Bu işlemin nihai ürünü, tüm hücrelerin kullanımıyla ilişkili kısıtlamalar (membran difüzyonu, transformasyon verimliliği, hücre toksisitesi, vb.) olmaksızın, farklı sensörleri "açık kap" formatında test etmek için kullanılabilecek transkripsiyon ve translasyon gerçekleştirmek için zaten optimize edilmiş bir biyokimyasal reaksiyon karışımıdır. Önemli olarak, farklı sensör bileşenleri nicel olarak eklenebilir ve etkileri, gösterdiğimiz gibi farklı optik ve spektrometrik tekniklerle incelenebilir5. IVTT sistemlerinin performansının tutarsız olabileceği fark edilmiştir; Bununla birlikte, son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalar, sensör tasarımı6'daki performanslarını incelerken çok yardımcı olan hazırlık ve karakterizasyonlarını standartlaştırmak için yaklaşımlar göstermiştir. Son zamanlarda, kağıt matrislerindeki bileşenlerinin liyofilizasyonu yoluyla kağıt bazlı tahliller oluşturmak için kullanılan IVTT sistemlerinin birçok örneği, ağır metal iyonlarının, ilaçların, çekirdek algılama elemanlarının ve diğerlerinin tespiti de dahil olmak üzere gösterilmiştir 7,8,9. IVTT tabanlı sensörler için heyecan verici bir uygulama alanı, toprak, su ve insan vücudu dahil olmak üzere farklı ortam türlerinde algılama uygulamalarında kullanılmasıdır. Bu IVTT sistemlerini bu zorlu ortamlara dağıtmak için, IVTT bileşenlerini içermek ve bozulmaya karşı korumak için bir kapsülleme yaklaşımının uygulanması gerekir.
IVTT sistemleri için en yaygın kapsülleme yaklaşımları, lipit kapsüllerin, misellerin, polimerzomların ve diğer sıkıca kapatılmış mikro kapların kullanımını içerir10,11,12. Bu yaklaşımın bir dezavantajı, dış çevre ile iletişime izin vermek ve algılama yetenekleri sağlamak için malzemeleri konteynerlerin içine ve dışına taşımak için pasif veya aktif mekanizmaların dahil edilmesi ihtiyacıdır. Bu sorunların bazılarının üstesinden gelmek için, buradaki çalışma, IVTT sistemlerinde ifade edilecek farklı sensör tasarımları için kodlama malzemelerini kapsüllemek için basit ama etkili bir yaklaşım sağlayan bir yöntem bildirmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, korunan genetik materyalin tercih edilen IVTT'nin farklı bileşenleri ile etkileşime girmesini sağlayan, yüksek gözenekliliğe sahip içi boş mikrokapsüller oluşturmak için ilgili plazmidlerin varlığında bir biyopolimerin Katman Katman (LbL) birikiminin kullanılmasına dayanmaktadır. Çalışma, kapsüllenmiş plazmidlerin, plazmid kodlu bir aptamer ve bir riboswitch'in karşılık gelen hedeflerine tepkisiyle gösterildiği gibi, bu polimerik matris içinde aktive edildiğinde transkripsiyon ve translasyonu yönlendirebileceğini göstermiştir. Ek olarak, bu LbL kaplama, plazmidleri herhangi bir özel depolama koşulu olmadan aylarca korur.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>(Z)-4-(3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-methyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-imidazol-5(4 H)-one (DFHBI-1T)</td>
			<td>Lucerna</td>
			<td>DFHBI-1T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5x T4 DNA Ligase Buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>46300-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6x Blue Gel Loading Dye</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>B7021S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates, black circular</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9539</td>
			<td>BioReagent, for molecular biology, low EEO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A0166</td>
			<td>powder or crystals, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BlpI restriction enzymes</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0585S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Disposable Vacuum Filter/Storage Systems</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>09-761-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>472301</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Plasmid, pET28c-F30-2x Broccoli (5.4 kb), BrocApt.</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>Plasmid #66788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DyLightTM550 Antibody Labeling kit (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>84530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli S30 extract system for circular DNA</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>L1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Conical centrifuge tubes, 15 mL</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>14-959-53A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Conical centrifuge tubes, 50 mL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Microcentrifuge tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrofluoric acid, HF</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>695068</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, 48%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>60615</td>
			<td>mixture of Kanamycin A (main component) and Kanamycin B and C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KpnI restriction enzymes</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0142S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB agar plate supplemented with 100 &#181;g/mL ampicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L5667</td>
			<td>pre-poured agar plates with 100 &#181;g/mL ampicillin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB agar plate supplemented with 50 &#181;g/mL kanamycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L0543</td>
			<td>pre-poured agar plates with 50 &#181;g/mL kanamycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth (Lennox grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium bromide, LiBr</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>213225</td>
			<td>ReagentPlus, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Max Efficiency DH5-&#945; competent E. coli strain</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18258012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>322415</td>
			<td>anhydrous, 99.8%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MilliQ-water</td>
			<td>EMD MilliPore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Milli-Q Reference Water Purification System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MinElute PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N&#8242;-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E1769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>1x PBS, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylenimine, branched</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>408727</td>
			<td>average Mw ~25,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PURExpress In Vitro Protein Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>E6800S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>20021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>&#160;27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick-Load 2-Log DNA Ladder (0.1-10.0 kb)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N0469S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SiO&#8322; silica microspheres, 4.0 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>24331-15</td>
			<td>10% aqueous solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Cassettes, 3.5K MWCO, 15 mL</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>87724</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate, Na&#8322;CO&#8323;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>222321</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, anhydrous, &#8805;99.5%, powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrum Spectra/Por Float-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Devices</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>08-607-008</td>
			<td>Spectrum G235058</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Safe DNA gel stain</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase (5 U/&#181;L)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EL0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Theophylline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1633</td>
			<td>anhydrous, &#8805;99%, powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Acetate-EDTA buffer (TAE buffer)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6025</td>
			<td>Contains 40 mM Tris-acetate and 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.3.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>10-977-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZymoPURE II Plasmid MaxiPrep kit</td>
			<td>ZymoResearch</td>
			<td>D4202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of multifunctional silk-based microcapsules loaded with dna plasmids encoding rna aptamers and riboswitches

