이 프로젝트는 재생 의료에 대한 캘리포니아 연구소에서 레온 J. Thal 시드 부여에 의해 지원되었다. 토바 이어스 헤닝는 독일 연구 협회 (DFG, HE 4578/1-2)에서 급비 연구에 의해 투자되었다. 우리는 기꺼이 그 인간의 배아 줄기 세포의 문화에 대한 그의 조언 후아의 Meneses을 인정 싶어요.

형광 염료와 mesenchymal 줄기 세포의 라벨링 것은나요 <ol><li> mesenchymal 줄기 세포를 라벨에 대한 절차를 시작하려면 trypsinize 및 세포의 정의된 번호를 중지를 얻을 수있는 세포를 계산합니다. </li><li> 인큐베이터 밖으로 세포를 가지고 세포가 표시되는 포함된 flasks에서 이전 미디어를 기음 </li><li> MG / CA - 무료 PBS 10 ML있는 세포를 씻으십시오. PBS를 대기음. MG와 CA는 트립신을 억제 것이다 그러므로 우리는이없이는 PBS를 사용합니다. </li><li> 우리가 5ml를 사용하여 T75 플라스크에 대한 사전 예열 0.05 %의 트립신을 추가합니다. 술병의 전체 표면이 적용되었는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 약 5 분 동안 37 ° C 배양기에서에 품어. </li><li> 현미경으로 초연을 확인합니다. 세포가 계속 술병을 준수하면, 몇 번 누르고 trypsinization이 성공 때까지 조금 더 기다려. </li><li> 이제 10 % FCS를 포함하는 미디어를 추가하여 트립신을 중화하는 것이 필요합니다. 트립신가로서 우리는 매체의 동일한 금액을 사용합니다. </li><li> 모든 세포가 언론에 다시 중단되는 것을 보장하기 위해 몇 번 위아래로 피펫합니다. </li><li> 멸균 15ml 덮인 폴리 프로필렌 튜브에 세포 솔루션을 전송합니다. </li><li> 5 분 400 RCF에서 원심 분리기. </li><li> 세포 펠렛을 방해하지 않도록 보장 뜨는을 대기음. </li><li> DMEM에있는 세포를 Resuspend 및 세포 개수와 함께 진행합니다. </li><li> 혈청이없는 배지 (DMEM)에 ML 당 ^ 6 1x10의 밀도에 표시되도록 세포를 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 이것은 세포 현탁액의 모든 준비했습니다. 지금, 그것은 상표를 시작할 준비가 된 것입니다. </li><li> 첫째, 세포 현탁액의 ML 당나요 대비 에이전트의 5 μL를 추가합니다. </li><li> 그런 다음, 부드럽게 pipetting하여 솔루션을 섞는다. </li><li> 37 라벨 솔루션 ° 6 - 잘 낮은 첨부 접시에 20 분 C와 세포를 품어. </li><li> 간단한 배양이 완료되면, 그것은 15 ML 덮인 폴리 프로필렌 튜브에 세포 솔루션을 전송하는 것이 필요합니다. </li><li> 5 분 400 RCF에서 내려 원심 분리기. </li><li> 세포 펠렛을 방해하지 않도록 보장 라벨 매체를 대기음. </li><li> PBS로 세포를 씻으십시오. 세포를 피펫 아래로, 세포 펠렛을 휴식해야하고. </li><li> 후자의 두 단계 두 번 더 반복하므로 3 세척 단계 총 있습니다. </li><li> 세포를 카운트하고 세포 생존을 결정하기 위해 Trypan 파랑 테스트를 수행합니다. 이것은 우리가 여기서 설명하지 않을 것을 표준 세포 배양 프로토콜입니다. </li><li> 당신의 세포는 현재 광학 영상기에 몇 군데 준비하고 있습니다. </li></ol> 형광 염료의 ICG와 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 라벨링 <ol><li> 인간 배아 줄기 세포를 라벨에 대한 절차를 시작하려면 대비 에이전트가 그린 Indocyanine 준비합니다. transfection 에이전트 프로타민와 함께 섞는다. </li><li> Indocyanine 그린 파우더 1mg을 측정합니다. 디메틸 Sulfoxide (DMSO) 100 μL에 ICG 분말을 디졸브. </li><li> 혼합물에 Dulbecco의 수정 이글스 중간 (DMEM + 10% 소태아 세럼) 미디어 400 μL를 추가하고 잘 흔들어. 의 2mg/ml의 최종 농도이 결과는 그린 Indocyanine. </li><li> transfection 에이전트 프로타민를 추가합니다. 대비 에이전트 셔틀로 프로타민 행위, 그것이보다 효율적으로 세포에 도착 있도록. </li><li> 300 μL ICG 300 μL 혈청 무료 Dulbecco의 수정 이글스 매체, 10mg/ml의 농도에서 제공하는 5 μL 프로타민 황산을 섞는다. </li><li> 부드럽게 양식으로 복잡한 수 있도록 5 분 동안 새로운 transfection 솔루션을 흔들. </li><li> 라벨 솔루션은 준비가 된 것입니다. </li><li> hESC 10mm 페트리 접시에서 기존의 미디어를 대기음. </li><li> 사전 예열 혈청없는 DMEM의 5ml를 추가합니다. </li><li> 세포에 이전 준비 프로타민 / ICG 솔루션을 추가합니다. 37 인큐베이터에있는 접시를 배치하여 1 시간 보육을 시작 ° C. </li><li> 배양이 완료되면, 인큐베이터에서 접시를 제거하고 라벨 솔루션을 대기음. </li><li> 5 ML PBS로 접시를 rinsing하여 세포를 씻으십시오. </li><li> PBS를 기음과 0.25 %의 트립신의 5ml로 바꿉니다. ° C 5 분 trypsinization가 발생할 수 있도록 37 접시를 품어. 