Name: a suture technique for ruptured annulus fibrosus following decompression under percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy
Uploaded: 2024-01-26T13:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 3 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy at

This work was supported by the Nanshan District Health Science and Technology Project (Grant No. NS2023002; NS2023044), the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. A2023195), the Nanshan District Health Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. NSZD2023023; NSZD2023026), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82102640), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3602203).

The protocol adheres to the regulations stipulated by the ethical committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, which has granted approval for the protocol. The written informed consent from the patient was obtained. A 31-year-old female patient was enrolled, who had suffered from consistent left leg radiating pain with a visual analogue scale (VAS)7 equal to 8. Physical examination findings were as follows: (1) upper body side bending to the right; (2) restricted range of motion in leaning forward and back; (3) positive left straight leg raising test and Braggard test; (4) left tibialis anterior strength grade 4; (5) numbness in the lateral area of the left lower leg and dorsum of the left foot. A positive lumbar 4-5 disc herniation (left paramedian type) was confirmed with MRI. She had experienced ineffective outpatient conservative therapy, including rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (celecoxib 200 mg/day for 6 weeks), and acupuncture for two months. The surgical tools and equipment used in the study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Decompression under endoscope
<ol>
	<li>Position and anesthesia
	<ol>
		<li>Perform endoscopic lumbar discectomy through a transforaminal approach8. Place the patient in a prone position and mark the skin puncture point under fluoroscopic guidance. Inject 0.5% lidocaine (10 mL) into the puncture point after local disinfection and draping.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Puncture and cannula placement
	<ol>
		<li>Puncture using an 18 G needle at the marked puncture point and adjust the position under fluoroscopy. Step by step, insert the dilatation cannula (3.7 mm in diameter) and confirm reaching an ideal position under fluoroscopy.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Endoscopic lumbar decompression
	<ol>
		<li>Insert trephine saws of different sizes (5 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm in diameter) and rotate to remove bone on the cranial, dorsal, and caudal aspects of the superior articular process of L5 to perform foraminoplasty9.</li>
		<li>Expose step by step and remove soft tissues. Visualize around the suspected area of the herniated disc (a hilly-like shape, usually significantly different from the surrounding flat area). Determine the targeted herniated disc and the compressed nerve root10.</li>
		<li>Identify and remove the herniated and loose disc (including AF, NP, and cartilage endplate). Examine the decompressed nerve root and confirm no residual discs are present. 
		NOTE: To identify the targeted herniation, our experience is to assess the color, texture, and shape of the disc material. Ruptured or herniated discs may appear discolored, fragmented, or displaced compared to the surrounding normal tissue. To examine the condition of the decompressed nerve root, allow the patient to cough and observe the &#34;pulsation&#34; state of the decompressed nerve root11.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. PLL-AF suture technique
<ol>
	<li>Penetration of the lateral AF tear
	<ol>
		<li>Use a disposable annular stapler for endoscopic suture12. Identify the AF tear and penetrate the first stitch (silk made, 0.4 mm in diameter) using a curve-shaped needle in the annular stapler into the intact lateral AF tissue (Figure 1A). Check and confirm that the stitch is anchored securely (Figure 1B).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>PLL suturing
	<ol>
		<li>Penetrate the second stitch (silk made, 0.4 mm in diameter) into the PLL and confirm it penetrates also through the below medial intact AF. Check and confirm that the stitch is anchored securely. Then, tighten the first and the second stitches with a square knot (Figure 1C). 
		NOTE: Identifying the PLL after decompression can be challenging at times. Careful operation and determination of the medial and dorsal regions of the spinal canal are suggested.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>The third strengthen stitch
	<ol>
		<li>Cut the first stitch (Figure 1D) and penetrate the third stitch (silk made, 0.4 mm in diameter) at the lateral area of the intact AF and at the cranial position of the second stitch (Figure 1E).</li>
		<li>Check and confirm that the stitch is anchored securely. Cut both two stitches after making a square knot (Figure 1F). Check the nerve root again and make sure no compression exists.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Postoperative management
<ol>
	<li>Administer 50 mg of flurbiprofen axetil intravenously for postoperative pain.</li>
	<li>After surgery, permit the patient to leave the bed one day postoperatively, provided no special conditions or complications arise, and provide a lumbar brace13 (semi-rigid type with metal or plastic struts for support).</li>
</ol>

