Bu proje için California Rejeneratif Tıp Enstitüsü bir Leon J. Thal TOHUM hibe ile desteklendi. Tobias Henning, Alman Araştırma Birliği (DFG, HE 4578/1-2) nakit Araştırma tarafından finanse edildi. Biz insan embriyonik kök hücre kültürü onun tavsiye Juanito Meneses minnetle kabul etmek istiyorum.

Floresan boya ile mezenkimal kök hücrelerin Etiketleme DID <ol><li> Mezenkimal kök hücreleri etiketleme prosedürü başlatmak için, trypsinize ve hücrelerin belirli bir sayı ile bir süspansiyon elde etmek için hücre sayımı. </li><li> Kuluçka hücreleri ve etiketli hücreleri içeren şişeler eski medya aspirat </li><li> Mg / Ca-free PBS 10 ml hücreleri yıkayın. PBS aspire. Mg ve Ca tripsin inhibe eder, bu nedenle biz bu olmadan PBS kullanabilirsiniz. </li><li> 5ml kullanan T75 şişesi için, önceden ısıtılmış% 0.05 tripsin ekleyin. Balonun tüm yüzeyi kaplı olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Yaklaşık 5 dakika için 37 ° C inkübatör &#39;da inkübe edin. </li><li> Mikroskop altında dekolmanı onaylayın. Hücreleri hala balona bağlı ise, birkaç kez dokunun ve trypsinization başarılı oluncaya kadar biraz daha bekleyin. </li><li> Şimdi,% 10 FCS içeren medya ekleyerek tripsin nötralize etmek için gerekli. Tripsin var olduğu gibi bir ortam eşit miktarda kullanın. </li><li> Olduğunu tüm hücreleri medyada tekrar askıya sağlamak için birkaç kez aşağı yukarı Pipet. </li><li> Hücre çözümü 15ml steril kapaklı polipropilen tüp aktarın. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 400 RCF santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Hücre pelletini rahatsız etmeyecek şekilde sağlanması süpernatantı aspire. </li><li> DMEM hücrelerin yeniden süspanse edin ve hücre sayımı ile devam edin. </li><li> ^ 6 ml serum serbest kültür vasatı (DMEM) başına 1x10 yoğunluğu etiketlenmesine hücreleri askıya alınması. </li><li> Bu hücre süspansiyonu tüm hazırlık oldu. Şimdi, etiketleme başlamak için hazır. </li><li> İlk olarak, hücre süspansiyonu ml başına kontrast madde 5 mcL ekleyin. </li><li> Sonra, yavaşça pipetleme çözüm karıştırın. </li><li> Etiketleme çözümü 37 ° C de 20 dakika 6-iyi bir düşük-attachment çanak hücreleri inkübe edin. </li><li> Basit inkübasyon tamamlandıktan sonra, 15 ml kapaklı polipropilen tüp hücre çözümü aktarmak için gereklidir. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 400 RCF santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Hücre pelletini rahatsız sağlanması, etiketleme orta aspire edin. </li><li> Hücreler PBS ile yıkayın. Hücreler yukarı ve aşağı Pipet, hücre pelletini break up emin olun. </li><li> Son iki adımı iki kez daha tekrarlayın, bu nedenle bir toplam 3 yıkama adımları var. </li><li> Hücre sayımı ve hücre canlılığını belirlemek için bir Tripan mavi testi gerçekleştirin. Bunlar, standart hücre kültürü protokolleri burada anlatmayacağım olduğunu. </li><li> Hücreler artık optik görüntüleyici görüntülü hazır. </li></ol> Floresan boya ICG ile insan embriyonik kök hücreleri Etiketleme <ol><li> Insan embriyonik kök hücreleri etiketleme prosedürü başlatmak için, kontrast madde Yeşil İndosiyanin hazırlamak. Transfeksiyon ajan Protamin ile karıştırın. </li><li> İndosiyanin Yeşil toz 1mg ölçün. Dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) 100 mcL ICG tozu çözülür. </li><li> Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye Eagles Medium (DMEM +% 10 Fötal Buzağı Serumu) medya 400 mcL karışıma ekleyin ve iyice sallayın. Bu sonuç, 2mg/ml son bir konsantrasyon Yeşil İndosiyanin. </li><li> Transfeksiyon ajan Protamin ekleyin. Kontrast madde için bir servis olarak protamin eylemler, bu nedenle daha verimli bir şekilde hücre içine alır. </li><li> 300 mcL ICG ve 300 mcL serum serbest Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye Eagles Orta 10mg/ml bir konsantrasyon sağlanır 5 mcL protamin sülfat, karıştırın. </li><li> Formu karmaşık izin vermek için 5 dakika için yeni transfeksiyon çözüm yavaşça sallayın. </li><li> Etiketleme çözümü hazırdır. </li><li> HESC 10mm Petri kabı eski medya aspire. </li><li> Önceden ısıtılmış serum serbest DMEM 5ml ekle. </li><li> Hücreleri için önceden hazırlanmış Protamin / ICG solüsyonu ekleyin. 