Name: stimulated stokes and antistokes raman scattering in microspherical whispering gallery mode resonators
Uploaded: 2016-04-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators at JoVE.com

Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi
Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze (No. 2014.0770A2202.8861)

1. Fabrication of Ultrahigh Factor of Quality Microspheres
<ol>
	<li>Strip about 1-2 cm of a standard single-mode (SMF) silica fiber off its acrylic coating using an optical stripper.</li>
	<li>Clean the stripped part with acetone and cleave it.</li>
	<li>Introduce the cleaved tip in one arm of a fusion splicer and produce a series of electric arc discharges using the splicer controller. Select &#34;manual operation&#34; from the splicer controller menu, set the values for arc power level and arc duration to 60 and 800...

<ol>
	<li>Kozyreff, G., Dominguez-Juarez, J. L., Martorell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non+linear+optics+in+spheres:+from+second+harmonic+scattering+to+quasi-phase+matched+generation+in+whispering+gallery+modes.">Non linear optics in spheres: from second harmonic scattering to quasi-phase matched generation in whispering gallery modes.</a> Laser Photon. Rev. 5 (6), (2011).</li><li>Farnesi, D., Barucci, A., Righini, G. C., Berneschi, S., Soria, S., Nunzi Conti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+frequency+generation+in+silica+microspheres.">Optical frequency generation in silica microspheres.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (9), 093901 (2014).</li><li>Liang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+multioctave+light+source+based+on+a+monolithic+microcavity.">Miniature multioctave light source based on a monolithic microcavity.</a> Optica. 2 (1), 40-47 (2015).</li><li>Maker, A. J., Armani, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+Silica+Ultra+High+Quality+Factor+Microresonators.">Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (65), e4164 (2012).</li><li>Coillet, A., Henriet, R., Phan Huy, K., Jacquot, M., Furfaro, L., Balakireva, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave+Photonics+Systems+Based+on+Whispering-gallery-mode+Resonators.">Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (78), e50423 (2013).</li><li>Han, K., Kim, K. H., Kim, J., Lee, W., Liu, J., Fan, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+Testing+of+Microfluidic+Optomechanical+Oscillators.">Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (87), e51497 (2014).</li><li>Arnold, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microspheres,+Photonic+Atoms,+and+the+Physics+of+Nothing.">Microspheres, Photonic Atoms, and the Physics of Nothing.</a> American Scientist. 89 (5), 414-421 (2001).</li><li>Chiasera, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spherical+whispering+gallery+mode+microresonators.">Spherical whispering gallery mode microresonators.</a> Laser Photon. Rev. 4 (3), 457-482 (2010).</li><li>Helt, L. G., Liscidini, M., Sipe, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+does+it+scale?+Comparing+quantum+and+classical+nonlinear+optical+processes+in+integrated+devices.">How does it scale? Comparing quantum and classical nonlinear optical processes in integrated devices.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 29 (8), 2199-2212 (2012).</li><li>Leach, D. H., Chang, R. K., Acker, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+anti-Stokes+Raman+scattering+in+microdroplets.">Stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering in microdroplets.</a> Opt. Lett. 17 (6), 387-389 (1992).</li><li>Farnesi, D., Cosi, F., Trono, C., Righini, G. C., Nunzi Conti, G., Soria, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+Antistokes+Raman+scattering+resonantly+enhanced+in+silica+microspheres.">Stimulated Antistokes Raman scattering resonantly enhanced in silica microspheres.</a> Opt. Lett. 39 (20), 5993-5996 (2014).</li><li>Qian, S. X., Chang, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiorder+Stokes+emission+from+micrometer+size+droplets.">Multiorder Stokes emission from micrometer size droplets.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (9), 926-929 (1986).</li><li>Lin, H. B., Campillo, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CW+nonlinear+optics+in+droplet+microcavities+displaying+enhanced+gain.">CW nonlinear optics in droplet microcavities displaying enhanced gain.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (18), 2440-2443 (1994).</li><li>Spillane, S. M., Kippenberg, T. J., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultralow+threshold+Raman+laser+using+a+spherical+dielectric+microcavity.">Ultralow threshold Raman laser using a spherical dielectric microcavity.</a> Nature. 415 (6872), 621-623 (2002).</li><li>Kippenberg, T. J., Spillane, S. M., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kerr-Nonlinearity+optical+parametrical+oscillation+in+an+ultrahigh+Q+toroid+microcavity.">Kerr-Nonlinearity optical parametrical oscillation in an ultrahigh Q toroid microcavity.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (8), 083904 (2004).</li><li>Hill, S. C., Leach, D. H., Chang, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Third+order+sum+frequency+generation+in+droplets:+model+with+numerical+results+for+third-harmonic+generation.">Third order sum frequency generation in droplets: model with numerical results for third-harmonic generation.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 10 (1), 16-33 (1993).</li><li>Kozyreff, G., Dominguez Juarez, J. L., Martorell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whispering+gallery+mode+phase+matching+for+surface+second+order+nonlinear+optical+processes+in+spherical+microresonators.">Whispering gallery mode phase matching for surface second order nonlinear optical processes in spherical microresonators.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 77 (4), 043817 (2008).</li><li>Jouravlev, M. V., Kurizki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unified+theory+of+Raman+and+parametric+amplification+in+nonlinear+microspheres.">Unified theory of Raman and parametric amplification in nonlinear microspheres.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 70 (5), 053804 (2004).</li><li>Brenci, M., Calzolai, R., Cosi, F., Nunzi Conti, G., Pelli, S., Righini, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microspherical+resonators+for+biophotonic+sensors.">Microspherical resonators for biophotonic sensors.</a> Proc. SPIE. 6158, 61580S (2006).</li><li>Carmon, T., Yang, L., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamical+thermal+behavior+and+thermal+self-stability+of+microcavities.">Dynamical thermal behavior and thermal self-stability of microcavities.</a> Opt. Express. 12 (20), 4742-4750 (2004).</li><li>Kippenberg, T. J., Spillane, S. M., Min, B., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+and+experimental+study+of+stimulated+and+cascaded+Raman+scattering+in+ultrahigh+Q+optical+microcavities.">Theoretical and experimental study of stimulated and cascaded Raman scattering in ultrahigh Q optical microcavities.</a> J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 10 (5), 1219-1228 (2004).</li><li>Bloembergen, N., Shen, Y. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+between+vibrations+and+light+waves+in+Raman+laser+media.">Coupling between vibrations and light waves in Raman laser media.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 12 (18), 504-507 (1964).</li><li>Gorodestky, M. L., Pryamikov, A. D., Ilchenko, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rayleigh+scattering+in+high+Q+microspheres.">Rayleigh scattering in high Q microspheres.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 17 (6), 1051-1057 (2000).</li><li>Arnold, S., Ramjit, R., Keng, D., Kolchenko, V., Teraoka, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microparticle+photophysics+illuminates+viral+bio-sensing.">Microparticle photophysics illuminates viral bio-sensing.</a> Faraday Discuss. 137, 65-83 (2008).</li><li>Ozdemir, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+sensitive+detection+of+nanoparticle+with+a+self+referenced+and+self-heterodyned+whispering+gallery+Raman+microlaser.">Highly sensitive detection of nanoparticle with a self referenced and self-heterodyned whispering gallery Raman microlaser.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 11 (37), E3836-E3844 (2014).</li></ol>