DNA yüklü ipek fibroin mikrokapsüllerinin, kurban küresel çekirdekler üzerinde Katman Katman (LbL) montaj yöntemiyle hazırlanması için bir protokol sunuyoruz. Bir asal tabakanın ve DNA plazmidlerinin adsorpsiyonunu takiben, tek bir ipek tabakasının akut dehidrasyonu sırasında ipek sekonder yapıda β-tabakaların indüklenmesiyle sağlam mikrokapsüllerin oluşumu kolaylaştırılmıştır. Bu nedenle, katmanlama çoklu hidrojen bağı ve hidrofobik etkileşimler yoluyla gerçekleşti. Çok katmanlı kabukların adsorpsiyonu üzerine, çekirdek-kabuk yapıları, uzaktan algılama ve / veya hedeflenen teslimat için kullanılacak altın nanopartiküller (AuNP'ler) ve / veya antikorlar (IgG) ile daha da işlevselleştirilebilir. Bir polimer astarının varlığı, DNA ve ipek proteininin konsantrasyonu ve bir dizi adsorbe edilmiş katmanın yanı sıra bir dizi adsorbe edilmiş katman gibi anahtar makromoleküllerin silika çekirdekleri üzerinde sıralı birikimi sırasında birkaç anahtar parametrenin ayarlanması, değişken geçirgenlik ve DNA yüklemelerine sahip biyouyumlu, DNA yüklü mikrokapsüllerle sonuçlandı. Silika çekirdeklerinin çözünmesi üzerine, protokol, kapsül zarının iç yüzeyine hareketsiz hale getirilmiş DNA plazmidleri ile içi boş ve sağlam mikrokapsüllerin oluşumunu gösterdi. DNA plazmidleri ve dış ortam arasında seçici olarak geçirgen biyouyumlu bir zar oluşturmak, uzun süreli depolama sırasında DNA'yı korudu ve mekansal olarak sınırlandırılmış plazmidlerden gelen gelişmiş çıktı tepkisinde önemli bir rol oynadı. DNA şablonlarının aktivitesi ve erişilebilirliği, in vitro transkripsiyon ve translasyon reaksiyonları (hücresiz sistemler) sırasında test edildi. RNA ışıklandırma aptamerlerini ve riboswitchlerini kodlayan DNA plazmidleri, floresan olarak etiketlenmiş RNA transkriptlerinin veya GFPa1 proteininin kabuk zarlarında lokalizasyonu sırasında görselleştirildiği gibi, karşılık gelen analitlerle başarıyla aktive edildi.