37 bir kuluçka makinesi, bulaşık koyarak 1 saat inkübasyon Başlat ° C </li><li> Inkübasyon tamamlandıktan sonra, inkübatör çanak kaldırmak ve etiketleme çözümü aspirat. </li><li> 5 ml PBS ile bulaşık durulama hücrelerin yıkayın. </li><li> PBS aspire ve% 0.25 tripsin, 5ml ile değiştirin. 37 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika trypsinization meydana izin çanak inkübe edin. Bu biraz her seferinde bir süre içinde çanak sallamak için yardımcı olur. </li><li> Yavaşça kalan koloniler break up, pipet ve aşağı yukarı. </li><li> KSR bir eşit miktarda çanak ekleyerek tripsin nötralize. </li><li> 15ml tüp hücre çözümü aktarın ve 5 dakika boyunca 400 RCF çözüm santrifüj. </li><li> Tam medya hücrelerin yeniden süspanse edin. </li><li> Hala bu noktada az kümeleri varsa, trypsinize ve tekrar santrifüj. </li><li> Bir tutam ücretsiz cep çözüm elde edildikten sonra, eski medya aspirat ve önceden ısıtılmış tam ESC medya 10ml pelet tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin. </li><li> Bu noktada, hESC fare besleyici hücrelerini ayırmak için gereklidir. Bu emin olmak için yapılır, daha sonra, sadece görüntüleme kök hücreler oluşur. </li><li> Bunun için, inci transferijelatin kaplı 10 cm çanak e hücre çözümü. </li><li> Çanak 37 ° C inkübatör içine koyun ve 45 dakika bekletin. Bu süre zarfında, çanak rahatsız emin olun. Şimdi, çanak besleyiciler uyacaktır ve kök hücrelerin olmaz. </li><li> Petri kabı çözüm dışarı aktarın. ve şimdi insan embriyonik kök hücre etiketli bir tek hücre çözümü var. </li><li> Hücreleri sayılabilir ve Tripan mavi test yapılabilir. </li><li> Hücreleri yansıması için hazırız! </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Daldrup-Link, H. E., Rudelius, M., Metz, S., Piontek, G., Settles, M., Pichler, B., Heinzmann, U., Weinmann, H. J., Schlegel, J., Link, T. M., Rummeny, E. J., Oostendorp, R. A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+tracking+with+Gadophrin-2+--+a+bifunctional+contrast+agent+for+MR+imaging,+optical+imaging+and+fluorescence+microscopy.">Stem cell tracking with Gadophrin-2 -- a bifunctional contrast agent for MR imaging, optical imaging and fluorescence microscopy.</a> Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 31, 1312-1321 (2004).</li><li>Simon, G. H., Daldrup-Link, H. E., Kau, J., Metz, S., Schlegel, J., Piontek, G., Saborowski, O., Demos, S., Duyster, J., Pichler, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+experimental+arthritis+using+allogeneic+leukocytes+labeled+with+a+near-infrared+fluorescent+probe.">Optical imaging of experimental arthritis using allogeneic leukocytes labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent probe.</a> Eur J Nucl Med &amp; Mol Imaging. 33, 998-1006 (2006).</li><li>Sutton, E., Henning, T., Pichler, B., Bremer, C., Daldrup-Link, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Tracking+with+Optical+imaging.">Cell Tracking with Optical imaging.</a> Eur Radiol. 2, 350-357 (2003).</li><li>Funovics, M. A., Alencar, H., Su, H. S., Khazaie, K., Weissleder, R., Mahmood, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniaturized+multichannel+near+infrared+endoscope+for+mouse+imaging.">Miniaturized multichannel near infrared endoscope for mouse imaging.</a> Mol Imaging. 2, 350-357 (2003).</li></ol>

