Name: a noninvasive hair sampling technique to obtain high quality dna from elusive small mammals
Uploaded: 2011-03-13T09:00:00
Duration: 7 min 40 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals at JoVE.com

We would like to thank L. Evans, B. Granger, D. Rissling, Z. Sim, A. Goodwin, K. Hayhurst and D. Kuch for assistance in the field. K. Galbreath kindly provided pika liver samples from the Bella Coola valley. Thanks to A. Gon&ccedil;alves da Silva and K. Larsen for interesting discussions that contributed to the design of this noninvasive genetic sampling method. This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery, and UBC Okanagan Individual Research grants to MAR. A Swiss National Science Foundation Doctoral Fellowship PBSKP3_128523 supported PH. This study was undertaken following the animal care protocol from the University of British Columbia (Certificate number: A07-0126).

1. Hair snare
Prior to setting up a snare, an ideal location has to be determined within the pika habitat or talus slope. This includes hay piles, which are vegetation caches that the animals collect in late summer as well as fresh scats found at latrine sites. Strips of packing tape (10-50cm in length) are rolled up to provide a 360&deg; sticky surface and are arranged in a web-like manner to envelope the entrance to the pika's hay pile (Fig. 1) or latrine site. Depending on the configuration of the rocks, a piece of fishing line may be used to support the structure of the hair snare, but this is often not necessary when entrances are quite small (&lt;30cm in diameter), a complete description of the use of fishing line can be found in Henry and Russello (2010)3. Hair snares are checked as often as possible, and hair samples deposited on the tape (Fig. 2) are then collected and labeled. Once transported back to the lab, hairs are removed from the sticky tape using sterile forceps and transferred into cryogenic tubes and stored at -20&deg;C until further manipulation. Hair samples clustered together along a hair snare are considered to belong to a single individual, while samples clustered independently are assumed to belong to different individuals. In the latter case, the hair is then placed in different tubes. These assumptions can later be tested by way of DNA fingerprints and calculations of probability of identity based on microsatellite genotypic data. 
2. DNA extraction
Since pika hair is very thin and contains a tiny root bulb, we have previously shown that a minimum of 25 hairs are required to obtain sufficient amounts of DNA for good quality downstream PCR amplification3. We used the DNA IQ system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and a slightly modified version of the manufacturer's instructions for DNA isolation from hair samples. Firstly, the hair sample is spun down in a micro-centrifuge in order to avoid loss of hair while opening the tube. Then the incubation solution is prepared by mixing 80 &mu;l of incubation solution with 10&mu;l of DTT (1M) and 10&mu;l of Proteinase K (18ng/ml) to result in a final concentration of 0.1 M DTT and 1.8ng/ml of Proteinase K. Incubation solution (100 &mu;l) is added to the sample and incubated at 56&deg;C for 1 hour. In the meantime, the lysis solution is prepared by adding 1 &mu;l of DTT (1M) for every 100 &mu;l of lysis buffer, resulting in a final DTT concentration of 0.01M. Prepared lysis solution (200 &mu;l) is then added to the sample, along with 7 &mu;l of DNA IQ resin, vortexed for 3 seconds at high speed and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. The sample is then vortexed for 2 seconds and inserted in the magnetic stand, where separation of magnetic beads from the solution occurs. The remaining solution is then aspirated and discarded, being careful not to disturb the pellet of magnetic resin. The sample is then treated with 100 &mu;l of the prepared lysis solution, vortexed and returned to the magnetic stand where separation occurs again. The lysis buffer is aspirated and discarded, and this step is repeated three times using a wash buffer (100 &mu;l). The sample is subsequently left to dry in the magnetic stand for 15 minutes. Once dry, 100 &mu;l of elution buffer is added to the sample and incubated at 65 &deg;C for 5 minutes. The sample is vortexed and inserted into the magnetic stand. The solution now containing the eluted DNA is then transferred to a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube and stored at -20&deg;C until further manipulations. DNA from liver samples was also extracted using the DNA IQ system and used as a positive control for PCR amplifications.
3. PCR amplification
The DNA obtained from our noninvasive hair snare and liver samples were then used to amplify a suite of commonly used molecular markers (microsatellite, AFLP, mitochondrial cytochrome B and ZFX/ZFY sexing marker). PCRs were performed using a Veriti thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) in a 25 &mu;L volume containing: 10 - 20 ng DNA, 0.5 &mu;M of each primer, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 &mu;M dNTPs, 10 &mu; bovine serum albumin (BSA; New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) and 0.5 U AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems). Cycling parameters for the microsatellite loci were optimised using a touchdown cycling program (10 min at 95&deg;C, 35 cycles at 95&deg;C for 30 s, 30 s annealing, and 45 s at 72&deg;C, followed by a final step at 72&deg;C for 10 min). The annealing temperature decreased by 1&deg;C per cycle from 60 to 55&deg;C until reaching the sixth cycle, at which point the 29 remaining cycles continued at 55&deg;C. Cycling parameters for the mitochondrial fragments were as described above but consisted of 35 cycles with an annealing temperature of 50&deg;C. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism was undertaken following the protocol for vertebrate genomes described by Bonin4. Lastly, molecular sexing was undertaken using the PCR-RFLP of ZFX/ZFY loci with HinfI restriction enzyme digestion5. The PCR products from the microsatellite, AFLPs and cytochrome B sequences were run onto a ABI 3130XL genetic analyser (Applied Biosystems), while digested ZFX/ZFX fragments were run alongside a 100 bp ladder (New England Biolabs) on a 3% agarose gel containing 2.5% SYBR Safe DNA gel stain (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and visualised using a RED personal gel imaging system (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA, USA). Microsatellite and AFLPs were visualized using Genemapper v3.7 (Applied Biosystems) and the mitochondrial DNA chromatogram was visualized using Sequencher v4.7 (Gene Code Corporation, Ann Harbour, MI, USA).
4. Representative results
The DNA extracted from hair samples obtained using our noninvasive snare were used to PCR amplify various type of molecular markers. As a basis for comparison, DNA extracted using liver samples was amplified alongside our hair samples. Nuclear microsatellite loci were successfully amplified for both hair and liver samples (Fig. 3). Although the intensity of the signal was greater when using the liver samples, this did not have an adverse effect on genotype scoring (Fig. 3). Similar results were achieved when using AFLPs (Fig. 4), mitochondrial DNA sequences (Fig. 5), and the ZFX/ZFY molecular sexing marker (Fig. 6).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2791/2791fig1.jpg" alt="Figure 1"/> 
Figure 1. An example of a noninvasive hair snare set up at a hay pile. Strips of rolled up clear packing tape are arranged in a web-like fashion to enclose the entrance to the hay pile. A piece of fishing line is used here to provide additional support for the hair snare.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2791/2791fig2.jpg" alt="Figure 2"/> Figure 2. A successful hair snare containing a large number of hair stuck to the packing tape.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2791/2791fig3.jpg" alt="Figure 3"/> 
Figure 3. A representative nuclear microsatellite chromatogram (Ocp6)8 as displayed in Genemapper v3.7 (Applied Biosystems). The top chromatogram was obtained by amplifying DNA from liver tissue, and is heterozygous (354/358) at this locus. The bottom chromatogram represents a different individual exhibiting a heterozygous genotype (358/362) based on DNA extracted from hair. While the signal of chromatogram from the hair sample has a lower intensity than the liver sample, genotype scoring is not adversely affected by this difference in signal.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2791/2791fig4.jpg" alt="Figure 4"/> 
Figure 4. A representative AFLP chromatogram (E31T32) as displayed in Genemapper v3.7 (Applied Biosystems). The top chromatogram was obtained by amplifying DNA from liver tissue, the bottom chromatogram represents the DNA extracted from hair. 
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2791/2791fig5.jpg" alt="Figure 5"/> 
Figure 5. A representative mitochondrial DNA sequence chromatogram (cytochrome B) as displayed in Sequencher v4.7 (Gene Code Corporation). The top chromatogram was obtained by amplifying DNA from liver tissue, the bottom chromatogram represents the DNA extracted from hair.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2791/2791fig6.jpg" alt="Figure 6"/> 
Figure 6. A representative molecular sexing marker (ZFX/ZFY) amplified for both liver and hair samples. This approach relies on the observation that the Y chromosome possesses a HinfI restriction site in this region that the X chromosome lacks. Thus, females produce two co-migrating fragments of 432 bp while males produce fragments of 432 bp, 261 bp and 171 bp.