그것은 한동안 조금 매번 접시를 흔들 수 있도록 도와줍니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 남아있는 식민지를 깨고, 아래로 피펫합니다. </li><li> 접시에 KSR의 동일한 금액을 추가하여 트립신을 중화. </li><li> 15ml 튜브에 세포 솔루션을 전송 5 분 400 RCF에서 솔루션을 원심 분리기. </li><li> 전체 미디어 세포를 Resuspend. </li><li> 지금이 시점에서 대단히 짧은 시간이있다면, trypsinize 다시 원심 분리기. </li><li> 덩어리가없는 세포 솔루션 달성되면, 기존의 미디어를 기음과 미리 예열 전체 ESC 미디어의 10ml의 펠렛을 resuspend. </li><li> 이 시점에서, 그것은 hESCs에서 마우스 피더 세포를 분리하는 것이 필요합니다. 이것은 그것을 보장하기 위해 수행, 나중에, 오직 영상 줄기 세포가 발생합니다. </li><li> 이를 위해 일을 전송할젤라틴 코팅 10cm 접시에 전자 전지 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 37 ° C 배양기에 접시를 넣어 45 분 동안 앉아 보자. 이 시간 동안 접시를 방해하지 않도록하십시오. 자, 피더는 음식을 준수하고 줄기 세포는하지 않습니다. </li><li> 페트리 접시 밖으로 솔루션을 전송합니다. 지금 우리는 인간의 배아 줄기 세포의 표시 단일 세포의 해결책을 가지고 있습니다. </li><li> 세포는 현재 계산 수 있으며 Trypan 파랑 시험은 그들을 수행할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 세포가 몇 군데 준비 있습니다! </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Daldrup-Link, H. E., Rudelius, M., Metz, S., Piontek, G., Settles, M., Pichler, B., Heinzmann, U., Weinmann, H. J., Schlegel, J., Link, T. M., Rummeny, E. J., Oostendorp, R. A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+tracking+with+Gadophrin-2+--+a+bifunctional+contrast+agent+for+MR+imaging,+optical+imaging+and+fluorescence+microscopy.">Stem cell tracking with Gadophrin-2 -- a bifunctional contrast agent for MR imaging, optical imaging and fluorescence microscopy.</a> Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 31, 1312-1321 (2004).</li><li>Simon, G. H., Daldrup-Link, H. E., Kau, J., Metz, S., Schlegel, J., Piontek, G., Saborowski, O., Demos, S., Duyster, J., Pichler, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+experimental+arthritis+using+allogeneic+leukocytes+labeled+with+a+near-infrared+fluorescent+probe.">Optical imaging of experimental arthritis using allogeneic leukocytes labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent probe.</a> Eur J Nucl Med &amp; Mol Imaging. 33, 998-1006 (2006).</li><li>Sutton, E., Henning, T., Pichler, B., Bremer, C., Daldrup-Link, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Tracking+with+Optical+imaging.">Cell Tracking with Optical imaging.</a> Eur Radiol. 2, 350-357 (2003).</li><li>Funovics, M. A., Alencar, H., Su, H. S., Khazaie, K., Weissleder, R., Mahmood, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniaturized+multichannel+near+infrared+endoscope+for+mouse+imaging.">Miniaturized multichannel near infrared endoscope for mouse imaging.</a> Mol Imaging. 2, 350-357 (2003).</li></ol>

