Name: isolated hepatic perfusion as a treatment for liver metastases of uveal melanoma
Uploaded: 2015-01-25T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma at JoVE.com

Lennart Wiman (photographer) is acknowledged for excellent video recording.

Patients provided&#160;written&#160;informed consent and the study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board at the University of Gothenburg.
1. Anesthesia
<ol>
	<li>Set up all the monitoring (ECG, blood pressure cuff) 17.</li>
	<li>Insert an epidural catheter in the lower to mid thoracic level 17.</li>
	<li>Induce anesthesia with Propofol 2 mg/kg, 150 &#181;g of Fentanyl, and Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg through a previously inserted peripheral venous catheter.</li>
	<...

<ol>
	<li>Virgili, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+uveal+melanoma+in+Europe.">Incidence of uveal melanoma in Europe.</a> Ophthalmology. 114 (12), 2309-2315 (2007).</li><li>Pereira, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+and+emerging+treatment+options+for+uveal+melanoma.">Current and emerging treatment options for uveal melanoma.</a> Clinical Ophthalmology. 7, 1669-1682 (2013).</li><li>Bergman, L., Nilsson, B., Lundell, G., Lundell, M., Seregard, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ruthenium+brachytherapy+for+uveal+melanoma,+1979-2003:+survival+and+functional+outcomes+in+the+Swedish+population.">Ruthenium brachytherapy for uveal melanoma, 1979-2003: survival and functional outcomes in the Swedish population.</a> Ophthalmology. 112 (5), 834-840 (2005).</li><li>Diener-West, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+metastatic+disease+after+enrollment+in+the+COMS+trials+for+treatment+of+choroidal+melanoma:+Collaborative+Ocular+Melanoma+Study+Group+Report+No.+26.">Development of metastatic disease after enrollment in the COMS trials for treatment of choroidal melanoma: Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group Report No. 26.</a> Archives of Ophthalmology. 123 (12), 1639-1643 (2005).</li><li>Kujala, E., Makitie, T., Kivela, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very+long-term+prognosis+of+patients+with+malignant+uveal+melanoma.">Very long-term prognosis of patients with malignant uveal melanoma.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &#38; Visual Science. 44 (11), 4651-4659 (2003).</li><li>Bedikian, A. Y., Papadopoulos, N., Plager, C., Eton, O., Ring, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+II+evaluation+of+temozolomide+in+metastatic+choroidal+melanoma.">Phase II evaluation of temozolomide in metastatic choroidal melanoma.</a> Melanoma Research. 13 (3), 303-306 (2003).</li><li>Kivela, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=vincristine,+lomustine+and+dacarbazine+(BOLD)+in+combination+with+recombinant+interferon+alpha-2b+for+metastatic+uveal+melanoma.">vincristine, lomustine and dacarbazine (BOLD) in combination with recombinant interferon alpha-2b for metastatic uveal melanoma.</a> European Journal Of Cancer. 39 (8), 1115-1120 (2003).</li><li>Schmittel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+II+trial+of+cisplatin,+gemcitabine+and+treosulfan+in+patients+with+metastatic+uveal+melanoma.">Phase II trial of cisplatin, gemcitabine and treosulfan in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma.</a> Melanoma Research. 15 (3), 205-207 (2005).</li><li>Leyvraz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+intra-arterial+versus+intravenous+fotemustine+in+patients+with+liver+metastases+from+uveal+melanoma+(EORTC+18021):+a+multicentric+randomized+trial.">Hepatic intra-arterial versus intravenous fotemustine in patients with liver metastases from uveal melanoma (EORTC 18021): a multicentric randomized trial.</a> Annals Of Oncology : Official Journal Of The European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 25 (3), 742-746 (2014).</li><li>Huppert, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transarterial+chemoembolization+of+liver+metastases+in+patients+with+uveal+melanoma.">Transarterial chemoembolization of liver metastases in patients with uveal melanoma.</a> European Journal Of Radiology. 74 (3), 38-44 (2010).</li><li>Klingenstein, A., Haug, A. R., Zech, C. J., Schaller, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radioembolization+as+locoregional+therapy+of+hepatic+metastases+in+uveal+melanoma+patients.">Radioembolization as locoregional therapy of hepatic metastases in uveal melanoma patients.</a> Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 36 (1), 158-165 (2013).</li><li>Mariani, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+management+of+liver+metastases+from+uveal+melanoma:+16+years'+experience+at+the+Institut+Curie.">Surgical management of liver metastases from uveal melanoma: 16 years' experience at the Institut Curie.</a> European Journal Of Surgical Oncology : The Journal Of The European Society Of Surgical Oncology And The British Association of Surgical Oncology. 35 (11), 1192-1197 (2009).</li><li>Ausman, R. K., Aust, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+perfusion+of+the+liver+with+HN2.">Isolated perfusion of the liver with HN2.</a> Surgical Forum. 10, 77-79 (1960).</li><li>Dahl, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+hyperthermia+and+chemotherapy.">Interaction of hyperthermia and chemotherapy.</a> Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres Dans Les Recherches Sur Le Cancer. 107, 157-169 (1988).</li><li>Barker, W. C., Andrich, M. P., Alexander, H. R., Fraker, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+intraoperative+external+monitoring+of+perfusate+leak+using+iodine-131+human+serum+albumin+during+isolated+perfusion+of+the+liver+and+limbs.">Continuous intraoperative external monitoring of perfusate leak using iodine-131 human serum albumin during isolated perfusion of the liver and limbs.