Burada, çalışma, ipek protein kapsüllerinde kapsüllemeden sonra farklı sensör tasarımlarını (iki tip RNA tarafından düzenlenmiş transkripsiyon / translasyon elemanı) kodlayan DNA şablonlarının işlevselliğini ele almaktadır. Mikrokapsüller, anahtar bileşenlerin şablonlu Katman Katman (LbL) montajı ile hazırlandı: Bir asal katman, sensör tasarımlarını kodlayan DNA plazmidleri ve ipek fibroin biyopolimeri (Şekil 2). Makromoleküllerin katmanlı bir şekilde birikm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Multifunctional Silk-Based Microcapsules Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding RNA Aptamers and Riboswitches at JoVE.com

Preparation of Multifunctional Silk-Based Microcapsules Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding RNA Aptamers and Riboswitches

Protokol, sağlam ve biyouyumlu DNA yüklü mikrokapsüllerin oluşumunu, birkaç ligandı izleyebilen çoklanmış in vitro biyosensörler olarak tanımlar.

RNA Aptamerleri ve Riboswitch'leri kodlayan DNA Plazmidleri ile Yüklü Çok Fonksiyonlu İpek Bazlı Mikrokapsüllerin Hazırlanması

We introduce a protocol for the preparation of DNA-laden silk fibroin microcapsules via the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly method on sacrificial spherical ...

preparation-multifunctional-silk-based-microcapsules-loaded-with-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

1.3K Görüntüleme.  UES Inc.. Protokol, sağlam ve biyouyumlu DNA yüklü mikrokapsüllerin oluşumunu, birkaç ligandı izleyebilen çoklanmış in vitro biyosensörler olarak tanımlar.

Video: Preparation of Multifunctional Silk-Based Microcapsules Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding RNA Aptamers and Riboswitches

Homemade Site Directed Mutagenesis of Whole Plasmids

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. With this method the cloned target gene can be altered by substitution, deletion or insertion of a few bases directly into a plasmid. It works by simply amplifying the whole plasmid, in a non PCR-based thermocycling reaction. During the reaction mutagenic primers, carrying the desired mutation, are integrated into the newly synthesized plasmid. In this video tutorial we demonstrate an easy and cost effective way to introduce base substitutions into a plasmid. The protocol works with standard reagents and is independent from commercial kits, which often are very expensive. Applying this protocol can reduce the total cost of a reaction to an eighth of what it costs using some of the commercial kits. In this video we also comment on critical steps during the process and give detailed instructions on how to design the mutagenic primers.

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. Here we demonstrate an easy and cost effective way to introduce base substitutions into a plasmid using standard reagents.

Tüm Plazmidler Homemade Sitesi Yönetmen Mutagenez

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. With this method the cloned ...

Biyoloji

Generation of RNA/DNA Hybrids in Genomic DNA by Transformation using RNA-containing Oligonucleotides

Synthetic short nucleic acid polymers, oligonucleotides (oligos), are the most functional and widespread tools of molecular biology. Oligos can be produced to contain any desired DNA or RNA sequence and can be prepared to include a wide variety of base and sugar modifications. Moreover, oligos can be designed to mimic specific nucleic acid alterations and thus, can serve as important tools to investigate effects of DNA damage and mechanisms of repair. We found that Thermo Scientific Dharmacon RNA-containing oligos with a length between 50 and 80 nucleotides can be particularly suitable to study, in vivo, functions and consequences of chromosomal RNA/DNA hybrids and of ribonucleotides embedded into DNA. RNA/DNA hybrids can readily form during DNA replication, repair and transcription, however, very little is known about the stability of RNA/DNA hybrids in cells and to which extent these hybrids can affect the genetic integrity of cells. RNA-containing oligos, therefore, represent a perfect vector to introduce ribonucleotides into chromosomal DNA and generate RNA/DNA hybrids of chosen length and base composition. Here we present the protocol for the incorporation of ribonucleotides into the genome of the eukaryotic model system yeast /Saccharomyces cerevisiae/. Yet, our lab has utilized Thermo Scientific Dharmacon RNA-containing oligos to generate RNA/DNA hybrids at the chromosomal level in different cell systems, from bacteria to human cells.

This work shows how to form an RNA/DNA hybrid at the chromosomal level and reveal transfer of genetic information from RNA to genomic DNA in yeast cells.

