Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a weak acid is acetic acid, the main ingredient in vinegar:

The use of a double-arrow in the equation above denotes the partial reaction aspect of this process. When dissolved in water under typical conditions, only about 1% of acetic acid molecules are present in the ionized form, CH₃COO⁻.

Calculating Hydronium Ion Concentrations and the pH ofa Weak Acid Solution

Formic acid, HCO₂H, is one irritant that causes the body’s reaction to some ant bites and stings. What is the concentration of hydronium ion and the pH of a 0.534-M solution of formic acid?

The ICE table for this system is

	HCO2H (aq)	H3O+ (aq)	HCO2− (aq)
Initial Concentration (M)	0.534	~0	0
Change (M)	−x	+x	+x
Equilibrium Concentration (M)	0.534 − x	x	x

Substituting the equilibrium concentration terms into the K_a expression gives

The relatively large initial concentration and small equilibrium constant permits the simplifying assumption that x will be much lesser than 0.534, and so the equation becomes

Solving the equation for x yields

To check the assumption that x is small compared to 0.534, its relative magnitude can be estimated:

Because x is less than 5% of the initial concentration, the assumption is valid. As defined in the ICE table, x is equal to the equilibrium concentration of hydronium ion:

Finally, the pH is calculated to be

Determination of K_a from pH

The pH of a 0.0516 M solution of nitrous acid, HNO₂, is 2.34. What is its K_a?

The nitrous acid concentration provided is a formal concentration, one that does not account for any chemical equilibria that may be established in solution. Such concentrations are treated as “initial” values for equilibrium calculations using the ICE table approach. Notice the initial value of hydronium ion is listed as approximately zero because a small concentration of H₃O⁺ is present (1 × 10⁻⁷ M) due to the autoionization of water. In many cases, this concentration is much less than that generated by ionization of the acid (or base) in question and may be neglected.

The pH provided is a logarithmic measure of the hydronium ion concentration resulting from the acid ionization of the nitrous acid, and so it represents an “equilibrium” value for the ICE table:

The ICE table for this system is then

	HNO2 (aq)	H3O+ (aq)	NO2− (aq)
Initial Concentration (M)	0.0516	~0	0
Change (M)	−0.0046	+0.0046	+0.0046
Equilibrium Concentration (M)	0.0470	0.0046	0.0046

Finally, calculate the value of the equilibrium constant using the data in the table:

This text is adapted from Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 4.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions and Openstax, Chemistry 2e,14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases.