Name: isolation of extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using an ultrafiltration centrifugation technique
Uploaded: 2018-11-09T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique at JoVE.com

The work is supported by the NHLBI/NIH grants HL103868 (to P.C.) and HL137076 (to P.C.), the American Heart Association Grant-in-Aid (to P.C.), and the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute (SOCCI) Lung Cancer Research Award (to P.C.).&#160;We would like to express our great appreciation to the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center that provides us a Nanosight machine for EV nanoparticle tracking analysis.

The utilization of animals and all animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC).
1. Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) Collection and Preparation
<ol>
	<li>BALF collection
	<ol>
		<li>Euthanize mice with a cocktail of ketamine (300 mg/kg) and xylazine (30 mg/kg) via the intraperitoneal route followed by cervical dislocation.</li>
		<li>Insert a 22 G angiocatheter into the trachea. Attach an insulin s...

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafiltration+combined+with+size+exclusion+chromatography+efficiently+isolates+extracellular+vesicles+from+cell+culture+media+for+compositional+and+functional+studies.">Ultrafiltration combined with size exclusion chromatography efficiently isolates extracellular vesicles from cell culture media for compositional and functional studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 15297 (2017).</li><li>Vergauwen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confounding+factors+of+ultrafiltration+and+protein+analysis+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Confounding factors of ultrafiltration and protein analysis in extracellular vesicle research.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 2704 (2017).</li><li>Kesimer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+exosome-like+vesicles+released+from+human+tracheobronchial+ciliated+epithelium:+a+possible+role+in+innate+defense.">Characterization of exosome-like vesicles released from human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium: a possible role in innate defense.</a> The FASEB Journal. 23 (6), 1858-1868 (2009).</li><li>Torregrosa Paredes, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bronchoalveolar+lavage+fluid+exosomes+contribute+to+cytokine+and+leukotriene+production+in+allergic+asthma.">Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes contribute to cytokine and leukotriene production in allergic asthma.</a> Allergy. 67 (7), 911-919 (2012).</li><li>Alipoor, S. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MYC+Mediates+Large+Oncosome-Induced+Fibroblast+Reprogramming+in+Prostate+Cancer.">MYC Mediates Large Oncosome-Induced Fibroblast Reprogramming in Prostate Cancer.</a> Cancer Research. 77 (9), 2306-2317 (2017).</li><li>Koliha, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanoma+Affects+the+Composition+of+Blood+Cell-Derived+Extracellular+Vesicles.">Melanoma Affects the Composition of Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 7, 581 (2016).</li><li>Thery, C., Ostrowski, M., Segura, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles+as+conveyors+of+immune+responses.">Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 9, 581-593 (2009).</li><li>Camussi, G., Deregibus, M. 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In the past few decades, scientists have unraveled the significances of EVs in cellular homeostasis. More importantly, EVs play major roles in many disease processes by modulating neighboring and distant cells through their bioactive cargo molecules1,21,22,26,27,28,29,<sup class="...