RNA içeren Oligonükleotidler kullanarak Dönüşüm Genomik DNA, RNA / DNA Hibritlerin Üretimi

Synthetic short nucleic acid polymers, oligonucleotides (oligos), are the most functional and widespread tools of molecular biology. Oligos can be ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

HeLa Hücre Transfeksiyon Ardından Gaussia Lusiferaz mRNA in vitro transkripsiyon ve Kapatma yılında

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

Mechanobiology is an emerging scientific area that addresses the critical role of physical cues in directing cell morphology and function. For example, the effect of tissue elasticity on cell function is a major area of mechanobiology research because tissue stiffness modulates with disease, development, and injury. Static tissue-mimicking materials, or materials that cannot alter stiffness once cells are plated, are predominately used to investigate the effects of tissue stiffness on cell functions. While information gathered from static studies is valuable, these studies are not indicative of the dynamic nature of the cellular microenvironment in vivo. To better address the effects of dynamic stiffness on cell function, we developed a DNA-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogel system (DNA gels). Unlike other dynamic substrates, DNA gels have the ability to decrease or increase in stiffness after fabrication without stimuli. DNA gels consist of DNA crosslinks that are polymerized into a polyacrylamide backbone. Adding and removing crosslinks via delivery of single-stranded DNA allows temporal, spatial, and reversible control of gel elasticity. We have shown in previous reports that dynamic modulation of DNA gel elasticity influences fibroblast and neuron behavior. In this report and video, we provide a schematic that describes the DNA gel crosslinking mechanisms and step-by-step instructions on the preparation DNA gels.

Our laboratory has developed DNA-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels, a dynamic hydrogel system, to better understand the effects of modulating tissue stiffness on cell function. Here, we provide schematics, descriptions, and protocols to prepare these hydrogels.

DNA çapraz bağlı poliakrilamid hidrojellerinin hazırlanışı

Mechanobiology is an emerging scientific area that addresses the critical role of physical cues in directing cell morphology and function. For example, ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the development of diverse techniques to visualize individual RNA transcripts in single living cells. One promising technique that has recently been described utilizes an oligonucleotide-based optical probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to detect RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain at least four tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3&#8217;-untranslated region. RBMBs are specifically designed to emit a bright fluorescent signal upon hybridization to complementary RNA, but otherwise remain quenched. The use of a synthetic probe in this approach allows photostable, red-shifted, and highly emissive organic dyes to be used for imaging. Binding of multiple RBMBs to the engineered RNA transcripts results in discrete fluorescence spots when viewed under a wide-field fluorescent microscope. Consequently, the movement of individual RNA transcripts can be readily visualized in real-time by taking a time series of fluorescent images. Here we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery into cells by microporation and live-cell imaging of single RNA transcripts.

Ratiometric bimolecular beacons (RBMBs) can be used to image single engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery of RBMBs into cells by microporation and fluorescent imaging of single RNA transcripts in real-time.

Oranlı metrik Bimoleküler Fenerleri kullanma Yaşam Hücrelerde Tek Engineered RNA Transkriptlerinin Gerçek zamanlı Görüntüleme

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If humans are to travel beyond low Earth orbit, a transition towards space-ready, point-of-care (POC) testing is required. Such testing needs to be comprehensive, easy to perform in a reduced-gravity environment, and unaffected by the stresses of launch and spaceflight. Countless POC devices have been developed to mimic laboratory scale counterparts, but most have narrow applications and few have demonstrable use in an in-flight, reduced-gravity environment. In fact, demonstrations of biomedical diagnostics in reduced gravity are limited altogether, making component choice and certain logistical challenges difficult to approach when seeking to test new technology. To help fill the void, we are presenting a modular method for the construction and operation of a prototype blood diagnostic device and its associated parabolic flight test rig that meet the standards for flight-testing onboard a parabolic flight, reduced-gravity aircraft. The method first focuses on rig assembly for in-flight, reduced-gravity testing of a flow cytometer and a companion microfluidic mixing chip. Components are adaptable to other designs and some custom components, such as a microvolume sample loader and the micromixer may be of particular interest. The method then shifts focus to flight preparation, by offering guidelines and suggestions to prepare for a successful flight test with regard to user training, development of a standard operating procedure (SOP), and other issues. Finally, in-flight experimental procedures specific to our demonstrations are described.

