eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Preparations before beginning surgery
<ol>
	<li>Sterilize surgical instruments (i.e., by autoclaving).</li>
	<li>Dilute the virus to the appropriate concentration, which will vary depending on the toxicity of the specific virus being used and the susceptibility of the rat strain. 
	NOTE: For example, when using vesicular stomatitis virus in male Buffalo rats, we typically inject 107 plaque-forming unit (pfu) in a 1 ml volume, which is the maximum tolerated dose in that model.
	<ol>
		<li>Prefill the virus (using aseptic technique) in 1 ml syringes, and attach 30 G needles, taking care to eliminate air from the syringe and needle.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare the surgical space with all materials and equipment required, and spray the area with ethanol to disinfect. Fill a small receptacle with sterile saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride, NaCl) for moistening gauze swabs and cotton-tipped applicators.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of the Rat
<ol>
	<li>Administer an analgesic (as specified by the local animal care and use committee), at the appropriate dose 30 min prior to beginning the surgical procedure. For example, administer a high dose of metamizole (100-200 mg/kg).</li>
	<li>Anesthetize the rat using inhalation (isoflurane) or injectable (i.e., a mixture of Medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg), Midazolam (2 mg/kg), and Fentanyl (0.005 mg/kg), also known as MMF) anesthesia. Administer isolflurane through a vaporizer at 1-3% and adjust as necessary to maintain normal respiration and heart rate.
	<ol>
		<li>Before proceeding, ensure that the rat is fully sedated and unable to feel pain by pinching the foot pad and observing for a reaction.</li>
		<li>Apply a veterinary eye ointment to prevent dryness during anesthesia.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Shave the abdominal area from the sternum down to just above the genitals using a small veterinary hair clipper. Take care to achieve a close shave without injuring the skin.</li>
	<li>Fix the rat to the surgical bed using tape on the fore- and hindlimbs, and, if using inhalation anesthesia, place the snout into a suitably sized nose cone. Place a heating pad underneath the rat to maintain body temperature. Disinfect the abdominal area using a surgical grade disinfectant, followed by an alcohol rinse and application of an antiseptic paint.</li>
</ol>
3. Laparotomy
<ol>
	<li>Using a small, curved scalpel, such as #15, make a small vertical incision in the skin layer directly along the midline. Extend the incision up to the xyphoid process. Next, incise the muscle layer by gently lifting up with a pair of Adson forceps to make a scalpel incision, and then extend the incision up to the xyphoid process with surgical scissors. Take care not to puncture the organs of the abdominal cavity or to damage the small vessels on either side of the xyphoid process.</li>
	<li>Place a retractor across the abdomen to spread the muscle and skin and expose the entire abdominal area.</li>
	<li>Moisten two 7.5 x 7.5 cm2 gauze swabs with sterile physiological saline and spread one across the top of the surgical opening and one across the bottom, as shown in Figure 1A.</li>
</ol>
4. Isolation of the Hepatic Artery
<ol>
	<li>Using two moistened cotton applicator swabs moistened with sterile physiological saline, gently lift the intestines and cecum out of the abdominal cavity, and place them on the lower gauze swab. Fold the gauze over to keep the organs moist and to hold them out of the way.</li>
	<li>Using two moistened cotton applicator swabs, gently lift up the left lateral liver lobe, which will be the most predominant lobe in view at this stage. Flip the lobe upwards, and, using a small pair of spring scissors, cut through the fibrous membrane on the underside of the lobe, allowing the lobe to be completely flipped upwards and rest on top of the previously placed gauze swab. Fold the gauze swab over the lobe to hold it in place.</li>
	<li>Continue with the next lobe (the anterior caudate), which is now the most anterior lobe in view. With the aid of a dissecting microscope and fine forceps, dissect the thin membrane surrounding the lobe in order to release it and allow it to be freely flipped upwards. Place the lobe underneath the gauze swab together with the left lateral lobe.</li>