OI floresan algılama göre, görece yeni bir görüntüleme tekniğidir. OI radyotracer tabanlı görüntüleme teknikleri gibi hassas, ancak herhangi bir ışınlama maruz kalma ile ilişkili değildir. OI, böylece hedef site hücre göçü içgörü sağlayan non-invazif ve tekrarlayan izleme hücreleri etkili bir araç sağlar. Tekniğin önemli bir sınırlama in vivo floresan probları sınırlı doku penetrasyonu. Böylece, cilt yüzeyinden 5-10 cm daha derin dokularda bir izleme birikimi, tespit olmayabilir. Mevcut klinik uygulamal...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Indocyanine Green (IR-125)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>AC41254-1000 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMSO</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D-2650 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-MEM High Glucose </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D5648</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gelatin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G1890</td>
<td>Dilute to final concentration of 0.1% in PBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PBS, Mg and Ca free</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO </td>
<td>14190-144</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.05% </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25300-120</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.25% </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25200-114	</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FCS, characterized</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Hyclone</td>
<td>SH30071.03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell Strainer (40 &#x03BC;m Nylon)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352340</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DiD</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Molecular Probes</td>
<td>V-22887</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Knockout DMEM</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>10829018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Knockout Serum Replacer</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>10828028</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>b-Mercaptoethanol </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>7522</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-essential Amino Acids </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>11140050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FGF-2</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>R&D Systems </td>
<td> 233-FB-025</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamine 200mM </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>25030081</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>15140-122</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Protamine Sulfate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>American Pharmaceutical Partners Inc.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

labeling stem cells with fluorescent dyes for non-invasive detection with optical imaging

Optik görüntüleme (OI), yeni kök hücre tabanlı tedaviler in vivo olarak izlenmesi için kolay, hızlı ve ucuz bir araçtır. Teknik floresan boya etiketli hücreleri belirli hedef organları veya patolojiler kendi birikimi ve görselleştirme sonraki intravenöz enjeksiyon ile kök hücrelerinin ex vivo etiketleme dayanmaktadır. Sunulan tekniği (C67H103CIN2O3S) ve biz insan embriyonik kök hücreleri (hESC) etiket nasıl FDA floresan boya İndosiyanin Yeşil (ICG) onaylı lipofilik floresan boya ile basit inkübasyon insan mezenkimal kök hücreleri (hMSC) etiket nasıl gösterir. Fosfolipid hücre zarı bilayeri genelinde lypophilic boya bağlılık ve difüzyon yoluyla alımı mekanizması. Hücreler serum içeren medya inkübasyon karşı serum serbest medya boya ile inkübe edilir etiketleme verimliliği artırıldı. Ayrıca, transfeksiyon ajan Protamin Sülfat ek kontrast madde alımını önemli ölçüde artırır.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging at JoVE.com

Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

Optik Görüntüleme ile non-invaziv Algılama için Floresan Boyalar Kök Hücreler Etiketleme

Bu video floresan boya ile insan embriyonik kök hücreler ve mezenkimal kök hücreler etiketleme teknikleri gösterir. Bu teknik, in vivo olarak bir optik görüntüleme ile nakledilen kök hücrelerin izleme ve floresan mikroskobu ile histopatolojik korelasyon kullanılabilir.