오이는 형광의 감지에 따라 비교적 새로운 이미징 기술입니다. 오이는 radiotracer 기반 이미징 기술을 같이 구분하지만, 모든 방사선 노출과 관련되지 않았습니다. 오이는이를 대상 사이트에 셀 마이 그 레이션에 대한 통찰력을 제공하는 비 invasively하고 반복적으로 추적 세포의 효과적인 수단을 제공합니다. 기술 중 하나는 주요 제한은 생체내에 형광 프로브의 제한된 조직 침투입니다. 따라서 피부 표면 5-10cm에 ?...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Indocyanine Green (IR-125)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>AC41254-1000 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMSO</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D-2650 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-MEM High Glucose </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D5648</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gelatin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G1890</td>
<td>Dilute to final concentration of 0.1% in PBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PBS, Mg and Ca free</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO </td>
<td>14190-144</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.05% </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25300-120</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.25% </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25200-114	</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FCS, characterized</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Hyclone</td>
<td>SH30071.03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell Strainer (40 &#x03BC;m Nylon)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352340</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DiD</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Molecular Probes</td>
<td>V-22887</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Knockout DMEM</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>10829018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Knockout Serum Replacer</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>10828028</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>b-Mercaptoethanol </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>7522</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-essential Amino Acids </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>11140050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FGF-2</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>R&D Systems </td>
<td> 233-FB-025</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamine 200mM </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>25030081</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>15140-122</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Protamine Sulfate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>American Pharmaceutical Partners Inc.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

labeling stem cells with fluorescent dyes for non-invasive detection with optical imaging

광학 이미징 (오이)는 새로운 줄기 세포 기반 요법의 생체내 모니터링을 위해 쉽고, 빠르고 저렴한 도구입니다. 이 기술은 형광 염료, 특정 대상 기관 또는 pathologies들의 축적의 라벨 세포 및 시각화의 후속 정맥 주사와 함께 줄기 세포의 생체내 전 라벨에 따라 달라집니다. 제공 기술나요 (C67H103CIN2O3S)와 우리가 인간 배아의 줄기 세포를 (hESC) 라벨을 어떻게 FDA는 형광 염료가 그린 (ICG)을 Indocyanine 승인을 우리가 lipophilic 형광 염료와 함께 간단하게 부화하여 인간 mesenchymal 줄기 세포 (hMSC)를 분류하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이해 메커니즘은 인지질의 세포 막 이중층에 걸쳐 lypophilic 염료의 준수 및 확산을 통해이다. 세포와 같은 혈청 함유 미디어 부화 반대로 혈청없는 미디어의 염료와 incubated하는 경우 라벨의 효율은 일반적으로 향상됩니다. 또한, transfection 에이전트 프로타민 황산의 추가가 대비 에이전트 이해를 크게 향상시킵니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging at JoVE.com

Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

광학 이미징과 비침습 감지를위한 형광 염료와 함께 줄기 세포를 라벨링

이 동영상은 형광 염료와 인간 배아 줄기 세포 및 mesenchymal 줄기 세포의 라벨에 대한 기술을 보여줍니다. 이 기술은 광학 이미징과 이식 줄기 세포의 생체내 추적에와 형광 현미경과 histopathological 상관 관계에 대해 사용할 수 있습니다.

