Name: functional cloning using a xenopus oocyte expression system
Uploaded: 2016-01-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a Professional Development Grant to C.Z.P. from the Shepherd University Foundation. The authors wish to thank Brett Zirkle and Malia Deshotel for helpful discussions on the protocols, and Dr. Carol Hurney for generous assistance.

All experimental procedures were approved by the University of Virginia Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Note: Figure 1 shows a schematic overview of the experimental procedures.
1. Preparation of Oocytes
<ol>
	<li>Pre-prime X. laevis females with 150 U of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) approximately one week in advance of oocyte isolation. Inject 1 ml 150 U/ml PMSG into dorsal lymph sac with 1 cc ste...

<ol>
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The method described here for the functional cloning of genes capable of inducing a response in competent ectoderm can be used to identify a wide range of gene products. This method expands upon past work by combining tissue-inducing assays with expression cloning techniques. We utilize the metabolic pathways of the Xenopus oocyte as a source of production of inducing factors, directly or indirectly, following RNA injection. This, in combination with the use of established methods for cloning a gene of interest<...

Forward genetic approaches to identify genes of interest through their function or loss-of-function1,2 are an integral part of understanding complex patterning events in development. Coupled with powerful reverse genetic techniques available to an ever-widening array of systems and researchers3-5, it is now possible to identify genes with a key functional role in a pathway and then elucidate that function at the cellular level and in interaction with other gene products. One approach to functionally identifying genes of interest that has yielded many key findings in the past is expression cloning6,7.
Our recent aim8 was to identify early lens-inductive factors, since it has been demonstrated that initial steps in the vertebrate lens-inductive process occur as early as gastrula stages. To that end, we used the transiently lens-competent9 animal cap ectoderm (stage 11-11.510) of Xenopus embryos as responding tissue for induction, and the stage VI Xenopus oocyte as a source of production for the inducing factors.
The following protocol builds on the expression cloning and sib selection protocols of Smith and Harland6,7, also successfully used by others11-13. In our oocyte expression system (first utilized for production of inducing factors by Lustig and Kirschner14), pools of injected transcripts capable of directly or indirectly causing the oocytes to produce factors that elicit a lens-inductive response in animal cap ectoderm are selected for and identified. Since the system is useful for expressing secreted inducing molecules directly (oocyte-injected INHBB mRNA causes mesoderm induction in mesoderm-competent animal cap ectoderm8), we originally expected the screening procedure to be useful chiefly for identification of paracrine factors. However, since we identified a nuclear factor in our screen (ldb18), it is clear that the system can be used to identify a wide variety of molecules such as transcriptional or translational regulatory factors, miRNAs, cofactors, or juxtacrine factors.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">Programmable Puller</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PUL-1000</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Micropipette needle puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P6556</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">for ISH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">pTnT Vector</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">L5610</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">cDNA library construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">Riboprobe Combination System</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P1450</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">in vitro transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">Superscript Full Length cDNA Library Construction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">18248013</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">kit for cDNA library construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">Sutures, 3-0 silk</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">19-037-516</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Suture thread and needle for post-oocyte removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Torula RNA</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">R3629</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">for ISH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Triethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">T1502</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">for ISH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P9416</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">for ISH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">Universal RiboClone cDNA Synthesis System</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">C4360</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">alternative kit for cDNA library construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:207px;">Xenopus Full ORF Entry Clones - ORFeome Collaboration</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Source Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5055_XenORFeome</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">ORFeome Clones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">XL2-Blue Ultracompetent Cells</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">200150</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">cells for transformation of cDNA library</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional cloning using a xenopus oocyte expression system

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in abundance, may not be secreted but tethered to the signaling cell(s), or may require the presence of binding partners or upstream regulatory molecules. Thus in a search for gene products capable of eliciting an early lens-inductive response in competent ectoderm, we utilized an expression cloning system that would allow identification of paracrine or juxtacrine factors as well as transcriptional or other regulatory proteins. Pools of mRNA were injected into Xenopus oocytes, and responding tissue placed directly on the oocytes and co-cultured. Following functional cloning of ldb1 from a neural plate stage cDNA library based on its ability to elicit the expression of the early lens placode marker foxe3 in lens-competent animal cap ectoderm, we characterized the mRNA expression pattern, and assayed developmental progression following overexpression or knockdown of ldb1. This system is suitable in a very wide variety of contexts where identification of an inducer or its upstream regulatory molecules is sought using a functional response in competent tissue.

In response to expression of mRNA injected into oocytes, responding animal cap tissue was assayed for expression of otx2 by in situ hybridization (Figure 2 and Table 1); otx2 is expressed in the presumptive lens ectoderm (PLE) from neural tube closure through lens placode thickening19. However, since otx2 is also expressed in the anterior neural ectoderm as well as non-neural head ectoderm outside the PLE, it is associated wi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System at JoVE.com

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

We describe a Xenopus oocyte and animal cap system for the expression cloning of genes capable of inducing a response in competent ectoderm, and discuss techniques for the subsequent analysis of such genes. This system is useful in the functional identification of a wide range of gene products.

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development.  The Xenopuslaevis embryo ...

Live Imaging of Innate Immune and Preneoplastic Cell Interactions Using an Inducible Gal4/UAS Expression System in Larval Zebrafish Skin

Here we describe a method to conditionally induce epithelial cell transformation by the use of the 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) inducible KalTA4-ERT2/UAS ...

Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle

Pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) are the focus of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine and drug screening.  However, the ...

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into ...

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound (30/45MHZ) System

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Events associated with oocyte nuclear maturation have been well described. However, much less is known about the molecular pathways and processes that ...