Novel PLL-AF Suture Technique for Annulus Fibrosus Repair in Lumbar Endoscopy

<ol>
	<li>Fan, G., Wang, C., Gu, X., Zhang, H., He, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trajectory+planning+and+guided+punctures+with+isocentric+navigation+in+posterolateral+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy.">Trajectory planning and guided punctures with isocentric navigation in posterolateral endoscopic lumbar discectomy.</a> World Neurosurg. 103, 899-905 (2017).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy+for+recurrent+lumbar+disc+herniation.">Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for recurrent lumbar disc herniation.</a> Int J Surg. 27, 8-16 (2016).</li><li>Hu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significance+of+preoperative+planning+software+for+puncture+and+channel+establishment+in+percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy:+A+study+of+40+cases.">Significance of preoperative planning software for puncture and channel establishment in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: A study of 40 cases.</a> Int J Surg. 41, 97-103 (2017).</li><li>Li, Z. Z., Cao, Z., Zhao, H. L., Shang, W. L., Hou, S. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pilot+study+of+full-endoscopic+annulus+fibrosus+suture+following+lumbar+discectomy:+Technique+notes+and+one-year+follow-up.">A pilot study of full-endoscopic annulus fibrosus suture following lumbar discectomy: Technique notes and one-year follow-up.</a> Pain Physician. 23 (5), E497-E506 (2020).</li><li>Bron, J. L., Helder, M. N., Meisel, H. J., Van Royen, B. J., Smit, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair,+regenerative+and+supportive+therapies+of+the+annulus+fibrosus:+Achievements+and+challenges.">Repair, regenerative and supportive therapies of the annulus fibrosus: Achievements and challenges.</a> Eur Spine J. 18 (3), 301-313 (2009).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+retrospective+study+of+the+mid-term+efficacy+of+full-endoscopic+annulus+fibrosus+suture+following+lumbar+discectomy.">A retrospective study of the mid-term efficacy of full-endoscopic annulus fibrosus suture following lumbar discectomy.</a> Front Surg. 9, 1011746 (2022).</li><li>Bird, S. B., Dickson, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinically+significant+changes+in+pain+along+the+visual+analog+scale.">Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual analog scale.</a> Ann Emerg Med. 38 (6), 639-643 (2001).</li><li>Chen, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transforaminal+endoscopic+discectomy+versus+microendoscopic+discectomy+for+lumbar+disc+herniation:+Two-year+results+of+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy versus microendoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: Two-year results of a randomized controlled trial.</a> Spine (Phila Pa). 45 (8), 493-503 (2020).</li><li>Sairyo, K., Chikawa, T., Nagamachi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-of-the-art+transforaminal+percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+surgery+under+local+anesthesia:+Discectomy,+foraminoplasty,+and+ventral+facetectomy).">State-of-the-art transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar surgery under local anesthesia: Discectomy, foraminoplasty, and ventral facetectomy).</a> J Orthop Sci. 23 (2), 229-236 (2018).</li><li>Hoogland, T., Van Den Brekel-Dijkstra, K., Schubert, M., Miklitz, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+transforaminal+discectomy+for+recurrent+lumbar+disc+herniation:+A+prospective,+cohort+evaluation+of+262+consecutive+cases.">Endoscopic transforaminal discectomy for recurrent lumbar disc herniation: A prospective, cohort evaluation of 262 consecutive cases.</a> Spine (Phila Pa). 33 (9), 973-978 (2008).</li><li>Kim, J. E., Kim, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piriformis+syndrome+after+percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy+via+the+posterolateral+approach.">Piriformis syndrome after percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy via the posterolateral approach.</a> Eur Spine J. 20 (10), 1663-1668 (2011).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+full+endoscopic+annular+repair+technique+combined+with+autologous+conditioned+plasma+intradiscal+injection:+A+new+safe+serial+therapeutic+model+for+the+treatment+of+lumbar+disc+herniation.">A novel full endoscopic annular repair technique combined with autologous conditioned plasma intradiscal injection: A new safe serial therapeutic model for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.</a> Ann Palliat Med. 10 (1), 292-301 (2021).</li><li>Landauer, F., Trieb, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+indication-based+concept+for+stepwise+spinal+orthosis+in+low+back+pain+according+to+the+current+literature.">An indication-based concept for stepwise spinal orthosis in low back pain according to the current literature.</a> J Clin Med. 11 (3), 510 (2022).</li><li>Svensson-Raskh, A., Schandl, A., Holdar, U., Fagevik Ols&#233;n, M., Nygren-Bonnier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;I+have+everything+to+win+and+nothing+to+lose&amp;#34;:+Patient+experiences+of+mobilization+out+of+bed+immediately+after+abdominal+surgery.">34;I have everything to win and nothing to lose&amp;#34;: Patient experiences of mobilization out of bed immediately after abdominal surgery.</a> Phys Ther. 100 (12), 2079-2089 (2020).</li><li>Choy, W. J., Phan, K., Diwan, A. D., Ong, C. S., Mobbs, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Annular+closure+device+for+disc+herniation:+Meta-analysis+of+clinical+outcome+and+complications.">Annular closure device for disc herniation: Meta-analysis of clinical outcome and complications.</a> BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 19 (1), 290 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Annulus+fibrosus+repair+for+lumbar+disc+herniation:+A+meta-analysis+of+clinical+outcomes+from+controlled+studies.">Annulus fibrosus repair for lumbar disc herniation: A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes from controlled studies.</a> Global Spine J. 14 (1), 306-321 (2024).</li><li>Ren, C., Qin, R., Li, Y., Wang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microendoscopic+discectomy+combined+with+annular+suture+versus+percutaneous+transforaminal+endoscopic+discectomy+for+lumbar+disc+herniation:+A+prospective+observational+study.">Microendoscopic discectomy combined with annular suture versus percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: A prospective observational study.</a> Pain Physician. 23 (6), E713-E721 (2020).</li></ol>