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo ...

labeling-stem-cells-with-fluorescent-dyes-for-non-invasive-detection

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.3K 조회수.  Contrast Agent Research Group at the Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco. 이 동영상은 형광 염료와 인간 배아 줄기 세포 및 mesenchymal 줄기 세포의 라벨에 대한 기술을 보여줍니다. 이 기술은 광학 이미징과 이식 줄기 세포의 생체내 추적에와 형광 현미경과 histopathological 상관 관계에 대해 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

Labeling hESCs and hMSCs with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive in vivo Tracking with MR Imaging

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative medicine. A non-invasive method to monitor the transplanted stem cells repeatedly in vivo would greatly enhance our ability to understand the mechanisms that control stem cell death and identify trophic factors and signaling pathways that improve stem cell engraftment. MR imaging has been proven to be an effective tool for the in vivo depiction of stem cells with near microscopic anatomical resolution. In order to detect stem cells with MR, the cells have to be labeled with cell specific MR contrast agents. For this purpose, iron oxide nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), are applied, because of their high sensitivity for cell detection and their excellent biocompatibility. SPIO particles are composed of an iron oxide core and a dextran, carboxydextran or starch coat, and function by creating local field inhomogeneities, that cause a decreased signal on T2-weighted MR images. This presentation will demonstrate techniques for labeling of stem cells with clinically applicable MR contrast agents for subsequent non-invasive in vivo tracking of the labeled cells with MR imaging.

For the evaluation of new stem cell therapies it is important to non-invasively track the injected cells in vivo. This video will show you how to label human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells with iron oxide based contrast agents in vivo for subsequent MR imaging in vivo.

이런 산화물로 hESCs과 hMSCs을 라벨링하는 MR 영상과 생체내 추적 비침습에 대한 Nanoparticles

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative ...

연구

생물학

Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography

Little is known about the internal organization of many micro-arthropods with body sizes below 1 mm. The reasons for that are the small size and the hard cuticle which makes it difficult to use protocols of classical histology. In addition, histological sectioning destroys the sample and can therefore not be used for unique material. Hence, a non-destructive method is desirable which allows to view inside small samples without the need of sectioning.
We used synchrotron X-ray tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France) to non-invasively produce 3D tomographic datasets with a pixel-resolution of 0.7&micro;m. Using volume rendering software, this allows us to reconstruct the internal organization in its natural state without the artefacts produced by histological sectioning. These date can be used for quantitative morphology, landmarks, or for the visualization of animated movies to understand the structure of hidden body parts and to follow complete organ systems or tissues through the samples.

We used synchrotron X-ray tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) to non-invasively produce 3D tomographic datasets with a pixel-resolution of 0.7&micro;m. Using volume rendering software, this allows the reconstruction of internal structures in their natural state without the artefacts produced by histological sectioning.

싱크로 트론 - X - 레이 - tomography를 사용하여 서브 마이크론 해상도로 비침습 3D - 시각화

Little is known about the internal organization of many micro-arthropods with body sizes below 1 mm. The reasons for that are the small size and the hard ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

자기 공명 영상을위한 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 체외 라벨에

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Proper Care and Cleaning of the Microscope

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a microscope causes reduction in contrast and resolution. DIC is especially sensitive to contamination and scratches on the lens surfaces. This protocol details the procedure for keeping the microscope clean.

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a microscope causes reduction in contrast and resolution. DIC is especially sensitive to contamination and scratches on the lens surfaces. This protocol details the procedure for keeping the microscope clean.

현미경의 올바른 관리 및 청소

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a ...

