Name: isolation and profiling of microrna-containing exosomes from human bile
Uploaded: 2016-06-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile at JoVE.com

This study was supported by a K08 Award (DK090154-01) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH; to F.M.S.).

Obtaining the bile from patients by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires the approval of a human subjects study protocol by the Institutional Review Board. All work presented here was approved by the Johns Hopkins University Institutional Review Board.
1. Exosome Isolation from Bile
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	<li>Perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Place the patient in the supine position and intubate.
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		<li>Pass a duodenoscope through the mouth of the p...

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To reliably utilize exosomes isolated from bile, it is important to employ consistent high quality isolation methods to obtain high quality samples in return. The methodology defined in this paper is a well-established way to isolate exosomes and miRNA from human bile. It highlights several crucial steps in the characterization of the isolated exosomes which at a minimum should comprise electron microscopy or nanoparticle optical analysis and Western blots.
The most crucial step in the isolati...

Like other biological fluids, i.e., breast milk, plasma or urine, bile contains exosomes, lipid rich vesicles1-4. Exosomes can induce or alter biological functions in recipient cells5, 6, a form of cell-cell communication that might be part of their normal function4, 7-9. Exosomes can contain miRNA species which can provide a valuable source of biomarkers for diagnosis10. miRNAs profiles have gained substantial attention in recent years as diagnostic and prognostic markers for a variety of diseases11-14.
miRNA itself can be found in biological fluids, possibly released by dead cells and the amount of shed cells can be greatly influenced by an underlying disease. The miRNA profile of exosomes does not necessarily reflect the miRNA profile of the originating cell6, 10, 15-17, yet exosomes may carry miRNA signatures that might be characteristic for the parental cell like a tumor cell. Tumor-derived exosomes have been identified in the plasma of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer and other tumors8, 16, 18.
The goal of this method is the reliable and robust isolation of exosomes from human bile specimens, largely independent of their prior handling procedures. It was developed to utilize bile as a reliable source of miRNA for the potential diagnosis of diseases of the bile duct such as cholangiocarcinoma19. It consist of several steps of centrifugation with increasing speeds to isolate exosomes and might be applicable to other biological fluids.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:305px;">0.2&#181;m Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane filter</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">431229</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">thinwall polyallomer ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">331374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">SW40Ti rotor</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">LM10-HS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Nanosight</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:305px;">Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Nanosight</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">mirVANA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM1560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:305px;">cOmplete Protease Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Roche distributed by Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">4693116001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Immobilon PSQ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Millipore, Bedford MA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ISEQ00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Anti-CD63 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab59479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Anti-Tsg101</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab30871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and profiling of microrna-containing exosomes from human bile

Exosome research in the last three years has greatly extended the scope towards identification and characterization of biomarkers and their therapeutic uses.
Exosomes have recently been shown to contain microRNAs (miRs). MiRs themselves have arisen as valuable biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. As specimen collection in clinics and hospitals is quite variable, miRNA isolation from whole bile varies substantially. To achieve robust, accurate and reproducible miRNA profiles from collected bile samples in a simple manner required the development of a high-quality protocol to isolate and characterize exosomes from bile. The method requires several centrifugations and a filtration step with a final ultracentrifugation step to pellet the isolated exosomes. Electron microscopy, Western blots, flow cytometry and multi-parameter nanoparticle optical analysis, where available, are crucial characterization steps to validate the quality of the exosomes. For the isolation of miRNA from these exosomes, spiking the lysate with a non-specific, synthetic miRNA from a species like Caenorhabditis elegans, i.e., Cel-miR-39, is important for normalization of RNA extraction efficiency. The isolation of exosome from bile fluid following this method allows the successful miRNA profiling from bile samples stored for several years at -80 &#176;C.

Since exosomes are too small to be detected by regular microscopy or flow cytometry, electron microscopy or nanoparticle optical analysis has to be performed. The nanoparticle optical analysis has the advantage over electron microscopy that it is also quantitative and provides size distribution and concentration. The instrument introduces a finely focused laser beam through a glass prism into the sample. The Brownian motion of the isolated vesicles is captured via an EMCCD high sensitivit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile at JoVE.com

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Bile fluid is a valuable source of extracellular vesicles/exosomes that contain potentially important biomarkers. This protocol represents a robust method to isolate exosomes from human bile for further analyses including miRNA profiling.

Exosome research in the last three years has greatly extended the scope towards identification and characterization of biomarkers and their therapeutic ...

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