Exosomes are the smallest subset of EVs, 50&#8211;200 nm in diameter, and have multiple biological functions across a diverse array of signaling processes1,2,3,4,5. They govern cellular and tissue homeostasis primarily by facilitating intercellular communication through cargo molecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids6,7,8,9. One critical step in EV research is the isolation process. Differential ultracentrifugation (UC), with or without density gradient centrifugation (DGC), is considered the gold standard approach, but this method carries major limitations, including inefficient EV recovery rates and low scalability10,11,12, that restrict its best utilization to larger volume samples, such as cell culture supernatant or high exosome production specimens. The advantages and disadvantages of other methods, such as size exclusion by ultrafiltration or chromatography, immunoaffinity isolation by beads or columns, and microfluidics, are well described, and modern supplemental procedures have been developed to overcome and minimize technical limitations in each approach11,12,13,14,15. Others have shown that an ultrafiltration centrifugation (UFC) with a nanoporous membrane in the filter unit is an alternative technique that provides comparable purity to a UC method16,17,18. This technique could be considered as one of the alternative isolation methods.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contains EVs that possess numerous biological functions in various respiratory conditions19,20,21,22. Studying BALF-derived EVs entails some challenges due to the invasiveness of the bronchoscopy procedure in humans, as well as a limited amount of lavage fluid recovery. In small laboratory animals such as mice, only a few milliliters can be recovered in normal lung conditions, even less in inflamed or fibrotic lungs23. Consequently, collecting a sufficient amount of BALF for EV isolation by a differential ultracentrifugation for downstream applications may not be feasible. However, isolating correct EV populations is a crucial factor for studying EV biological functions. The delicate balance between efficiency and efficacy continues to be a challenge in well-established EV isolation methods.
In this current study, we demonstrate that a centrifugal ultrafiltration approach, utilizing a 100 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) nanomembrane filter unit, is suitable for small-volume biological specimen such as BALF. This technique is simple, efficient, and provides high purity and scalability to support the study of BALF-derived EVs.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filters Ultracel-100K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>UFC910024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Corning Cellgro, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>EMD8550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Research Products International, Prospect, IL</td>
			<td>75277-39-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Corning Cellgro, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>46-034-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>S3014-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiPrep</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>MKCD9753</td>
			<td>Density Gradient Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>VetOne, Boise, ID</td>
			<td>13985-702-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Akorn Animal Health, Lake Forest, IL</td>
			<td>59399-110-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1 mL</td>
			<td>BD Syringe, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>309656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angiocatheter 20G</td>
			<td>BD Syringe, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>381703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes 15 mL</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>89039-666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes 50 mL</td>
			<td>Corning Cellgro, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicinchonic acid (BCA) protein assay</td>
			<td>Pierce, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Rockford, IL</td>
			<td>23235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse TSG101 Antibody</td>
			<td>AbCam, Cambridge, MA</td>
			<td>AB125011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse PE-CD63 Antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA</td>
			<td>143904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD81</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD9</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td>
			<td>7074S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4x LDS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Reducing agent (Bolt)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Lysis buffer (Bolt)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bolt 4-12% Bis-Tris Plus acrylamide gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>NW04120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iBlot 2 Nitrocellulose mini stacks</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>IB23002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemiluminescent HRP antibody detection reagent HyGLO</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific, Holliston, MA</td>
			<td>E2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes 17 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA</td>
			<td>337986</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes 38.5 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA</td>
			<td>326823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning SFCA Syringe Filters 0.2 &#181;m pore</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>09-754-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanosight (NS300)</td>
			<td>Malvern, Worcestershire, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To measure particle size distribution and particle concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACSQuant Analyzer 10 flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iBlot Transfer Apparatus</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Rad ChemiDoc MP Imaging System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo v. 10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using an ultrafiltration centrifugation technique

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during physiological and pathological states. The isolation of EVs continues to be a major challenge in this field, due to limitations intrinsic to each technique. The differential ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation method is a commonly used approach and is considered to be the gold standard procedure for EV isolation. However, this procedure is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and generally results in low scalability, which may not be suitable for small-volume samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We demonstrate that an ultrafiltration centrifugation isolation method is simple and time- and labor-efficient yet provides a high recovery yield and purity. We propose that this isolation method could be an alternative approach that is suitable for EV isolation, particularly for small-volume biological specimens.

We performed EV isolation from mouse BALF using UFC and UC-DGC isolation methods on the same day. The UFC method required approximately 2.5&#8211;3 h, whereas the UC-DGC technique required 8 h of processing time. This did not include buffers and reagent preparation time. It should be noted that some other tasks could be performed during the long centrifugation periods. Nevertheless, the entire procedure lasted nearly an entire day for the UC-DGC isolation technique.
<p class="jove_con...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique at JoVE.com

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique

Here, we describe two extracellular vesicle isolation protocols, ultrafiltration centrifugation and ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation, to isolate extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. The extracellular vesicles derived from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by both methods are quantified and characterized.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during ...

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