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

Phase-contrast microscopy is often used to produce contrast for transparent, non light-absorbing, biological specimens. The technique was discovered by Zernike, in 1942, who received the Nobel prize for his achievement. DIC microscopy, introduced in the late 1960s, has been popular in biomedical research because it highlights edges of specimen structural detail, provides high-resolution optical sections of thick specimens including tissue cells, eggs, and embryos and does not suffer from the  phase halos  typical of phase-contrast images. This protocol highlights the principles and practical applications of these microscopy techniques.

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast DIC Microscopy

This protocol highlights the principles and practical applications of Phase and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

단계 대비 및 차등 간섭 대비 (DIC) 현미경

Phase-contrast microscopy is often used to produce contrast for transparent, non light-absorbing, biological specimens. The technique was discovered by ...

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle synapses, we developed a larval tissue preparation that had features of live intact larvae, but also had good optical properties.  This new preparation also allowed for access of perfusates to the synapse.  We used fly larvae, immersed them in artificial hemolymph, and relaxed their normal rhythmic body contractions by chilling them. Next we dissected off the posterior segments of each animal and with a blunt insect pin pushed the mouth parts backward through the body cavity.  This everted the larval body wall, like turning a sock inside-out.  We completed the dissection with ultra-fine dissection scissors and thus exposed the visceral side of the body wall muscles. The glial structures at the NMJ expressed membrane targeted GFP under the control of glial specific promoters. The post-synaptic membrane, the SSR (Subsynaptic Reticula) in muscle expressed synaptically targeted dsRed. We needed to acutely label the motor neuron terminals, the third part of the synapse. To do this we applied primary antibodies to HRP, conjugated to a far-red emitting flurophore.  To test for dye diffusion properties into the perisynaptic space between the motor neuron terminals and the SSR, we applied a solution of large Dextran molecules conjugated to far-red emitting flurophore and collected images.

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

We described structural features of the Glia-neuromuscular synapses in a novel Inside-out tissue preparation of live fly larvae using fluorescent dyes with confocal microscopy. We labeled live neuron terminals with fluorescent primary antibodies to HRP, and also visualized the perisynaptic space with fluorescent Dextrans.

라이브를 떠올리 Drosophila</em형광 염료와 함께> Glial - 신경근육학 융티온

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle ...

Fluorescent Labeling of Drosophila Heart Structures

The Drosophila melanogaster dorsal vessel, or heart, is a tubular structure comprised of a single layer of contractile cardiomyocytes, pericardial cells that align along each side of the heart wall, supportive alary muscles and, in adults, a layer of ventral longitudinal muscle cells. The contractile fibers house conserved constituents of the muscle cytoarchitecture including densely packed bundles of myofibrils and cytoskeletal/submembranous protein complexes, which interact with homologous components of the extracellular matrix. Here we describe a protocol for the fixation and the fluorescent labeling of particular myocardial elements from the hearts of dissected larvae and semi-intact adult Drosophila. Specifically, we demonstrate the labeling of sarcomeric F-actin and of &alpha;-actinin in larval hearts. Additionally, we perform labeling of F-actin and &alpha;-actinin in myosin-GFP expressing adult flies and of &alpha;-actinin and pericardin, a type IV extracellular matrix collagen, in wild type adult hearts. Particular attention is given to a mounting strategy for semi-intact adult hearts that minimizes handling and optimizes the opportunity for maintaining the integrity of the cardiac tubes and the associated tissues. These preparations are suitable for imaging via fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Overall, this procedure allows for careful and detailed analysis of the structural characteristics of the heart from a powerful genetically tractable model system.

Fluorescent Labeling of Drosophila Heart Structures

Here we describe a basic protocol for fluorescent labeling of different elements of heart tubes from larva and adult Drosophila melanogaster. These specimens are well-suited for imaging via fluorescent or confocal microscopy. This technique permits detailed structural analysis of the features of the hearts from a powerful model organism.

의 형광 라벨링 Drosophila 심장 구조

The Drosophila melanogaster dorsal vessel, or heart, is a tubular structure comprised of a single layer of contractile cardiomyocytes, pericardial cells ...