</a> European Journal Of Nuclear Medicine. 22 (11), 1242-1248 (1995).</li><li>Olofsson, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+hepatic+perfusion+for+ocular+melanoma+metastasis:+registry+data+suggests+a+survival+benefit.">Isolated hepatic perfusion for ocular melanoma metastasis: registry data suggests a survival benefit.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 21 (2), 466-472 (2014).</li><li>Redai, I., Emond, J., Brentjens, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anesthetic+considerations+during+liver+surgery.">Anesthetic considerations during liver surgery.</a> The Surgical Clinics of North America. 84, 401-411 (2004).</li><li>Sakai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertion+and+management+of+percutaneous+veno-venous+bypass+cannula+for+liver+transplantation:+a+reference+for+transplant+anesthesiologists.">Insertion and management of percutaneous veno-venous bypass cannula for liver transplantation: a reference for transplant anesthesiologists.</a> Clinical Transplantation. 24 (5), 585-591 (2010).</li><li>Skandalakis, J. E., Skandalakis, L. J., Skandalakis, P. N., Mirilas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+surgical+anatomy.">Hepatic surgical anatomy.</a> The Surgical Clinics of North America. 84 (2), 413-435 (1016).</li><li>Alexander, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I-II+study+of+isolated+hepatic+perfusion+using+melphalan+with+or+without+tumor+necrosis+factor+for+patients+with+ocular+melanoma+metastatic+to+liver.">A phase I-II study of isolated hepatic perfusion using melphalan with or without tumor necrosis factor for patients with ocular melanoma metastatic to liver.</a> Clinical Cancer Research : An Official Journal Of The American Association for Cancer Research. 6 (8), 3062-3070 (2000).</li><li>Alexander, H. R., Jr, , et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperthermic+isolated+hepatic+perfusion+using+melphalan+for+patients+with+ocular+melanoma+metastatic+to+liver.">Hyperthermic isolated hepatic perfusion using melphalan for patients with ocular melanoma metastatic to liver.</a> Clinical Cancer Research : An Official Journal Of The American Association For Cancer Research. 9 (17), 6343-6349 (2003).</li><li>Rizell, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+hepatic+perfusion+for+liver+metastases+of+malignant+melanoma.">Isolated hepatic perfusion for liver metastases of malignant melanoma.</a> Melanoma research. 18 (2), 120-126 (2008).</li><li>Iersel, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+hepatic+perfusion+with+200+mg+melphalan+for+advanced+noncolorectal+liver+metastases.">Isolated hepatic perfusion with 200 mg melphalan for advanced noncolorectal liver metastases.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 15 (7), 1891-1898 (2008).</li><li>Carvajal, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+selumetinib+vs+chemotherapy+on+progression-free+survival+in+uveal+melanoma:+a+randomized+clinical+trial.">Effect of selumetinib vs chemotherapy on progression-free survival in uveal melanoma: a randomized clinical trial.</a> JAMA : the Journal Of The American Medical Association. 311 (23), 2397-2405 (2014).</li><li>Sharma, K. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+arterial+chemoembolization+for+management+of+metastatic+melanoma.">Hepatic arterial chemoembolization for management of metastatic melanoma.</a> AJR. American Journal Of Roentgenology. 190 (1), 99-104 (2008).</li><li>Eldredge-Hindy, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yttrium-90+Microsphere+Brachytherapy+for+Liver+Metastases+From+Uveal+Melanoma:+Clinical+Outcomes+and+the+Predictive+Value+of+Fluorodeoxyglucose+Positron+Emission+Tomography.">Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy for Liver Metastases From Uveal Melanoma: Clinical Outcomes and the Predictive Value of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography.</a> American Journal Of Clinical Oncology. , (2014).</li><li>Etten, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+hypoxic+hepatic+perfusion+with+orthograde+or+retrograde+flow+in+patients+with+irresectable+liver+metastases+using+percutaneous+balloon+catheter+techniques:+a+phase+I+and+II+study.">Isolated hypoxic hepatic perfusion with orthograde or retrograde flow in patients with irresectable liver metastases using percutaneous balloon catheter techniques: a phase I and II study.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 11 (6), 598-605 (2004).</li><li>Ku, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+adriamycin-removal+following+hepatic+artery+infusion:+use+of+direct+hemoperfusion+combined+with+veno-venous+bypass.">Extracorporeal adriamycin-removal following hepatic artery infusion: use of direct hemoperfusion combined with veno-venous bypass.</a> Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 90 (10), 1758-1764 (1989).</li><li>Curley, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+arterial+infusion+chemotherapy+with+complete+hepatic+venous+isolation+and+extracorporeal+chemofiltration:+a+feasibility+study+of+a+novel+system.">Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with complete hepatic venous isolation and extracorporeal chemofiltration: a feasibility study of a novel system.</a> Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2 (2), 175-183 (1991).</li><li>Beheshti, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+isolated+liver+perfusion+for+treatment+of+hepatic+malignancy:+preliminary+report.">Percutaneous isolated liver perfusion for treatment of hepatic malignancy: preliminary report.</a> Journal of Vascular And Interventional Radiology : JVIR. 3 (3), 453-458 (1992).</li></ol>

Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma have few therapeutic options. Chemotherapy 6, immunotherapy 23 and targeted therapy 24 have not been able to show improved OS. For patients with few liver metastases, liver resection is an option 12. Other treatments include hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy (HIA) 9, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) 25 and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) 26.
IHP is a major an...

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with the incidence being highest in Caucasian populations 1. Local treatment consists of enucleation or local plaque radiation therapy 2,3. Irrespective of local treatment, metastatic disease will ultimately develop in about 35-50% of the patients 4,5. The liver is the most common site of metastases and approximately 50% of the patients present with isolated liver metastases. The median overall survival (OS) for patients with liver metastases is 6-12 months 4. Several different systemic and regional treatment strategies have been explored, but survival rates have not improved 2.
Treatment with systemic chemotherapy, both single substance (Dacarbazine or Temozolomide6) or combination treatments (BOLD regimen7, gemcitabine with treosulfan 8), shows response rates of less then 10 %. Hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy (HIA) has shown a slightly higher overall response rate compared to systemic chemotherapy, but no increase in overall survival 9. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with cisplatin and carboplatin showed a partial response in 57% of patients with a median survival of 9 months10. Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) has shown a partial response in 62% of patients with a median survival of 7 months 11. In a study on liver resection, including 255 patients, an overall survival of 14 months was reported; in 76 of the patients where a microscopically complete resection was possible, the survival was 27 months 12.
Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a regional treatment option, originally developed by Ryan and Ausman. The rationale behind the technique is to surgically isolate and perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent while avoiding systemic toxicity 13. In addition, concurrent hyperthermia mediates an increased uptake of the chemotherapeutic agent by changes in tumor blood flow and cellular membrane permeability 14. Complete vascular isolation is confirmed with a radioactive tracer technique using Tc-99 labeled human serum albumin 15. A retrospective phase II study has shown a potential survival benefit of 14 months (26 vs. 12 months) for patients that underwent IHP compared to the longest survivors with uveal melanoma liver metastases in Sweden 16.
Here we present the technique of IHP with a short review of current results and future perspectives.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire re-inforced catethers</td>
			<td>Medtronic Inc, Minnesota, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>12-18Fr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>St&#246;ckert S5</td>
			<td>Sorin Group, Mirandola, Italy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Heart-lung machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotaflow</td>
			<td>Maquet, Jostra Medizintechnik AG, Hirrlingen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Centrifugal pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HU 35</td>
			<td>Maquet cardiopulmonary AG, Hirrlingen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Heater unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flexbumin 200 g/l</td>
			<td>Baxter Medical AB, Kista, Sweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tribonat</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi AB, Uppsala, Sweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin LEO, 5000 IE/ml</td>
			<td>LEO Pharma AB, Sweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer Acetate</td>
			<td>Baxter Medical AB, Kista, Sweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vasculosis</td>
			<td>Cis-Bio International, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>99mTc-albumin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MedicView</td>
			<td>SystemData AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Leakage monitoring system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkeran</td>
			<td>Aspen Europe GmbH, Bad Oldesloe, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>melphalan</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolated hepatic perfusion as a treatment for liver metastases of uveal melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

An initial report included 22 patients treated with melphalan with or without TNF-alpha. The results showed an overall response rate of 62%, including two patients with CR (10%), and a median overall survival of 11 months 20. A subsequent study reported on the outcome of 29 consecutive patients treated using melphalan alone. The outcome was very similar with a 62% overall response including 10% complete response and a median survival of 12 months 21.
In a study by Rizell ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma at JoVE.com

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as a Useful Adjunctive Tool for Pneumonia

Pneumonia, the inflammatory state of lung tissue primarily due to microbial infection, claimed 52,306 lives in the United States in 20071 and resulted in ...

Technique of Subnormothermic Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion for the Storage, Assessment, and Repair of Marginal Liver Grafts

Technique of Subnormothermic Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion for the Storage, Assessment, and Repair of Marginal Liver Grafts

The success of liver transplantation has resulted in a dramatic organ shortage. In most transplant regions 20-30% of patients on the waiting list for ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial ...

Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion (PHP) with Melphalan as a Treatment for Unresectable Metastases Confined to the Liver

Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion PHP with Melphalan as a Treatment for Unresectable Metastases Confined to the Liver

Unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer can be treated with systemic chemotherapy, aiming to limit the disease, extend survival or turn ...

Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

The prognosis of patients with metastatic cancers has improved in the past decades due to effective chemotherapy and oligometastatic surgery. For ...

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, ...