<ol>
	<li>Kendall, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demography+and+Genetic+Structure+of+a+Recovering+Grizzly+Bear+Population.">Demography and Genetic Structure of a Recovering Grizzly Bear Population.</a> J Wildlife Manage. 73, 3-3 (2009).</li><li>Rudnick, J. A., Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., DeWoody, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-invasive+genetic+evaluation+of+population+size,+natal+philopatry,+and+roosting+behavior+of+non-breeding+eastern+imperial+eagles+(Aquila+heliaca)+in+central+Asia.">A non-invasive genetic evaluation of population size, natal philopatry, and roosting behavior of non-breeding eastern imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) in central Asia.</a> Conserv. Genet. 9, 667-667 (2008).</li><li>Henry, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+population+structure+and+ex+situ+representation+of+the+endangered+Amur+tiger.">In situ population structure and ex situ representation of the endangered Amur tiger.</a> Mol Ecol. 18, 3173-3173 (2009).</li><li>Henry, P., Russello, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obtaining+high+quality+DNA+from+elusive+small+mammals+using+low-tech+hair+snares.">Obtaining high quality DNA from elusive small mammals using low-tech hair snares.</a> Eur J Wildlife Res. , (2010).</li><li>Bonin, A., Pompanon, F., Taberlet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+amplified+fragment+length+polymorphism+(AFLP)+markers+in+surveys+of+vertebrate+diversity.+Method+Enzymol+395.">Use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in surveys of vertebrate diversity. Method Enzymol 395.</a> , 145-145 (2005).</li><li>Fontanesi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexing+European+rabbits+(Oryctolagus+cuniculus),+European+brown+hares+(Lepus+europaeus)+and+mountain+hares+(Lepus+timidus)+with+ZFX+and+ZFY+loci.">Sexing European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and mountain hares (Lepus timidus) with ZFX and ZFY loci.</a> Mol Ecol Resour. 8, 1294-1294 (2008).</li><li>Piggott, M. P., Taylor, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+collection+of+animal+DNA+and+its+applications+in+conservation+management+and+understanding+the+population+biology+of+rare+and+cryptic+species.">Remote collection of animal DNA and its applications in conservation management and understanding the population biology of rare and cryptic species.</a> Wildl. Res. 30, 1-1 (2003).</li><li>Banks, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demographic+monitoring+of+an+entire+species+(the+northern+hairy-nosed+wombat,+Lasiorhinus+krefftii)+by+genetic+analysis+of+non-invasively+collected+material.">Demographic monitoring of an entire species (the northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii) by genetic analysis of non-invasively collected material.</a> Anim. Conserv. 6, 101-101 (2003).</li><li>Litvaitis, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+range-wide+survey+to+determine+the+current+distribution+of+New+England+cottontails.">A range-wide survey to determine the current distribution of New England cottontails.</a> Wildlife Soc B. 34, 1190-1190 (2006).</li><li>Peacock, M. M., Kirchoff, V. S., Merideth, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+nine+polymorphic+microsatellite+loci+in+the+North+American+pika,+Ochotona+princeps.">Identification and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in the North American pika, Ochotona princeps.</a> Mol Ecol Notes. 2, 360-360 (2002).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

Noninvasive genetic sampling has become an attractive alternative to traditional live trapping methods for several reasons. First, by unobtrusively collecting biological material (e.g., feces, hairs, feathers, saliva and mucus) from wild populations, researchers can study these species without disturbing, handling, or even observing them, thus reducing risks to both animals and researchers. Second, noninvasive genetic sampling enables biologists to study populations of elusive and rare species, a task that can prove difficult with more traditional live-trapping approaches 6. And third, NGS can potentially increase sample sizes by reducing disturbance to animals, sampling efforts, and costs, thus helping to minimise biases in estimates of population parameters 7. This latter point may prove crucial when dealing with threatened species, since biased estimates of population parameters may result in inappropriate management.
In the present video article we describe a simple, novel, inexpensive and noninvasive method to sample elusive small mammals, using the American Pika as an example. We demonstrate that DNA extracted from hair performs similarly to DNA extracted from liver samples with respect to microsatellite, AFLP, mitochondrial and sexing markers, making this noninvasive sampling method an attractive alternative to live trapping or lethal sampling. Overall, we anticipate that this method will be useful in the data collection stage of population genetic and behavioural studies of rare or elusive small mammal species, while minimizing impact on the organisms under study.

Hair snare:
<ul>
<li>Rolls of clear packing tape (3M, St. Paul, MN, USA)</li>
<li>Fishing line (10lb)</li>
<li>Cryogenic tube (2ml)</li>
<li>Sterile forceps</li>
<li>Liquid Nitrogen Dewar (optional)</li>
</ul>
DNA extraction:
<ul>
<li>DNA IQ System (Cat. # DC6701; Promega) with the tissue and hair extraction Kit (Cat. # DC6740; Promega).</li>
<li>MagneSphere Technology Magnetic Separation Stand (Cat. # Z5342; Promega)</li>
<li>Micro centrifuge</li>
<li>Hybridization oven or water bath</li>
<li>1.5 ml Eppendorf Tubes</li>
</ul>

a noninvasive hair sampling technique to obtain high quality dna from elusive small mammals