The authors in this study declare that no conflict of interest exists.

Achieving excellent AF suturing under the endoscope has significant benefits. It is expected to reduce the nerve mechanical stimulation caused by AF rupture or bulge, thereby decreasing postoperative residual discogenic low back pain and/or sciatica pain4,12. Closing the annular tear portal can reduce nerve root irritation caused by the release of inflammatory mediators from the intervertebral disc5. Additionally, patients can feel more confident mobilizing early after surgery. This confidence contributes to an accelerated recovery process and better outcomes in terms of regaining strength and function14.
This study introduces a novel AF suturing technique that uses the PLL as the suturing material for the first time, providing a new approach to address the inadequate tension resulting from the traditional single-stitch suturing method and the lack of healthy or firm AF tissue available around the tear after decompression. Moreover, the PLL was tightly sewn above the AF tear, allowing for an increased lumbar canal volume at the compressed segment. During the second stitch placement under endoscopic guidance, it was crucial to ensure the simultaneous penetration of both the PLL and the healthy AF in the medial portion of the tear, while avoiding contact with the nerve root.
In the literature, few studies have reported the AF suturing technique of PETD4,6,15. Most studies have focused on AF suture after lumbar micro endoscopic discectomy (MED) or open discectomy. According to a recent meta-analysis that examined 7 randomized controlled studies and 8 observational studies, it was found that discectomy combined with AF suture can effectively lower the rates of postoperative recurrence and reoperation in patients suffering from LDH16. Li et al.12 found that the combination of AF suture and autologous conditioned plasma intradiscal injection has been studied and shown to effectively decrease the recurrence rate of LDH by 4% when compared to cases where no suture was applied. Another study comparing the clinical outcomes of PETD with MED for AF suture after decompression reported that the MED technique exhibited better preservation of disc height and displayed advantages in terms of a lower recurrence rate, although no statistical difference was observed between the two techniques17.
There were two limitations to this technique. One prerequisite for realizing this technique is that the surgeon must possess rich experience in endoscopic procedures. As a result, there is a certain learning curve associated with the development of this technique. Second, this research was a technical report. The long-term effectiveness of this suturing technique should be examined in a larger sample population. Third, this technique was not applicable for every case with LDH. For instance, if the AF tear became too narrow after decompression, suturing may not be required.

Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PETD), a minimally invasive procedure used to remove herniated discs in the lumbar spine, is performed with an endoscope - a thin tube with a camera and light at the tip that enables the surgeon to visualize internal tissues and surrounding structures on a monitor1. With real-time image guidance on the monitor, surgeons can perform positioning, puncture, and placement of the cannula2 through a small skin incision of approximately 1 cm. Step-by-step exposure under the endoscope follows, including the removal of surrounding soft tissue and foraminoplasty to enlarge the opening of the targeted lumbar foramen. Once a clear view and sufficient operating space are achieved, complete decompression of the lumbar nerve is performed by removing the compressive fragments3.
Preventing postoperative recurrence of disc herniation remains a long-term concern for spine surgeons. One strategy during surgery to minimize the risk of recurrence is to remove all suspected detached nucleus pulposus (NP), even if it has not yet herniated into the canal. This is because a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) cannot be fully repaired, and as a result, detached NP tissue susceptible to intradiscal pressure may potentially reherniate in the future4.
Despite promising advancements in tissue engineering for repairing and regenerating the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF), none of them have been clinically proven effective5. The direct closure of the AF tear after full decompression is an important technique for reducing the risk of recurrence in lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Currently, the most frequently used suture technique for AF repair under endoscopy involves performing a simple suture with one single stitch at the site of the tear6. Apart from concerns about whether a single stitch can generate enough tension, an insufficient suture area (both in terms of quality and quantity) on both sides of the annular tear is frequently encountered after endoscopic decompression.
Therefore, this study proposes a new technique for suturing the AF after decompression of PETD by pulling and suturing the nearby posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) over the AF tear with three stitches (PLL-AF suture technique).

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.5% lidocaine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd</td><td>H37022768</td><td>For postoperative pain</td></tr><tr><td>Dilatation cannula</td><td>Beijing Tianqi Medical technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td><td>ZJ289019</td><td>Cannulation</td></tr><tr><td>Disposable annular stapler&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Medical Science &amp;amp; Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td><td>SMILE-L, 2020</td><td>Suture</td></tr><tr><td>Disposable stitches</td><td>Medical Science &amp;amp; Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td><td>SMILE-L, 2020-022</td><td>Stitch</td></tr><tr><td>Flurbiprofen axetil&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Shandong Hualu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td><td>H20041508</td><td>For postoperative pain</td></tr><tr><td>Puncture needle</td><td>Beijing Tianqi Medical technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td><td>ZJ289033</td><td>Puncture</td></tr><tr><td>Trephine saws&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beijing Tianqi Medical technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td><td>ZJ289036</td><td>Foraminoplasty</td></tr></tbody></table>

a suture technique for ruptured annulus fibrosus following decompression under percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy

The suture technique for a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) under full-endoscopy remains challenging. Direct suturing of a ruptured annular tear after full decompression has been shown to decrease the recurrence rate of lumbar disc herniation during endoscopic surgery. Traditional suture operations under endoscopy involve only simple suturing of the ruptured AF. Due to the weak and poor quality of the AF tissue around the tear portal, using this area as needle insertion points during suturing may lead to insufficient tension and a low success rate of AF closure. Currently, there is no detailed technical illustration based on video for AF tear suturing under lumbar full-endoscopy. We innovatively propose a method of covering and suturing the AF tear by pulling up the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) under lumbar endoscopy and using three stitches (PLL-AF suture technique). The patient who received the novel suture technique achieved satisfactory results. Six months after the operation, lumbar MRI showed no evidence of recurrence in the outpatient clinic.

After successful and sufficient decompression, the herniated disc at L4/5 (Figure 2A,A&#39;) was resected. Local AF tear (both medial and lateral tear edges) and PLL were identified under the endoscope. The first stitch ensured that the lateral tear edge was contained and sutured. The PLL and the medial AF tear edge were penetrated and stitched along with the first stitch. A third fastened stitch was tied with the second stitch at the cranial side of the first stitch. The key point of this technique is to penetrate the PLL and the medial intact AF and pull to cover and stitch the lateral AF tear.
The demographic information, clinical data, surgical outcomes, and follow-up data of the patient are shown in Table 1. The total operation time was 83 min. The patient was allowed to leave the bed one day after surgery with a lumbar brace. The postoperative VAS7 for leg pain decreased to 1 point. Postoperative MRI showed the successful decompression of the left L4/5 nerve root (Figure 2B,B&#39;). The numb sensation in the lower leg and foot significantly decreased, and the left tibialis anterior strength improved to grade 4+ on the day of discharge. At the six-month follow-up, lumbar MRI was performed, and no evidence of recurrence was observed (Figure 2C,C&#39;). The patient reported no radiating pain or numbness in his left lower limb.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65886/65886fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: The schematic diagram of the novel 3-stitch annulus fibrosus (AF) suture technique under endoscope. (A) Local structure of the target level after decompression (PLL indicates the posterior longitudinal ligament). (B) Penetration the first stitch at the lateral section of the AF. (C) Penetration of the second stitch at the PLL and tightening with the first stitch to tie a square knot. (D) Cutting the first stitch yet retaining the second stitch. (E) Penetrating the third stitch at the lateral section of the AF and at the cranial position of the second stitch. (F) Cutting the two stitches after knotting. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65886/65886fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65886/65886fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Preoperative and follow-up lumbar MRIs of the patient under PETD using PLL-AF suture technique. (A)&#160;and (A&#39;) indicates the preoperative sagittal and axial MRIs, showing L4/5 herniation with left nerve root compression. (B)&#160;and (B&#39;) indicates the postoperative MRIs, the nerve root was decompressed. (C) and (C&#39;) indicates the lumbar MRIs at six-month follow-up. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65886/65886fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Parameters</td>
			<td>Values</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Age (years)</td>
			<td>31</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gender</td>
			<td>Female</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMI#</td>
			<td>25.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Herniation location</td>
			<td>L4/5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Herniation type</td>
			<td>Left paramedian type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operation time (minutes)</td>
			<td>83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preoperative VAS*</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Postoperative VAS</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VAS at 6m follow-up</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#BMI: body mass index; *VAS: visual analogue scale.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1:&#160;Summary of the demographic information, clinical data, surgical outcomes, and follow-up data of the enrolled patient.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy at 

Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

This protocol describes an innovative suture technique for ruptured annular fibrosus during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy.

A Suture Technique for Ruptured Annulus Fibrosus Following Decompression Under Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

The suture technique for a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) under full-endoscopy remains challenging. Direct suturing of a ruptured annular tear after full ...

a-suture-technique-for-ruptured-annulus-fibrosus-following

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

659 Views.  Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital. This protocol describes an innovative suture technique for ruptured annular fibrosus during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy. 

Video: Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, and spondylolisthesis. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches have been applied to this technique with an associated decrease in estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay, and infection rates, while preserving outcomes with traditional open surgery. Previous MIS TLIF techniques involve significant fluoroscopy that subjects the patient, surgeon, and operating room staff to non-trivial levels of radiation exposure, particularly for complex multi-level procedures. We present a technique that utilizes an intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scan to aid in placement of pedicle screws, followed by traditional fluoroscopy for confirmation of cage placement. Patients are positioned in the standard fashion and a reference arc is placed in the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) followed by intraoperative CT scan. This allows for image-guidance-based placement of pedicle screws through a one-inch skin incision on each side. Unlike traditional MIS-TLIF that requires significant fluoroscopic imaging during this stage, the operation can now be performed without any additional radiation exposure to the patient or operating room staff. After completion of the facetectomy and discectomy, final TLIF cage placement is confirmed with fluoroscopy. This technique has the potential to decrease operative time and minimize total radiation exposure.

The purpose of this article is to provide image-guidance for minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion.

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, and spondylolisthesis. ...

A Mobile Outside-in Technique of Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopy for Lumbar Disc Herniations

Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) has now become a standard of care for the management of lumbar disc disease. There are two techniques for the introduction of a working cannula with respect to disc&#8212;outside-in and inside-out. The aim of this prospective study is to describe the technical aspects of a novel mobile outside-in method in dealing with different types of disc prolapse. A total of 184 consecutive patients with unilateral lower limb radiculopathy due to lumbar disc prolapse were operated on with the mobile outside-in technique of PETLD. Their clinical outcomes were evaluated based on the type of disc prolapse they had, a visual analog scale (VAS) leg pain score, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Macnab criteria. The completeness of the decompression was documented with a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The mean age of the patients was 50 &#177; 16 years and the male/female ratio was 2:1. The mean follow-up was 19 &#177; 6 months. A total of 190 lumbar levels were operated on (L1&#8211;L2: n = 4, L2&#8211;L3: n = 17, L3&#8211;L4: n = 27, L4&#8211;5: n = 123, and L5&#8211;S1: n = 19). Divided into types, the patient distribution was central: n = 14, paracentral: n = 74, foraminal: n = 28, far lateral: n = 13, superior-migrated: n = 8, inferior migrated: n = 38, and high canal compromise: n = 9. The mean operative time was 35 &#177; 12 (25 - 56) min and the mean hospital stay was 1.2 &#177; 0.5 (1&#8211;3) days. The VAS score for leg pain improved from 7.5 &#177; 1 to 1.7 &#177; 0.9. The ODI improved from 70 &#177; 8.3 to 23 &#177; 5. According to the Macnab criteria, 75 patients (40.8%) had excellent results, 104 patients (56.5%) had good results, and 5 patients (2.7%) had fair results. Recurrence (including early and late) was seen in 15 out of the 190 levels that were operated on (7.89%). This article presents a novel outside-in approach that relies on a precise landing within the foramen in a mobile manner and does not solely depend upon the enlargement of the foramen. It is more versatile in application and useful in the management of all types of disc prolapse, even in severe canal compromise and high migration.

Here we present a protocol of a novel outside-in technique of transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniations. The technical aspects of the technique, the wide indications of use, and the results of the treatment in 184 patients are described in detail.

Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) has now become a standard of care for the management of lumbar disc disease. There are ...

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation

We report a novel technique for C-arm free transtubular L5 nerve decompression under CT-based navigation to reduce the radiation hazard. This procedure is performed under general anesthesia and neuromonitoring. The patient is placed in a prone position on an operating carbon table. A navigation reference frame is placed percutaneously into the contralateral sacroiliac joint or spinous process. Then, CT scan images are obtained. After instrument registration, the L5-S1 foraminal level is confirmed with a navigated probe, and the entry point is marked. Using an approximately 2 cm skin incision, the subcutaneous tissue and muscles are dissected. The navigated first dilator is aimed at the L5-S1 Kambin&#39;s triangle, and sequential dilation is performed. The 18 mm tube is used and fixed to the frame. The bone around the Kambin&#39;s triangle is removed with a navigated burr. For lateral disc herniation, the L5 nerve root is identified and retracted, and the disc fragment is removed. The navigation-guided tubular endoscopic decompression is an effective procedure. There is no radiation hazard to the surgeon or the operating room staff.

Presented here is a novel technique of C-arm free transtubular posterolateral decompression for lumbar foraminal stenosis and lateral disc herniation under O-arm navigation.

We report a novel technique for C-arm free transtubular L5 nerve decompression under CT-based navigation to reduce the radiation hazard. This procedure is ...

Neuroscience

Full-Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach for Lumbar Discectomy

With technical advancements, the full-endoscopic transforaminal approach for lumbar discectomy (ETALD) is gaining popularity. This technique utilizes various tools and instruments, including a dilator, a beveled working sleeve, and an endoscope with a 20-degree angle and 177 mm length, equipped with a 9.3-diameter oval shaft and a 5.6 mm diameter working channel. Additionally, the procedure involves using a Kerrison punch (5.5 mm), rongeur (3-4 mm), punch (5.4 mm), tip control radioablator applying a radiofrequency current of 4 MHz, fluid control irrigation and suction pump device, 5.5 mm oval burr with lateral protection, burr round, and the diamond round. During the surgery, it is essential to identify significant landmarks, including the caudal pedicle, ascending facet, annulus fibrosis, posterior longitudinal ligament, and the exiting nerve root. The steps of the technique are relatively easy to follow, especially when utilizing the appropriate instruments and having a good understanding of the anatomy. Research studies have demonstrated comparable outcomes to open microdiscectomy techniques. ETALD presents itself as a safe option for lumbar discectomy, as it minimizes tissue disruption, results in low postoperative surgical site pain, and allows for early mobilization.

The present protocol describes the full-endoscopic transforaminal approach for lumbar discectomy, which is a safe technique that does not require muscle retraction or bone removal.

With technical advancements, the full-endoscopic transforaminal approach for lumbar discectomy (ETALD) is gaining popularity. This technique utilizes ...

Full Endoscopic Transforaminal Thoracic Discectomy Operative Technique

Thoracic disc herniations are a degenerative pathology of the thoracic spine wherein a portion of nucleus pulposis herniates into the epidural space, potentially causing spinal cord or nerve root compression. Traditional surgical treatment for patients with thoracic disc herniations requires relatively invasive anterior or posterolateral approaches that involve extensive muscular dissection and removal of bone in order to access and remove the disc herniation without causing undue compression of the spinal cord. Full endoscopic thoracic discectomy is a minimally invasive technique which allows for the resection of thoracic disc herniations through a small (1 cm) incision, minimizing collateral tissue trauma and obviating the need for the extensive muscle dissection and bony removal required for traditional surgical approaches. In this article, we describe in detail the operative technique for full endoscopic thoracic discectomy and discuss the pearls and pitfalls of the technique. We also provide a review of the outcomes and complications as seen in the literature.

This protocol demonstrates the surgical technique for full endoscopic transforaminal resection of thoracic disc herniations.

Thoracic disc herniations are a degenerative pathology of the thoracic spine wherein a portion of nucleus pulposis herniates into the epidural space, ...

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis

For lateral recess stenosis, extensive decompression with laminectomy is still performed in most centers. However, tissue-sparing surgeries are becoming more common. Full-endoscopic spinal surgeries have the advantages of being less invasive and offering a shorter recovery time. Here, we describe the technique of the full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the decompression of lateral recess stenosis. The full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the lateral recess stenosis procedure took approximately 51 min (range of 39-66 min). Blood loss could not be measured due to continuous irrigation. However, no drainage was required. There were no dura mater injuries reported in our institution. Furthermore, there were no injuries to the nerves, no cauda equine syndrome, and no hematoma formation. The patients were mobilized on the same day as surgery and discharged the next day. Therefore, the full-endoscopic technique for lateral recess stenosis decompression is a feasible procedure that lowers the operational time, complications, traumatization, and rehabilitation duration.

Technical advances and increased experience in full-endoscopic spinal surgeries enable these procedures to be performed with minimal incision, muscle retraction, and bone removal.

For lateral recess stenosis, extensive decompression with laminectomy is still performed in most centers. However, tissue-sparing surgeries are becoming ...

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation

The full endoscopic interlaminar approach (FEILA) is a minimally invasive technique for lumbar discectomy. It has multiple advantages over other conventional discectomy methods, including less traumatization of the soft tissues, fewer complication rates (dural injury, bleeding), rapid rehabilitation, quick return to daily life activities, and preferable cosmetic results. FEILA is a surgery with a relatively steep learning adaptation. Endoscopic surgery is a closed tubular approach, and all surgical maneuvers are performed within a uniportal single working channel. Also, the technique has not yet been standardized and well-documented. Therefore, the early learning stages of this technique may not be easy for most surgeons. Despite these, FEILA is easy, and the operation length is comparable to and even shorter than other techniques of lumbar discectomy. FEILA for lumbar discectomy could be considered a safe and effective alternative procedure for paracentral L5-S1 disc herniation. Here, we describe the technique of FEILA, including every cutoff step required to reach technical proficiency for surgeons who want to start applying this approach.

Here, we present a protocol to describe the full endoscopic interlaminar approach (FEILA) technique, including every cutoff step required to reach technical proficiency. FEILA is a surgery with a relatively steep learning adaptation. Despite this, any surgeon capable of microdiscectomy can perform FEILA with enough practice and suitable patient selection.

The full endoscopic interlaminar approach (FEILA) is a minimally invasive technique for lumbar discectomy. It has multiple advantages over other ...