Spaceflight blood diagnostics need innovation. Few demonstrations have been published illustrating in-flight, reduced-gravity health diagnostic technology. Here we present a method for construction and operation of a parabolic flight test rig for a prototype point-of-care flow-cytometry design, with components and preparation strategies adaptable to other setups.

Prototip Minyatür Akış Sitometresi ve Companion mikroakışkan Karıştırma Teknoloji İndirimli-gravite Çevre Donanım Gösterileri

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

Retroviral Entegrasyon Siteleri Amplifikasyon, Yeni Nesil Sıralama ve Genomik DNA Haritalama

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Visualization of Surface-tethered Large DNA Molecules with a Fluorescent Protein DNA Binding Peptide

Large DNA molecules tethered on the functionalized glass surface have been utilized in polymer physics and biochemistry particularly for investigating interactions between DNA and its binding proteins. Here, we report a method that uses fluorescent microscopy for visualizing large DNA molecules tethered on the surface. First, glass coverslips are biotinylated and passivated by coating with biotinylated polyethylene glycol, which specifically binds biotinylated DNA via avidin protein linkers and significantly reduces undesirable binding from non-specific interactions of proteins or DNA molecules on the surface. Second, the DNA molecules are biotinylated by two different methods depending on their terminals. The blunt ended DNA is tagged with biotinylated dUTP at its 3' hydroxyl terminus, by terminal transferase, while the sticky ended DNA is hybridized with biotinylated complimentary oligonucleotides by DNA ligase. Finally, a microfluidic shear flow makes single DNA molecules stretch to their full contour lengths after being stained with fluorescent protein-DNA binding peptide (FP-DBP).

We present an approach for visualizing fluorescent protein DNA binding peptide (FP-DBP)-stained large DNA molecules tethered on the polyethylene glycol (PEG) and avidin-coated glass surface and stretched with microfluidic shear flows.

Peptit bağlanma floresan protein DNA ile yüzey-gergin büyük DNA moleküllerinin Görselleştirme

Large DNA molecules tethered on the functionalized glass surface have been utilized in polymer physics and biochemistry particularly for investigating ...

Preparation of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue Cores for both RNA and DNA Extraction

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPET) represents a valuable, well-annotated substrate for molecular investigations. The utility of FFPET in molecular analysis is complicated both by heterogeneous tissue composition and low yields when extracting nucleic acids. A literature search revealed a paucity of protocols addressing these issues, and none that showed a validated method for simultaneous extraction of RNA and DNA from regions of interest in FFPET. This method addresses both issues. Tissue specificity was achieved by mapping cancer areas of interest on microscope slides and transferring annotations onto FFPET blocks. Tissue cores were harvested from areas of interest using 0.6 mm microarray punches. Nucleic acid extraction was performed using a commercial FFPET extraction system, with modifications to homogenization, deparaffinization, and Proteinase K digestion steps to improve tissue digestion and increase nucleic acid yields. The modified protocol yields sufficient quantity and quality of nucleic acids for use in a number of downstream analyses, including a multi-analyte gene expression platform, as well as reverse transcriptase coupled real time PCR analysis of mRNA expression, and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis of DNA methylation.

This modified extraction protocol improves RNA and DNA yields from more precisely targeted regions of interest in histopathologic tissue blocks.

RNA ve DNA Ekstraksiyon hem Formalin sabit Parafin gömülü Doku Çekirdek hazırlanması

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPET) represents a valuable, well-annotated substrate for molecular investigations. The utility of FFPET in ...

TChIP-Seq: Cell-Type-Specific Epigenome Profiling

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological functions have been extensively studied. Indeed, the advent of next-generation deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) via specific histone modification antibodies has revolutionized our view of epigenetic regulation across the genome. Conversely, tissues typically consist of diverse cell types, and their complex mixture poses analytic challenges to investigating the epigenome in a particular cell type. To address the cell type-specific chromatin state in a genome-wide manner, we recently developed tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq), which is based on the selective purification of chromatin by tagged core histone proteins from cell types of interest, followed by ChIP-Seq. The goal of this protocol is the introduction of best practices of tChIP-Seq. This technique provides a versatile tool for tissue-specific epigenome investigation in diverse histone modifications and model organisms.

We describe a step-by-step protocol for tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq) that enables the analysis of cell-type-specific genome-wide histone modification.

TChIP-Seq: Hücre türüne özgü Epigenome profil oluşturma

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological ...