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All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Preparations the Day Before the Surgical Procedure
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	<li>Fast the rat the night before surgery if required. Ensure the rat has free access to water.</li>
	<li>Prepare the solutions to be administered to the rat.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a rehydration solution such as sterile saline or Ringers solution.</li>
		<li>Prepare anestheti...

intraduodenal cannulation in a rat model for immunopathology studies

Source: Trevaskis, N. L. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52389">The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2015)
This video demonstrates intraduodenal cannulation in a rat model. After anesthetizing the rat, the duodenum is located and a small puncture is created. A J-shaped cannula with a beveled tip is carefully inserted and secured, and the incision is closed. The cannulated rat model enables intra-intestinal infusion for immunopathology studies.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/21760/21760_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the shape of the beveled tip of a carotid artery or lymph cannula, and the J-shaped beveled tip of a duodenal cannula.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/21760/21760_Figure2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Photographs of (A) the abdomen shaved in preparation to cannulate the lymp...

Intraduodenal Cannulation in a Rat Model for Immunopathology Studies

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

Begin with an anesthetized rat in a supine position.
Shave the abdominal region and dissect the rat laterally, involving the skin and muscular layer to access the abdominal organs.
Visualize the duodenum&#160; &#8212; a C-shaped tube connecting the stomach to the small intestine&#39;s middle part &#8212; the jejunum.
Pull the duodenum downward to expose the stomach and locate the pylorus&#160; &#8212; the stomach-duodenum junction.
Identify the proximal region below the pylorus and create a small puncture in the duodenum.
Take a J-shaped cannula&#160; &#8212; a thin tube with a beveled tip for smoother insertion, and avoid dislocation.
Insert the cannula through the duodenal puncture to access the intra-intestinal cavity and secure its entry point on the duodenum.
Post-cannulation, suture the muscular layer incision, ensuring the cannula&#39;s open end remains outside the rat&#39;s body, and finally, apply surgical glue to close the skin incision.
The intraduodenal cannulated rat model is ready for intra-intestinal infusion of substances for immunopathology studies.

intraduodenal-cannulation-in-a-rat-model-for-immunopathology-studies

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunopathology

Assay and Analysis

Cannula Implantation into the Cisterna Magna of Rodents

Cisterna magna cannulation (CMc) is a straightforward procedure that enables direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without operative damage to the skull or the brain parenchyma. In anesthetized rodents, the exposure of the dura mater by blunt dissection of the neck muscles allows the insertion of a cannula into the cisterna magna (CM). The cannula, composed either by a fine beveled needle or borosilicate capillary, is attached via a polyethylene (PE) tube to a syringe. Using a syringe pump, molecules can then be injected at controlled rates directly into the CM, which is continuous with the subarachnoid space. From the subarachnoid space, we can trace CSF fluxes by convective flow into the perivascular space around penetrating arterioles, where solute exchange with the interstitial fluid (ISF) occurs. CMc can be performed for acute injections immediately following the surgery, or for chronic implantation, with later injection in anesthetized or awake, freely moving rodents. Quantitation of tracer distribution in the brain parenchyma can be performed by epifluorescence, 2-photon microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), depending on the physico-chemical properties of the injected molecules. Thus, CMc in conjunction with various imaging techniques offers a powerful tool for assessment of the glymphatic system and CSF dynamics and function. Furthermore, CMc can be utilized as a conduit for fast, brain-wide delivery of signaling molecules and metabolic substrates that could not otherwise cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).

Here we describe a protocol to perform cisterna magna cannulation (CMc), a minimally invasive way to deliver tracers, substrates and signaling molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Combined with different imaging modalities, CMc enables glymphatic system and CSF dynamics assessment, as well as brain-wide delivery of various compounds.

Cisterna magna cannulation (CMc) is a straightforward procedure that enables direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without operative damage to ...

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Microsurgical Skills of Establishing Permanent Jugular Vein Cannulation in Rats for Serial Blood Sampling of Orally Administered Drug

Blood sampling in small laboratory animals is necessary for pharmaceutical lead optimization but can cause great harm and stress to experimental animals, which could potentially affect results. The jugular vein cannulation (JVC) in rats is a widely used model for repeated blood collection but requires adequate training of surgery skills and animal care. This article details the microsurgical procedures for establishing and maintaining a permanent JVC rat model with specific focus on the placement and sealing of the jugular cannula. The importance of monitoring physiological (e.g., body weight, food, and water intake) and hematological parameters, was highlighted with results presented for 6 days post-surgery during the rat&#39;s recovery. The drug-plasma concentration-time profile of orally administered natural phenol ellagic acid was determined in the JVC rat model.

Detailed microsurgical techniques are demonstrated to establish a longer-term jugular vein cannulation rat model for sequential blood collection in the same animal. Physiological and hematological parameters have been monitored during the rat's recovery phase. This model has been applied to study pharmacokinetics of orally administered polyphenol without inducing animal stress.

Blood sampling in small laboratory animals is necessary for pharmaceutical lead optimization but can cause great harm and stress to experimental animals, ...

Medicine

Fully Endoscopic Mitral Valve Repair with Percutaneous Cannulation of Groin Vessels

Endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) has become a standard of care at specialized heart centers, further reducing surgical trauma compared to a traditional minimally invasive, thoracotomy-based approach. Exposure of the groin vessels for the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) via surgical cutdown in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) may result in wound healing disorders or seroma formation. The avoidance of surgical exposure of the groin vessels by using fully percutaneous techniques for the insertion of a CPB cannula with the implementation of vascular pre-closure devices has the potential to reduce these complications and improve clinical results. Herein, we present the utilization of a novel plug based vacsular closure device with a resobable collagen plug and the absence of suture material for closure of the arterial access for CPB in MIS. While this device was initially predominantly used in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures, with its safety and feasibility shown, we herein show that it can be used in CPB cannulation, since it is capable of closing arterial access sites up to 25 French (Fr.) in size. This device may be suitable to significantly reduce groin complications in MIS and simplify the establishment of CPB. Here, we describe the fundamental steps of EMS, including percutaneous groin cannulation and decannulation using a vascular closure device.

This protocol demonstrates in detail how to perform fully endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) with percutaneous cannulation of the groin vessels, using a percutaneous plug-based vascular closure device. Fundamental steps and useful instructions are described in detail for each step.

Intraduodenal Cannulation in a Rat Model for Immunopathology Studies

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