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo ...

labeling-stem-cells-with-fluorescent-dyes-for-non-invasive-detection

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.3K Görüntüleme.  Contrast Agent Research Group at the Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco. Bu video floresan boya ile insan embriyonik kök hücreler ve mezenkimal kök hücreler etiketleme teknikleri gösterir. Bu teknik, in vivo olarak bir optik görüntüleme ile nakledilen kök hücrelerin izleme ve floresan mikroskobu ile histopatolojik korelasyon kullanılabilir.

Video: Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

Labeling hESCs and hMSCs with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive in vivo Tracking with MR Imaging

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative medicine. A non-invasive method to monitor the transplanted stem cells repeatedly in vivo would greatly enhance our ability to understand the mechanisms that control stem cell death and identify trophic factors and signaling pathways that improve stem cell engraftment. MR imaging has been proven to be an effective tool for the in vivo depiction of stem cells with near microscopic anatomical resolution. In order to detect stem cells with MR, the cells have to be labeled with cell specific MR contrast agents. For this purpose, iron oxide nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), are applied, because of their high sensitivity for cell detection and their excellent biocompatibility. SPIO particles are composed of an iron oxide core and a dextran, carboxydextran or starch coat, and function by creating local field inhomogeneities, that cause a decreased signal on T2-weighted MR images. This presentation will demonstrate techniques for labeling of stem cells with clinically applicable MR contrast agents for subsequent non-invasive in vivo tracking of the labeled cells with MR imaging.

For the evaluation of new stem cell therapies it is important to non-invasively track the injected cells in vivo. This video will show you how to label human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells with iron oxide based contrast agents in vivo for subsequent MR imaging in vivo.

Demir Oksit hESC ve hMSCs Etiketleme MR Görüntüleme in vivo Takip Non-Invasive Nanopartiküller

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative ...

Biyoloji

Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography

Little is known about the internal organization of many micro-arthropods with body sizes below 1 mm. The reasons for that are the small size and the hard cuticle which makes it difficult to use protocols of classical histology. In addition, histological sectioning destroys the sample and can therefore not be used for unique material. Hence, a non-destructive method is desirable which allows to view inside small samples without the need of sectioning.
We used synchrotron X-ray tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France) to non-invasively produce 3D tomographic datasets with a pixel-resolution of 0.7&micro;m. Using volume rendering software, this allows us to reconstruct the internal organization in its natural state without the artefacts produced by histological sectioning. These date can be used for quantitative morphology, landmarks, or for the visualization of animated movies to understand the structure of hidden body parts and to follow complete organ systems or tissues through the samples.

We used synchrotron X-ray tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) to non-invasively produce 3D tomographic datasets with a pixel-resolution of 0.7&micro;m. Using volume rendering software, this allows the reconstruction of internal structures in their natural state without the artefacts produced by histological sectioning.

Sinkrotron-X-ray tomografi Sub-mikron Çözünürlük ile Non-invaziv 3D Görselleştirme

Little is known about the internal organization of many micro-arthropods with body sizes below 1 mm. The reasons for that are the small size and the hard ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

İnsan Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme için in vitro Etiketleme

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Proper Care and Cleaning of the Microscope

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a microscope causes reduction in contrast and resolution. DIC is especially sensitive to contamination and scratches on the lens surfaces. This protocol details the procedure for keeping the microscope clean.

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a microscope causes reduction in contrast and resolution. DIC is especially sensitive to contamination and scratches on the lens surfaces. This protocol details the procedure for keeping the microscope clean.

Mikroskop Uygun Bakım ve Temizlik

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a ...

