Name: measurement of x-ray beam coherence along multiple directions using 2-d checkerboard phase grating
Uploaded: 2016-10-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating at JoVE.com

Use of the Advanced Photon Source and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Office of Science User Facilities operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge Dr. Han Wen, NHLBI / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, for many helpful suggestions during the data processing.

1. Planning of the Experiment
<ol>
	<li>Identify the synchrotron beamline. Contact beamline scientist to find the appropriateness of the experiment at that beamline. 
	NOTE: Experiments reported in this manuscript were performed at the 1-BM-B beamline, which is dedicated to optics and detectors testing, under XSD of APS.</li>
	<li>Submit a user proposal and beam time request.</li>
	<li>Work out the details of the experiment with the beamline scientist and specify the required instruments including motorized stages...

<ol>
	<li>Als-Nielsen, J., McMorrow, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of Modern X-ray Physics. , (2011).</li><li>Born, M., Wolf, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principle of Optics. , (1999).</li><li>Lin, J. J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+Spatial+Coherence+Function+of+Undulator+Radiation+using+a+Phase+Mask.">Measurement of the Spatial Coherence Function of Undulator Radiation using a Phase Mask.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (7), 074801 (2003).</li><li>Cloetens, P., Guigay, J. P., De Martino, C., Baruchel, J., Schlenker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fractional+Talbot+imaging+of+phase+gratings+with+hard+X-rays.">Fractional Talbot imaging of phase gratings with hard X-rays.</a> Opt. Lett. 22 (14), 1059-1061 (1997).</li><li>Guigay, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+partial+Talbot+effect+and+its+use+in+measuring+the+coherence+of+synchrotron+X-rays.">The partial Talbot effect and its use in measuring the coherence of synchrotron X-rays.</a> J. Synchrotron Rad. 11, 476-482 (2004).</li><li>Kluender, R., Masiello, F., Vaerenbergh, P. V., H&#228;rtwig, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+spatial+coherence+of+synchrotron+beams+using+the+Talbot+effect.">Measurement of the spatial coherence of synchrotron beams using the Talbot effect.</a> Phys. Status Solidi A. 206 (8), 1842-1845 (2009).</li><li>Pfeiffer, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shearing+Interferometer+for+Quantifying+the+Coherence+of+Hard+X-Ray+Beams.">Shearing Interferometer for Quantifying the Coherence of Hard X-Ray Beams.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (1-4), 164801 (2005).</li><li>Marathe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+transverse+coherence+of+x-ray+beam+with+2-D+phase+grating+interferometer.">Probing transverse coherence of x-ray beam with 2-D phase grating interferometer.</a> Opt. Express. 22 (12), 14041-14053 (2014).</li><li>Shi, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+grating+interferometer+for+mapping+transverse+coherence+area+of+X-ray+beams.">Circular grating interferometer for mapping transverse coherence area of X-ray beams.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (1-6), 041116 (2014).</li><li>Zanette, I., David, C., Rutishauser, S., Weitkamp, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2D+grating+simulation+for+X-ray+phase-contrast+and+dark-field+imaging+with+a+Talbot+interferometer.">2D grating simulation for X-ray phase-contrast and dark-field imaging with a Talbot interferometer.</a> , 73-79 (2010).</li></ol>

Figure 5 shows the estimated transverse coherence length along all four directions. Clearly, the 90&#176; direction has higher &#958;&#952; compared to 0&#176; direction. Since the beamline optics has negligible effect on the beam coherence at the grating relative location, the measured coherence area is inversely proportional to the source size area. The presented X-ray beam coherence measurement technique maps this accurately which can be shown as an ellipse with its major axis alon...