	<li>Observe the posterior caudate lobe, which will now be visible. Repeat step 4.3 to completely dissect the posterior caudate lobe and flip it upwards and inside the gauze together with the previously placed liver lobes.</li>
	<li>Just beneath the original position of the caudate lobe, find the common hepatic artery, which will now be visible and easily recognized by its strong pulsation. Following the artery to the anatomical right, observe the thick membranous material obscuring the gastroduodenal and proper hepatic arteries from view. Using fine forceps, lift up this material and gently tear it, taking care to avoid any small vessels in this area. Use cotton applicator swabs to stop any bleeding which might occur.
	<ol>
		<li>Locate the arterial branches, which will be clearly visible with the aid of a dissecting microscope when the membranes are properly dissected.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using two fine, atraumatic forceps, carefully dissect the common hepatic artery, gastroduodenal artery, and the proper hepatic artery such that they are freed from the surrounding membranes (Figure 1B).</li>
</ol>
5. Preparation of the Artery for Injection
<ol>
	<li>Pass a 7-0 Prolene suture underneath the gastroduodenal artery, and use a micro-needle-holder to tie a permanent ligature at the distal end, just above the bifurcation (see Figure 2 for proper placement). Allow approximately 2 inches of suture material remaining on the ends, and clamp them with a needle holder to pull the artery taught, as in Figure 1C.</li>
	<li>Place a small clamp on the common hepatic artery to temporarily block blood flow (Figure 1C). 
	NOTE: This is important to prevent massive bleeding once the needle is removed from the artery. Furthermore, the blockage of arterial blood flow will allow for slower virus administration and better transduction efficiency.
	<ol>
		<li>Important: Work quickly to limit the amount of time that blood flow is stopped - perform the injection and subsequent ligation of the artery within 5 min of clamping the common hepatic artery.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>If possible, increase the magnification on the dissecting microscope, such that the gastroduodenal artery is in sharp focus and appears large enough to accurately insert the 30 G needle. Place the needle of the injection syringe into the lumen of the gastroduodenal artery and slowly push on the plunger. 
	NOTE: Proper placement of the needle will result in the injected solution flowing directly through the proper hepatic artery and towards the liver.
	<ol>
		<li>Perform the injection very slowly to maximize transduction efficiency.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Once the entire injection volume has been administered, slowly retract the needle from the artery. 
	NOTE: There should be no bleeding from the injection site. In the case that bleeding does occur, it indicates that the clamp is not properly placed and should be quickly adjusted.</li>
</ol>
6. Closing
<ol>
	<li>Pass a second 7-0 Prolene suture beneath the gastroduodenal artery, and tie a second permanent ligature above the injection site.</li>
	<li>Remove the clamp from the common hepatic artery. Confirm that blood flow through the proper hepatic artery towards the liver has been restored.
	<ol>
		<li>Cut the loose ends of the ligatures.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Confirm that there is no bleeding before returning the intestines and liver to the abdominal cavity. Take care that the appendix is returned in its original orientation.</li>
	<li>Suture the muscle and skin in separate layers using 4-0 vicryl suture material with a curved needle. Place continuous sutures approximately 1 mm apart and pull tightly.
	<ol>
		<li>During the suturing phase, administer an analgesic such as buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove rat from anesthesia. If isoflurane has been used, the rat should regain consciousness within several minutes. If MMF has been used as an injectable anesthesia, antagonize it with a subcutaneous injection of Atipamezole (0.75 mg/kg), Flumazenil (0.2 mg/kg), and Naloxone (9.12 mg/kg), which will reverse the effects of the anesthesia and allow the animals to regain consciousness within 20 min. Keep rats warm with an infrared warming lamp during the initial wakening phase.
	<ol>
		<li>Do not leave an animal unattended until it has regained sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency.</li>
		<li>Do not return an animal that has undergone surgery to the company of other animals until fully recovered.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