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

Phase-contrast microscopy is often used to produce contrast for transparent, non light-absorbing, biological specimens. The technique was discovered by Zernike, in 1942, who received the Nobel prize for his achievement. DIC microscopy, introduced in the late 1960s, has been popular in biomedical research because it highlights edges of specimen structural detail, provides high-resolution optical sections of thick specimens including tissue cells, eggs, and embryos and does not suffer from the  phase halos  typical of phase-contrast images. This protocol highlights the principles and practical applications of these microscopy techniques.

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast DIC Microscopy

This protocol highlights the principles and practical applications of Phase and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

Faz Kontrast ve Diferansiyel Girişim Kontrast (DIC) Mikroskopi

Phase-contrast microscopy is often used to produce contrast for transparent, non light-absorbing, biological specimens. The technique was discovered by ...

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle synapses, we developed a larval tissue preparation that had features of live intact larvae, but also had good optical properties.  This new preparation also allowed for access of perfusates to the synapse.  We used fly larvae, immersed them in artificial hemolymph, and relaxed their normal rhythmic body contractions by chilling them. Next we dissected off the posterior segments of each animal and with a blunt insect pin pushed the mouth parts backward through the body cavity.  This everted the larval body wall, like turning a sock inside-out.  We completed the dissection with ultra-fine dissection scissors and thus exposed the visceral side of the body wall muscles. The glial structures at the NMJ expressed membrane targeted GFP under the control of glial specific promoters. The post-synaptic membrane, the SSR (Subsynaptic Reticula) in muscle expressed synaptically targeted dsRed. We needed to acutely label the motor neuron terminals, the third part of the synapse. To do this we applied primary antibodies to HRP, conjugated to a far-red emitting flurophore.  To test for dye diffusion properties into the perisynaptic space between the motor neuron terminals and the SSR, we applied a solution of large Dextran molecules conjugated to far-red emitting flurophore and collected images.

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

We described structural features of the Glia-neuromuscular synapses in a novel Inside-out tissue preparation of live fly larvae using fluorescent dyes with confocal microscopy. We labeled live neuron terminals with fluorescent primary antibodies to HRP, and also visualized the perisynaptic space with fluorescent Dextrans.

Canlı görselleştirme Drosophila</emFloresan Boyalar> Glial nöromüsküler Kavşağı

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle ...

Fluorescent Labeling of Drosophila Heart Structures

The Drosophila melanogaster dorsal vessel, or heart, is a tubular structure comprised of a single layer of contractile cardiomyocytes, pericardial cells that align along each side of the heart wall, supportive alary muscles and, in adults, a layer of ventral longitudinal muscle cells. The contractile fibers house conserved constituents of the muscle cytoarchitecture including densely packed bundles of myofibrils and cytoskeletal/submembranous protein complexes, which interact with homologous components of the extracellular matrix. Here we describe a protocol for the fixation and the fluorescent labeling of particular myocardial elements from the hearts of dissected larvae and semi-intact adult Drosophila. Specifically, we demonstrate the labeling of sarcomeric F-actin and of &alpha;-actinin in larval hearts. Additionally, we perform labeling of F-actin and &alpha;-actinin in myosin-GFP expressing adult flies and of &alpha;-actinin and pericardin, a type IV extracellular matrix collagen, in wild type adult hearts. Particular attention is given to a mounting strategy for semi-intact adult hearts that minimizes handling and optimizes the opportunity for maintaining the integrity of the cardiac tubes and the associated tissues. These preparations are suitable for imaging via fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Overall, this procedure allows for careful and detailed analysis of the structural characteristics of the heart from a powerful genetically tractable model system.

Fluorescent Labeling of Drosophila Heart Structures

Here we describe a basic protocol for fluorescent labeling of different elements of heart tubes from larva and adult Drosophila melanogaster. These specimens are well-suited for imaging via fluorescent or confocal microscopy. This technique permits detailed structural analysis of the features of the hearts from a powerful model organism.

VE Floresan Etiketleme Drosophila Kalp Yapıları

The Drosophila melanogaster dorsal vessel, or heart, is a tubular structure comprised of a single layer of contractile cardiomyocytes, pericardial cells ...