Full-Endoscopic Isolation Zone Technique for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a type of serious sinus or sciatic nerve dysfunction caused by nucleus pulposus protrusion and annulus fibrosus tears. Its clinical symptoms often include severe low back pain, limited lumbar movement, sciatic nerve pain in the lower limbs, and even cauda equina syndrome. The common treatment for LDH is a conservative treatment scheme involving medicine, rest, and physical therapy. However, if the conservative treatment scheme is ineffective, a surgical treatment approach is adopted. Traditional open lumbar surgery has some disadvantages, including the potential for severe surgical trauma, severe blood loss during the operation, instability of the lumbar spine, and loss of the lumbar motor unit. Among the minimally invasive surgical schemes, full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS) is undoubtedly the most appropriate and has the advantages of minimal trauma, high safety, quick postoperative recovery, and the retention of the stable structure and the motor unit of the lumbar spine. However, simultaneously, incomplete removal of the nucleus pulposus and residual nerve dysfunction after surgery can occur. To avoid these shortcomings, we studied a specific spinal endoscopy technique, the "isolation zone" surgical strategy, which can effectively block the pain from the nerve conduction pathway by completely relieving the nerve compression and nerve dysfunction through the orderly treatment of the protruding nucleus pulposus, the fissure of the annulus fibrosus, the sinus nerve, and the surrounding inflammatory soft tissues.

Here, we present a protocol for the &#34;isolation zone&#34; technique in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) under full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS), including intervertebral foramen formation, targeted catheterization, nucleus pulposus resection, and annulus fibrosus formation, which together completely block the pain from the nerve conduction pathway.

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a type of serious sinus or sciatic nerve dysfunction caused by nucleus pulposus protrusion and annulus fibrosus tears. Its ...

Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) is a minimally invasive spinal surgery technique increasingly employed in treating degenerative lumbar diseases, such as lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis. In UBE, two independent yet interconnected surgical channels are established-one for the endoscope and the other for surgical instruments-providing a broad and clear surgical field of view. UBE offers several advantages over traditional open surgery, including reduced tissue damage, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times. Additionally, it combines the benefits of microscopic surgery and interlaminar endoscopy, enhancing flexibility, accuracy, and reliability during the procedure. The learning curve for UBE is shorter than that for transforaminal endoscopy, as the surgical processes closely resemble those of conventional open surgery. Despite its favorable clinical outcomes, such as reduced blood loss and shorter hospitalization, UBE carries potential complications, including epidural hematoma, dural injury, and compression of the outlet nerve root. To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to ensure appropriate patient selection, apply the correct surgical technique, and engage in careful postoperative monitoring. This article provides a detailed summary of the step-by-step surgical techniques used in UBE for treating lumbar disc herniation. It serves as a comprehensive guide to enhance practitioners' understanding of UBE. The presentation also underscores the importance of rigorous training and expertise to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Presented here is a step-by-step surgical protocol of unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE), a minimally invasive approach for treating lumbar disc herniation. By using two ports, surgical accuracy and flexibility are enhanced. This article provides a comprehensive description of UBE and highlights the practical application of this approach in clinical practice.

Unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) is a minimally invasive spinal surgery technique increasingly employed in treating degenerative lumbar diseases, such ...

A Modified Eggshell Technique for Sclerosing Thoracic Disc Herniation

Sclerosing thoracic disc herniation refers to a condition in which the intervertebral disc in the thoracic region protrudes and becomes calcified, causing compression on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots. Sclerosing herniation of the thoracic disc poses a significant danger as it can lead to serious complications like paraplegia during or after surgery. Iatrogenic spinal cord injury is a common risk for individuals diagnosed with sclerosing thoracic disc herniation due to the inflexible protrusion of the sclerosing disc into the spinal canal and its adhesion to the ventral side of the dural sac. The challenging and crucial aspect of the surgery is how to safely and efficiently eliminate the hardened tissue. The eggshell method is a surgical procedure that addresses the kyphosis abnormality of the spinal column by excavating the vertebral body via the pedicles and subsequently inserting the kyphotic fracture block into the excavated vertebral body. In this article, a revised surgical method using the eggshell technique will be presented for the treatment of sclerosing thoracic disc herniation. The surgical procedure briefly involves hollowing out the anterior intervertebral space of the hardened disc tissue to create an eggshell-like structure, with the sclerotic tissue forming the posterior wall. Subsequently, the sclerotic disc tissue is pushed into the hollow intervertebral space to achieve complete decompression of the ventral spinal cord. The safety and effectiveness of this approach for treating sclerosing thoracic disc herniation have been confirmed.

This protocol introduces a modified eggshell surgical technique used for treating sclerosing thoracic disc herniation.

Sclerosing thoracic disc herniation refers to a condition in which the intervertebral disc in the thoracic region protrudes and becomes calcified, causing ...