targeting liver tumors with oncolytic viruses via the hepatic artery

Source: Altomonte, J. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53757">Transarterial Administration of Oncolytic Viruses for Locoregional Therapy of Orthotopic HCC in Rats.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
The video demonstrates locoregional delivery of oncolytic viruses through hepatic arterial injection as a therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. These viruses selectively replicate in tumor cells, inducing cell lysis and releasing tumor cell-associated antigens. This process triggers immunogenic cell death, inducing an anti-tumor response.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22234/22234_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Photographs of the hepatic arterial infusion procedure. A laparotomized rat demonstrates the placement of the abdominal wall retractor and gauze swabs (A). After lifting out the hepatic lobes, the common hepatic artery (designated CHA) and gastroduodenal artery (designated GA) are identified and dissected (B). After ligating the distal end of the gastro...

Targeting Liver Tumors with Oncolytic Viruses via the Hepatic Artery

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

Take an anesthetized rat containing a liver tumor.
Dissect the rat to expose the common hepatic artery that bifurcates into the proper hepatic artery, supplying blood to the liver and the gastroduodenal artery.
Ligate the gastroduodenal artery to prevent the virus from reaching other organs during subsequent injections.
Clamp the common hepatic artery to temporarily block the blood flow.
Inject oncolytic viruses into the gastroduodenal artery and ligate above the injection site to prevent bleeding.
Unclamp to allow the viruses to enter the proper hepatic artery and spread inside the liver. Close the incision and let the rat recover.
The oncolytic viruses enter the cells. Healthy cells produce functional antiviral proteins that block viral replication.
In cancer cells, the non-functional antiviral proteins fail to inhibit virus replication, ultimately resulting in cancer cell lysis.

targeting-liver-tumors-with-oncolytic-viruses-via-the-hepatic-artery

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunotherapy

Model Development and Disease Study

35 Views. Source: Altomonte, J. et al., Transarterial Administration of Oncolytic Viruses for Locoregional Therapy of Orthotopic HCC in Rats. J. Vis. Exp. (2016) The video demonstrates locoregional delivery of oncolytic viruses through hepatic arterial injection as a therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. These viruses selectively replicate in tumor cells, inducing cell lysis and releasing tumor cell-associated antigens. This process triggers immunogenic cell death, inducing an anti-tumo...

Video: Targeting Liver Tumors with Oncolytic Viruses via the Hepatic Artery - Concept

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus replication. Here we present the application of this technology to uncovering host targets that specifically modulate the replication of Maraba virus, an oncolytic rhabdovirus, and vaccinia virus with the goal of enhancing therapy. While the protocol has been tested for use with oncolytic Maraba virus and oncolytic vaccinia virus, this approach is applicable to other oncolytic viruses and can also be utilized for identifying host targets that modulate virus replication in mammalian cells in general. This protocol describes the development and validation of an assay for high-throughput RNAi screening in mammalian cells, the key considerations and preparation steps important for conducting a primary high-throughput RNAi screen, and a step-by-step guide for conducting a primary high-throughput RNAi screen; in addition, it broadly outlines the methods for conducting secondary screen validation and tertiary validation studies. The benefit of high-throughput RNAi screening is that it allows one to catalogue, in an extensive and unbiased fashion, host factors that modulate any aspect of virus replication for which one can develop an in vitro assay such as infectivity, burst size, and cytotoxicity. It has the power to uncover biotherapeutic targets unforeseen based on current knowledge.

Here we describe a protocol for employing high-throughput RNAi screening to uncover host targets that can be manipulated to enhance oncolytic virus therapy, specifically rhabodvirus and vaccinia virus therapy, but it can be readily adapted to other oncolytic virus platforms or for discovering host genes that modulate virus replication generally.

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus ...

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

Medicine

Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutic Stem Cells to Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model

The intrinsic tropism towards brain malignancies renders stem cells as promising carriers of therapeutic agents against malignant tumors. The delivery of therapeutic stem cells via the intranasal route is a recently discovered alternative strategy, with strong potential for clinical translation, due to its non-invasive nature compared to intracranial implantation or delivery via systemic routes. The lack of blood brain barrier further strengthens the therapeutic potential of stem cells undergoing intranasal brain entry. This article summarizes the essential techniques utilized in our studies and outlines the basic principles of intranasal strategy for stem cell delivery using a mouse model of intracranial glioma xenografts. We demonstrate the optimized procedures that generate consistent and reproducible results with specific predetermined experimental parameters and offer guidelines for streamlined work flow that ensure efficient execution and reliable experimental outcome. The article is designed to serve as a baseline for further experimental customization based on hypothesis, stem cell types, or tumor specifics.

Stem cells are promising therapeutic carriers to treat brain tumors due to their intrinsic tumor tropism. Non-invasive intranasal stem cell delivery bypasses the blood brain barrier and demonstrates strong potential for clinical translation. This article summarizes the basic principles of intranasal stem cell delivery in a mouse model of glioma.

The intrinsic tropism towards brain malignancies renders stem cells as promising carriers of therapeutic agents against malignant tumors. The delivery of ...

Targeting Liver Tumors with Oncolytic Viruses via the Hepatic Artery

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