Microspheres are compact and efficient nonlinear oscillators and they are very easy to fabricate and handle. Tapered fibers can be used for coupling and extracting the light in/from the resonator. Resonance contrast up to 95% and Q factors of about 3 x 108 can be obtained.
The main limitation of these fabrication techniques is mass production and integration. Cleanliness of the fibers is critical to both microspheres and tapers, and so is humidity. Both devices must be kept in dry e...

Whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMR) show two unique properties, a long photon lifetime and small mode volume that allow the reduction of the threshold of nonlinear phenomena1-3. Whispering gallery modes are optical modes that are confined at the dielectric air interface by total internal reflection. The small mode volume is due to the high spatial confinement whereas the temporal confinement is related to the quality factor Q of the cavity. WGMR can have different geometries and there are different fabrication techniques suitable for obtaining high Q resonators4-6 Surface tension cavities such as silica microspheres exhibit near atomic scale roughness, which translates in high quality factors. Both types of confinement significantly reduce the threshold for nonlinear effects due to the strong energy buildup inside the WGMR. It also allows continuous wave (CW) nonlinear optics.
WGMR can be described using the quantum numbers n, l, m and their polarization state, in a strong analogy with the hydrogen atom7. The spherical symmetry allows the separation in radial and angular dependencies. The radial solution is given by Bessel functions, the angular ones by the spherical harmonics8.
Silica glass is centrosymmetric and, therefore, second order phenomena related to &#935;(2) interactions are forbidden. At the surface of the microsphere, the inversion of symmetry is broken and &#935;(2) phenomena can be observed1. However, phase matching conditions for second-order frequency generation are more problematic than the equivalent in third order frequency generation, especially because the wavelengths involved are quite different and the role of dispersion can be quite important. The second order interactions are extremely weak. The generated power scales with Q3 whereas for a third order interaction the generated power scales with Q4.9 For that reason, the focus of this work is third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions such as Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Stimulated Antistokes Raman Scattering (SARS), being SARS the less explored interaction10,11. Chang12 and Campillo13 pioneered the studies of nonlinear phenomena using droplets of highly nonlinear materials as WGMR but the pump laser was pulsed instead of CW. Silica microspheres14,10 and microtoroids15 provided more stable and robust platforms compared to the micro-droplets, gaining much of the attention in the last decades. Particularly, silica microspheres are very easy to fabricate and handle.
SRS is a pure gain process that can be easily achieved in silica WGMR14,15, since reaching a threshold is enough. In this case, the high circulating intensity inside the WGMR guarantees Raman lasing, but for parametric oscillations is not sufficient. In these cases, efficient oscillations require phase and mode matching, energy and momentum conservation law and a good spatial overlap of all resonant modes to be fulfilled16-18. This is the case for SARS and FWM in general.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="668">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Optical Fiber</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMF28</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fiber coating stripper</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T06S13</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fiber cleaver</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fitel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S325A</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fusion splicer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Furakawa</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S177A-1R</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Butane and Oxygen Gas</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>any vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope tube</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Navitar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Zoom 6000</td>
			<td>Modular Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>any will fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>any monitor is valid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">3-Axis Stage</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">PI Instruments, Thorlabs, Melles</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Assorted posts and mounts</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Polarization control</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FPC030</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Attenuator</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Throlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VOA50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Photodiode</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PDA400</td>
			<td>discontinued, replaced by PDA10CS-EC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DPO7104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Optical spectrum analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Ando</td>
			<td>AQ6317B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">IPG Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EAD-2K-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tunable Laser</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Yenista</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TUNICS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stimulated stokes and antistokes raman scattering in microspherical whispering gallery mode resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

The Q factors of the microspheres fabricated following the protocol described above are in excess of 108 (Figure 5) for large diameters (&#62;200 &#956;m) and in excess of 106 for small diameters (&#60; 50 &#956;m). Resonance contrast above 95% (close to critical coupling) can be easily observed. For high circulating intensities, the following nonlinear effects in the infrared region can be observed: stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), cascaded SRS<su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators at JoVE.com

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

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