Name: testing of nanoparticle release from a composite containing nanomaterial using a chamber system
Uploaded: 2016-11-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the "Development of technologies for safety evaluation and standardization of nanomaterials and nanoproducts" (10059135)" through the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology by the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy.

1. Preparation of Instruments and Specimens
<ol>
	<li>Abrasor
	<ol>
		<li>Based on an abrasion tester, use an abrasor with one specimen rotation stage (140 mm diameter), two abrasion wheel holders, and a rotation speed of 30 - 80 rpm.</li>
		<li>Use a weight to secure the abrasion wheel to the abrasion wheel holder, which also applies load to the test specimen.</li>
		<li>Install an additional air inlet to provide better suspension for the abrased particles, as shown in Figure 3. Use a...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+and+perspectives+of+existing+research+on+the+release+of+nanomaterials+from+solid+nanocomposites.">A review and perspectives of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites.</a> Part Fibre Toxicol. 11, (2014).</li><li>Kingston, C., Zepp, R., Andrady, A., Boverhof, D., Fehir, R., Hawkins, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Release+characteristics+of+selected+carbon+nanotube+polymer+composites.">Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites.</a> Carbon. 68, 33-57 (2014).</li><li>Kaiser, D., Stefaniak, A., Scott, K., Nguyen, T., Schutz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods for the Measurement of Release of MWCNTs from MWCNT-Polymer Composites, NIST. , (2014).</li><li>Nowack, B., David, R. M., Fissan, H., Morris, H., Shatkin, J. A., Stintz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+release+scenarios+for+carbon+nanotubes+used+in+composites.">Potential release scenarios for carbon nanotubes used in composites.</a> Environ. Int. 59, 1-11 (2013).</li><li>Kim, E., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. K., Lee, G. H., Ahn, K., Park, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Case+Study+on+Risk+Evaluation+of+Silver+Nanoparticle+Exposure+from+Antibacterial+Sprays+Containing+Silver+Nanoparticles.">Case Study on Risk Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Exposure from Antibacterial Sprays Containing Silver Nanoparticles.</a> J of Nanomaterial. , 346586 (2015).</li><li>Kim, E., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. K., Lee, G. H., Ahn, K., Park, J. 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Aerosol Sci. 40, 209-217 (2009).</li><li>Golanski, L., Gaborieau, A., Guiot, A., Uzu, G., Chatenet, J., Tardif, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+abrasion-induced+nanoparticle+release+from+paints+into+liquids+and+air.">Characterization of abrasion-induced nanoparticle release from paints into liquids and air.</a> J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 304, 012062 (2011).</li><li>Wohlleben, W., Brill, S., Meier, M. W., Mertler, M., Cox, G., Hirth, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+lifecycle+of+nanocomposites:+Comparing+released+fragments+and+their+in-vivo+hazards+from+three+release+mechanisms+and+four+nanocomposites.">On the lifecycle of nanocomposites: Comparing released fragments and their in-vivo hazards from three release mechanisms and four nanocomposites.</a> Small. 7, 2384-2395 (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 7784-1, Paints and varnishes -- Determination of resistance to abrasion -- Part 1: Rotating abrasive-paper-covered wheel method. , (1997).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 5470-1, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics -- Determination of abrasion resistance -- Part 1: Taber abrader. , (1999).</li><li>Schlagenhauf, L., Chu, B. 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The most critical steps when conducting the nanorelease test from nanocomposite materials using an abrasion test were: 1) using a chamber system made of stainless steel with a neutralizer to remove the electrostatic charge generated by abrasion and reduce the deposition of particles on the chamber walls; 2) supplying additional air to provide better particle suspension; and 3) sampling the released particles and online monitoring using a CPC and OPC from the outlet that contained a mixer consisting of three perforated pl...