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated precursors. Researchers have employed various methods of lineage labeling, such as DiI labeling1 and pressure injection of traceable enzymes2 to ascertain cell fate at later stages of development in model systems. The first fate maps in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assembled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, into single cells in discrete regions of the embryo and tracing the labeled cell's fate over time3-5. While effective, these methods are technically demanding and require specialized equipment not commonly found in zebrafish labs. Recently, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins, such as Eos and Kaede, which irreversibly switch from green to red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, are seeing increased use in zebrafish6-8. The optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo and the relative ease of transgenesis have made these particularily attractive tools for lineage labeling and to observe the migration of cells in vivo7. Despite their utility, these proteins have some disadvantages compared to dye-mediated lineage labeling methods. The most crucial is the difficulty we have found in obtaining high 3-D resolution during photoconversion of these proteins. In this light, perhaps the best combination of resolution and ease of use for lineage labeling in zebrafish makes use of caged fluorescein dextran, a fluorescent dye that is bound to a quenching group that masks its fluorescence9. The dye can then be "uncaged" (released from the quenching group) within a specific cell using UV light from a laser or mercury lamp, allowing visualization of its fluorescence or immunodetection. Unlike iontophoretic methods, caged fluorescein can be injected with standard injection apparatuses and uncaged with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a pinhole10. In addition, antibodies against fluorescein detect only the uncaged form, and the epitope survives fixation well11. Finally, caged fluorescein can be activated with very high 3-D resolution, especially if two-photon microscopy is employed 12,13. This protocol describes a method of lineage labeling by caged fluorescein and laser uncaging. Subsequenctly, uncaged fluorescein is detected simultaneously with other epitopes such as GFP by labeling with antibodies.

This protocol delineates a way to label and trace the fate of small groups of cells zebrafish embryos using UV-uncaging of caged fluorescein, followed by whole mount immunolabeling to amplify the signal from the uncaged fluorescein.

Lazer Uncagable Floresein Dextran&#39;ın Zebra balığı Hücre Lineage Etiketleme

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated ...

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy (FIONA)

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in the x-y plane. Here a summary of the FIONA technique is reported and examples of research that have been performed using FIONA are briefly described. First, how to set up the required equipment for FIONA experiments, i.e., a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), with details on aligning the optics, is described. Then how to carry out a simple FIONA experiment on localizing immobilized Cy3-DNA single molecules using appropriate protocols, followed by the use of FIONA to measure the 36 nm step size of a single truncated myosin Va motor labeled with a quantum dot, is illustrated. Lastly, recent effort to extend the application of FIONA to thick samples is reported. It is shown that, using a water immersion objective and quantum dots soaked deep in sol-gels and rabbit eye corneas (&#62;200 &#181;m), localization precision of 2-3 nm can be achieved.

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Single fluorophores can be localized with nanometer precision using FIONA. Here a summary of the FIONA technique is reported, and how to carry out FIONA experiments is described.

Bir nanometre Hassasiyet Floresans Görüntüleme (Fiona)

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in ...

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Methylation of cytosine bases (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) occurring in vertebrate genomes is usually associated with transcriptional silencing. 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) are the recently discovered modified cytosine bases produced by enzymatic oxidation of 5mC, whose biological functions remain relatively obscure. A number of approaches ranging from biochemical to antibody based techniques have been employed to study the genomic distribution and global content of these modifications in various biological systems. Although some of these approaches can be useful for quantitative assessment of these modified forms of 5mC, most of these methods do not provide any spatial information regarding the distribution of these DNA modifications in different cell types, required for correct understanding of their functional roles. Here we present a highly sensitive method for immunochemical detection of the modified forms of cytosine. This method permits co-detection of these epigenetic marks with protein lineage markers and can be employed to study their nuclear localization, thus, contributing to deciphering their potential biological roles in different experimental contexts.

Herein we describe a sensitive immunochemical method for mapping the spatial distribution of 5mC oxidation derivatives based on the use of peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and tyramide signal amplification.