The third-generation hard X-ray synchrotron radiation sources, such as the APS at ANL, Lemont, IL, USA (http://www.aps.anl.gov), have had tremendous impacts on the development of X-ray sciences. A synchrotron radiation source generates a spectrum of electromagnetic radiations, from infrared to X-ray wavelengths, when charged particles, such as electrons, are made to move near the speed of light in a circular orbit. These sources have very unique properties such as high brightness, pulsed and pico-second timing structure, and large spatial and temporal coherence. X-ray beam spatial coherence is an important parameter of the third and fourth generation synchrotron sources and the number of experiments making use of this property has dramatically increased over the past two decades1. The future upgrades of these sources, such as the planned Multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice for the APS storage ring, will dramatically increase the beam coherent flux (http://www.aps.anl.gov/Upgrade/). The X-ray beam can be tuned using a crystal monochromator to achieve higher temporal coherence. The transverse coherence of synchrotron sources is significantly higher than that of laboratory based X-ray sources because of the low electron-beam emittance and long propagation distance from the source to the experimental station.
Normally, Young&#39;s double-pinhole or double-slit experiment is used to measure the spatial coherence of the beam through the inspection of the visibility of the interference fringes2. To obtain the complete Complex Coherence Function (CCF), systematic measurements are needed with the two slits placed at different positions with various separations, which is, especially for hard X-rays, cumbersome and impractical. Uniformly Redundant Array (URA) can also be used for beam coherence measurement by employing it as a phase shifting mask3. Although the technique can provide the full CCF, it is not model-free. More recently, interferometric techniques based on Talbot effect were developed using the self-imaging property of periodic objects. These interferometers make use of the interferogram visibility measured at a few self-imaging distances downstream of the grating for obtaining the beam transverse coherence4-9. Measurements of transverse coherence using two grating system is also reported7.
Mapping the transverse beam coherence, simultaneously along vertical and horizontal directions was first reported by J. P. Guigay et al.5. Recently, scientists in the Optics Group, X-ray Science Division (XSD), of APS have reported two new techniques to measure beam transverses coherence along more than two directions simultaneously using two methods: one with a checkerboard phase grating8, and the other with a circular phase grating9.
In this paper the measurement and data analysis procedures are described for obtaining the transverse coherence of the beam along the 0&#176;, 45&#176;, 90&#176;, and 135&#176; directions relative to the horizontal direction, simultaneously. The measurements were carried out at the 1-BM beamline of APS with a checkerboard &#960;/2 phase grating. The details of this technique listed in the protocol sections include: 1) planning of the experiment; 2) preparation of the 2-d checkerboard phase grating; 3) experiment setup and alignment at the synchrotron facility; 4) performing coherence measurements; 5) data analysis. In addition, the representative results are shown to illustrate the technique. These procedures can be carried out at many synchrotron beamlines with minimum changes on the grating design.

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measurement of x-ray beam coherence along multiple directions using 2-d checkerboard phase grating

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is reported. The measurements were demonstrated at the 1-BM bending magnet beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). By using a 2-D checkerboard &#960;/2 phase-shift grating, transverse coherence lengths were obtained along the vertical and horizontal directions as well as along the 45&#176; and 135&#176; directions to the horizontal direction. Following the technical details specified in this paper, interferograms were measured at different positions downstream of the phase grating along the beam propagation direction. Visibility values of each interferogram were extracted from analyzing harmonic peaks in its Fourier Transformed image. Consequently, the coherence length along each direction can be extracted from the evolution of visibility as a function of the grating-to-detector distance. The simultaneous measurement of coherence lengths in four directions helped identify the elliptical shape of the coherence area of the Gaussian-shaped X-ray source. The reported technique for multiple-direction coherence characterization is important for selecting the appropriate sample size and orientation as well as for correcting the partial coherence effects in coherence scattering experiments. This technique can also be applied for assessing coherence preserving capabilities of X-ray optics.

While detailed experimental and simulation results could be found elsewhere8, this section only shows selected results to illustrate the above measurement and data analysis procedures. Figure 1 represents the experiment setup at the APS 1-BM-B beamline. The beam size is defined by a 1&#215;1 mm2 slit placed upstream of the Double Crystal Monochromator (DCM) and 25 m from the bending magnet source. The DCM is tuned to output photon energy of 18 keV. The X-ray beam passes through seve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating at JoVE.com

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

The measurement protocol and data analysis procedure are given for obtaining transverse coherence of a synchrotron radiation X-ray source along four directions simultaneously using a single 2-D checkerboard phase grating. This simple technique can be applied for complete transverse coherence characterization of X-ray sources and X-ray optics.

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is ...

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