Nanomaterial exposure has mostly been studied in relation to workers in workplaces manufacturing, handling, fabricating, and packaging nanomaterials, while consumer exposure has not been studied extensively. A recent analysis of the environmental and health literature database created by the International Council of Nanotechnology (ICON) also indicated that most nanomaterial safety research has focused on hazards (83%) and potential exposure (16%), with the release from nanocomposites, representing consumer exposure, only representing 0.8% 1. Thus, very little is known about consumer exposure to nanomaterials.
Nanoparticle release has been used to estimate consumer exposure in simulation studies, including the abrasion and weathering of nanocomposites, washing textiles, or dustiness testing methods, such as the rotating drum method, vortex shaking method, and other shaker methods 2-3. Plus, several international attempts, such as the ILSI (International Life Science Institute) nanorelease and EU NanoReg, have been made to develop technology to understand the release of nanomaterials used in consumer products. The ILSI nanorelease consumer product launched in 2011 represents a life-cycle approach to nanomaterial release from consumer products, where phase 1 involves nanomaterial selection, phase 2 covers evaluation methods, and phase 3 implements interlaboratory studies. Several monographs and publications on the safety of nanomaterials in consumer products have also been published 4-6.
Meanwhile, NanoReg represents a common European approach to the regulatory testing of manufactured nanomaterials and provides a program of methods for use in simulation approaches to nanorelease from consumer products 2. ISO TC 229 is also trying to develop standards relevant to consumer safety and submit a new working item proposal for consumer safety. The OECD WPMN (working party on nanomaterials), especially SG8 (steering group on exposure assessment and exposure mitigation), recently conducted a survey on the direction of future work, especially consumer and environmental exposure assessment. Therefore, in light of these international activities, the Korean Ministries of Trade, Industry and Energy launched a tiered project in 2013 focused on the &#34;Development of technologies for the safety evaluation and standardization of nanomaterials and nanoproducts&#34;. Plus, several consumer safety-relevant studies to standardize nanomaterial release from consumer products have also been published 7-8.
An abrasion test is one of the simulation approaches included in the ILSI nanorelease and NanoReg 2-3 for determining the potential emission level of nanoparticles from different commercial composite products. The mass weight loss is deduced based on the difference in the specimen weight before and after abrasion using an abrasor. The nanocomposite sample is abraded at a constant speed, a sampler sucks up the aerosol, and the particles are then analyzed using particle counting devices, such as a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) or optical particle counter (OPC), and collected on a TEM (transmission electron microscopy) grid or membrane for further visual analysis. However, conducting an abrasion test for nanocomposite materials requires a consistent nanoparticle release, which is difficult due to particle charging as a result of abrasion and when the particle sampling is conducted near the emission point 2-3, 9-11.
Accordingly, this paper presents a chamber system as a new method for evaluating nanomaterial release in the case of abrasion of nanocomposite materials. When compared with other abrasion and simulation tests, the proposed chamber system provides consistent nanoparticle release data in the case of abrasion. Moreover, this new test method has been used widely in the field of indoor air quality and semi-conduct industry as total particle number counting method 12, 13. Therefore, it is anticipated that the proposed method can be developed into a standardized method for testing nanoparticle release from consumer products containing nanomaterials.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Foamex</td>
			<td>Taeyoung, R. of Korea</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MWCNT (multiwalled carbon nanotube) composite</td>
			<td>Hanwha, Incheon, R. of Korea</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2% MWCNTs in low density polyethylene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abrasion Paper</td>
			<td>Derfos, R. of Korea</td>
			<td>#100</td>
			<td>100 grit sand paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)</td>
			<td>TSI Inc, Shoreview, MN</td>
			<td>UCPC 3775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Paritcle Counter (OPC)</td>
			<td>Grimm, Ainring, Germany</td>
			<td>1.109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Particle Sampler</td>
			<td>Ecomesure, Saclay, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantifoil Holey Carbon Film</td>
			<td>TED PELLA Inc. USA</td>
			<td>1.2/1.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate Filter&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore, USA</td>
			<td>CAT No. GTTP02500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soft X-ray Ionizer (Neutralizer)</td>
			<td>SUNJE, R. of Korea</td>
			<td>SXN-05U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM)</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>S-4300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

testing of nanoparticle release from a composite containing nanomaterial using a chamber system

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products containing nanomaterials is also increasing. Evaluating the nanomaterial release from products containing nanomaterials is a crucial step in assessing the safety of these products, and has resulted in several international efforts to develop consistent and reliable technologies for standardizing the evaluation of nanomaterial release. In this study, the release of nanomaterials from products containing nanomaterials is evaluated using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, optical particle counter, and sampling ports to collect filter samples for electron microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system is tested using an abrasor and disc-type nanocomposite material specimens to determine whether the nanomaterial release is repeatable and consistent within an acceptable range. The test results indicate that the total number of particles in each test is within 20% from the average after several trials. The release trends are similar and they show very good repeatability. Therefore, the proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing of products containing nanomaterials.

Abrasion Test Repeatability Using Chamber System
The total particle numbers were consistent for 8 abrasion tests, as shown in Table 3. The CPC measured an average of 3.67 x109 particles, while the OPC counted an average of 1.98 x 109 particles (&#62; 0.3 &#181;m). The deviations were within 20%, which represented a consistent release of particles during abrasion.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System at JoVE.com

Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products ...

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