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using noninvasive sampling techniques to investigate population genetics and demography of wild populations1. This approach has proven to be especially useful when dealing with rare or elusive species2. While a number of these methods have been developed to sample hair, feces and other biological material from carnivores and medium-sized mammals, they have largely remained untested in elusive small mammals. In this video, we present a novel, inexpensive and noninvasive hair snare targeted at an elusive small mammal, the American pika (Ochotona princeps). We describe the general set-up of the hair snare, which consists of strips of packing tape arranged in a web-like fashion and placed along travelling routes in the pikas&#x2019; habitat. We illustrate the efficiency of the snare at collecting a large quantity of hair that can then be collected and brought back to the lab. We then demonstrate the use of the DNA IQ system (Promega) to isolate DNA and showcase the utility of this method to amplify commonly used molecular markers including nuclear microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), mitochondrial sequences (800bp) as well as a molecular sexing marker. Overall, we demonstrate the utility of this novel noninvasive hair snare as a sampling technique for wildlife population biologists. We anticipate that this approach will be applicable to a variety of small mammals, opening up areas of investigation within natural populations, while minimizing impact to study organisms.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals at JoVE.com

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

We present a noninvasive sampling approach to efficiently collect hair samples from elusive small mammals, as shown for the American pika. We demonstrate the utility of this method by extracting DNA from sampled hair and amplifying several types of molecular markers commonly used in studies of wildlife ecology and conservation.

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using ...

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Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including male-pattern hair loss, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and ...

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

PathWhiz is a web server built to facilitate the creation of colorful, interactive, visually pleasing pathway diagrams that are rich in biological information. The pathways generated by this online application are machine-readable and fully compatible with essentially all web-browsers and computer operating systems. It uses a specially developed, web-enabled pathway drawing interface that permits the selection and placement of different combinations of pre-drawn biological or biochemical entities to depict reactions, interactions, transport processes and binding events. This palette of entities consists of chemical compounds, proteins, nucleic acids, cellular membranes, subcellular structures, tissues, and organs. All of the visual elements in it can be interactively adjusted and customized. Furthermore, because this tool is a web server, all pathways and pathway elements are publicly accessible. This kind of pathway &#34;crowd sourcing&#34; means that PathWhiz already contains a large and rapidly growing collection of previously drawn pathways and pathway elements. Here we describe a protocol for the quick and easy creation of new pathways and the alteration of existing pathways. To further facilitate pathway editing and creation, the tool contains replication and propagation functions. The replication function allows existing pathways to be used as templates to create or edit new pathways. The propagation function allows one to take an existing pathway and automatically propagate it across different species. Pathways created with this tool can be &#34;re-styled&#34; into different formats (KEGG-like or text-book like), colored with different backgrounds, exported to BioPAX, SBGN-ML, SBML, or PWML data exchange formats, and downloaded as PNG or SVG images. The pathways can easily be incorporated into online databases, integrated into presentations, posters or publications, or used exclusively for online visualization and exploration. This protocol has been successfully applied to generate over 2,000 pathway diagrams, which are now found in many online databases including HMDB, DrugBank, SMPDB, and ECMDB.

PathWhiz is a comprehensive, online pathway drawing tool for generating biochemical and biological pathways. It uses publicly accessible databases and easily expandable palettes consisting of pre-drawn pathway components. This protocol describes how to easily build new pathways, replicate and edit existing pathways, and propagate previously drawn pathways to different organisms.

PathWhiz is a web server built to facilitate the creation of colorful, interactive, visually pleasing pathway diagrams that are rich in biological ...

A Laser Capture Microdissection Protocol That Yields High Quality RNA from Fresh-frozen Mouse Bones

RNA yield and integrity are decisive for RNA analysis. However, it is often technically challenging to maintain RNA integrity throughout the entire laser capture microdissection (LCM) procedure. Since LCM studies work with low amounts of material, concerns about limited RNA yields are also important. Therefore, an LCM protocol was developed to obtain sufficient quantity of high-quality RNA for gene expression analysis in bone cells. The effect of staining protocol, thickness of cryosections, microdissected tissue quantity, RNA extraction kit, and LCM system used on RNA yield and integrity obtained from microdissected bone cells was evaluated. Eight-&#181;m-thick frozen bone sections were made using an adhesive film and stained using a rapid protocol for a commercial LCM stain. The sample was sandwiched between a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane and the adhesive film. An LCM system that uses gravity for sample collection and a column-based RNA extraction method were used to obtain high quality RNAs of sufficient yield. The current study focusses on mouse femur sections. However, the LCM protocol reported here can be used to study in situ gene expression in cells of any hard tissue in both physiological conditions and disease processes.

A laser capture microdissection (LCM) protocol was developed to obtain sufficient quantity of high-quality RNA for gene expression analysis in bone cells. The current study focusses on mouse femur sections. However, the LCM protocol reported here can be used to study gene expression in cells of any hard tissue.

RNA yield and integrity are decisive for RNA analysis. However, it is often technically challenging to maintain RNA integrity throughout the entire laser ...