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated precursors. Researchers have employed various methods of lineage labeling, such as DiI labeling1 and pressure injection of traceable enzymes2 to ascertain cell fate at later stages of development in model systems. The first fate maps in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assembled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, into single cells in discrete regions of the embryo and tracing the labeled cell's fate over time3-5. While effective, these methods are technically demanding and require specialized equipment not commonly found in zebrafish labs. Recently, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins, such as Eos and Kaede, which irreversibly switch from green to red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, are seeing increased use in zebrafish6-8. The optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo and the relative ease of transgenesis have made these particularily attractive tools for lineage labeling and to observe the migration of cells in vivo7. Despite their utility, these proteins have some disadvantages compared to dye-mediated lineage labeling methods. The most crucial is the difficulty we have found in obtaining high 3-D resolution during photoconversion of these proteins. In this light, perhaps the best combination of resolution and ease of use for lineage labeling in zebrafish makes use of caged fluorescein dextran, a fluorescent dye that is bound to a quenching group that masks its fluorescence9. The dye can then be "uncaged" (released from the quenching group) within a specific cell using UV light from a laser or mercury lamp, allowing visualization of its fluorescence or immunodetection. Unlike iontophoretic methods, caged fluorescein can be injected with standard injection apparatuses and uncaged with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a pinhole10. In addition, antibodies against fluorescein detect only the uncaged form, and the epitope survives fixation well11. Finally, caged fluorescein can be activated with very high 3-D resolution, especially if two-photon microscopy is employed 12,13. This protocol describes a method of lineage labeling by caged fluorescein and laser uncaging. Subsequenctly, uncaged fluorescein is detected simultaneously with other epitopes such as GFP by labeling with antibodies.

This protocol delineates a way to label and trace the fate of small groups of cells zebrafish embryos using UV-uncaging of caged fluorescein, followed by whole mount immunolabeling to amplify the signal from the uncaged fluorescein.

레이저 Uncagable 플루오레신 Dextran과 Zebrafish 세포의 리니지 라벨

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated ...

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy (FIONA)

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in the x-y plane. Here a summary of the FIONA technique is reported and examples of research that have been performed using FIONA are briefly described. First, how to set up the required equipment for FIONA experiments, i.e., a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), with details on aligning the optics, is described. Then how to carry out a simple FIONA experiment on localizing immobilized Cy3-DNA single molecules using appropriate protocols, followed by the use of FIONA to measure the 36 nm step size of a single truncated myosin Va motor labeled with a quantum dot, is illustrated. Lastly, recent effort to extend the application of FIONA to thick samples is reported. It is shown that, using a water immersion objective and quantum dots soaked deep in sol-gels and rabbit eye corneas (&#62;200 &#181;m), localization precision of 2-3 nm can be achieved.

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Single fluorophores can be localized with nanometer precision using FIONA. Here a summary of the FIONA technique is reported, and how to carry out FIONA experiments is described.

하나 나노 미터의 정확도와 형광 이미징 (피오나)

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in ...

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Methylation of cytosine bases (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) occurring in vertebrate genomes is usually associated with transcriptional silencing. 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) are the recently discovered modified cytosine bases produced by enzymatic oxidation of 5mC, whose biological functions remain relatively obscure. A number of approaches ranging from biochemical to antibody based techniques have been employed to study the genomic distribution and global content of these modifications in various biological systems. Although some of these approaches can be useful for quantitative assessment of these modified forms of 5mC, most of these methods do not provide any spatial information regarding the distribution of these DNA modifications in different cell types, required for correct understanding of their functional roles. Here we present a highly sensitive method for immunochemical detection of the modified forms of cytosine. This method permits co-detection of these epigenetic marks with protein lineage markers and can be employed to study their nuclear localization, thus, contributing to deciphering their potential biological roles in different experimental contexts.

Herein we describe a sensitive immunochemical method for mapping the spatial distribution of 5mC oxidation derivatives based on the use of peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and tyramide signal amplification.

광학 이미징과 비침습 감지를위한 형광 염료와 함께 줄기 세포를 라벨링

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