Name: isolation and enrichment of liver progenitor subsets identified by a novel surface marker combination
Uploaded: 2017-02-18T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Enrichment of Liver Progenitor Subsets Identified by a Novel Surface Marker Combination at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to VLK.

All experimental procedures were conducted with the approval of the ethics and animal care committees of Homburg University Medical Center.
1. Preparation of Materials and Buffers
<ol>
	<li>Freshly prepare all buffers required for liver digestion using sterile components and a laminar hood to avoid bacterial contamination.</li>
	<li>Prepare the collection buffer (CB) by mixing 49.5 mL of RPMI medium and 0.5 mL of fetal bovine serum (FBS; low endotoxin, heat inactivated) to achieve a 1% (v/v)...

<ol>
	<li>Dolle, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+isolation+of+liver+progenitor+cells+by+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+activity+in+naive+mice.">Successful isolation of liver progenitor cells by aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in naive mice.</a> Hepatology. 55 (2), 540-552 (2012).</li><li>Dolle, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+quest+for+liver+progenitor+cells:+a+practical+point+of+view.">The quest for liver progenitor cells: a practical point of view.</a> J Hepatol. 52 (1), 117-129 (2010).</li><li>Dorrell, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+markers+for+the+murine+oval+cell+response.">Surface markers for the murine oval cell response.</a> Hepatology. 48 (4), 1282-1291 (2008).</li><li>Gouw, A. S., Clouston, A. D., Theise, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ductular+reactions+in+human+liver:+diversity+at+the+interface.">Ductular reactions in human liver: diversity at the interface.</a> Hepatology. 54 (5), 1853-1863 (2011).</li><li>Tarlow, B. D., Finegold, M. 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T., Nagy, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+fibrosis+is+enhanced+and+accompanied+by+robust+oval+cell+activation+after+chronic+carbon+tetrachloride+administration+to+Egr-1-deficient+mice.">Hepatic fibrosis is enhanced and accompanied by robust oval cell activation after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration to Egr-1-deficient mice.</a> Am J Pathol. 176 (6), 2743-2752 (2010).</li><li>Spee, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+the+liver+progenitor+cell+niche+in+liver+diseases:+potential+involvement+of+Wnt+and+Notch+signalling.">Characterisation of the liver progenitor cell niche in liver diseases: potential involvement of Wnt and Notch signalling.</a> Gut. 59 (2), 247-257 (2010).</li><li>Eckert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Podoplanin+discriminates+distinct+stromal+cell+populations+and+a+novel+progenitor+subset+in+the+liver.">Podoplanin discriminates distinct stromal cell populations and a novel progenitor subset in the liver.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 310 (1), G1-G12 (2016).</li><li>Epting, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+antigen-1+is+necessary+for+cell-cycle+withdrawal+and+myoblast+differentiation+in+C2C12+cells.">Stem cell antigen-1 is necessary for cell-cycle withdrawal and myoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells.</a> J Cell Sci. 117 (Pt 25), 6185-6195 (2004).</li><li>Tirnitz-Parker, J. E., Tonkin, J. N., Knight, B., Olynyk, J. K., Yeoh, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+culture+and+immortalisation+of+hepatic+oval+cells+from+adult+mice+fed+a+choline-deficient,+ethionine-supplemented+diet.">Isolation, culture and immortalisation of hepatic oval cells from adult mice fed a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet.</a> Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 39 (12), 2226-2239 (2007).</li><li>Rountree, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+CD133-expressing+murine+liver+oval+cell+population+with+bilineage+potential.">A CD133-expressing murine liver oval cell population with bilineage potential.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (10), 2419-2429 (2007).</li><li>Rountree, C. B., Ding, W., Dang, H., Vankirk, C., Crooks, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+CD133++liver+stem+cells+for+clonal+expansion.">Isolation of CD133+ liver stem cells for clonal expansion.</a> J Vis Exp. (56), (2011).</li><li>Sidney, L. E., McIntosh, O. D., Hopkinson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+Change+and+Induction+of+Cytokeratin+Expression+During+In+Vitro+Culture+of+Corneal+Stromal+Cells.">Phenotypic Change and Induction of Cytokeratin Expression During In Vitro Culture of Corneal Stromal Cells.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56 (12), 7225-7235 (2015).</li><li>Hass, R., Kasper, C., Bohm, S., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+populations+and+sources+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+(MSC):+A+comparison+of+adult+and+neonatal+tissue-derived+MSC.">Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): A comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC.</a> Cell Commun Signal. 9, 12 (2011).</li><li>Schmelzer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+hepatic+stem+cells+from+fetal+and+postnatal+donors.">Human hepatic stem cells from fetal and postnatal donors.</a> J Exp Med. 204 (8), 1973-1987 (2007).</li></ol>

Liver inflammation and injury of different origins trigger regenerative processes in the liver that are accompanied by progenitor cell expansion and activation2,3. These liver progenitor cells possess stem cell characteristics and likely play a significant role in the pathomechanism of various liver diseases.
The heterogeneity of liver progenitor cells has long been suggested. The re-evaluation of liver progenitor subsets using a novel...

Liver regeneration is mostly associated with the self-renewal capacity of hepatocytes. Nevertheless, chronic liver injuries occur with progenitor cell activation and expansion, which have been associated with their ability to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes1,2,3,4. This is especially relevant because, during chronic injuries, hepatocyte proliferation is not effective. Despite multiple genetic tracing studies targeting progenitor cells, their role in liver regeneration remains controversial5,6,7,8. Moreover, the activation of progenitor cells has been linked to increased fibrotic response in the liver, which raises questions about their exact role during injuries9,10.
The heterogeneous nature of the progenitor cell compartment has long been suggested by gene expression studies that isolated progenitor cells expressing a single surface marker using microdissection or cell sorting-based methods1,11. Indeed, recently, a novel surface marker combination using gp38 (podoplanin) unequivocally linked previous single markers of progenitor cells to various subsets12. Importantly, these subsets not only differed in their surface marker expression but also exhibited functional alterations during injuries12.
Multiple animal models have been utilized to investigate progenitor cell activation and liver regeneration. It seems that the various injury types promote the activation of differing subsets of progenitor cells12. This might explain the phenotypic divergence of the ductular reaction observed in humans4. Thus, the complex phenotypic and functional analyses of progenitor cells are pivotal to understand their role in injuries and the true significance of the ductular reaction in liver diseases.
Besides surface marker combinations, the crucial differences in cell isolation protocols further complicate the conclusions based on previous studies2. A substantial amount of studies addressed the role of progenitor cells that greatly differ in their isolation protocol (e.g., liver dissociation (enzyme combination and duration of the process), density medium, and centrifugation speed)2. An optimized isolation technique, providing better viability for rare cell populations and reflective of subset composition, has been developed and published recently12. The aim of this article is to provide a more detailed protocol of this liver cell isolation procedure and the subset analysis to allow for the proper reproduction of the technique. Additionally, the protocol includes a comparison with the previous isolation method to demonstrate the differences compared to the new protocol.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21875-034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phenol red free DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31053-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase P</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11249002001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse-I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17105041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A10492-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14025-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td>Prepare 1 % stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 % BSA</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>autoMACS Rinsing Solution</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-222</td>
			<td>add 0.5 % (v/v) BSA and store on ice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol-red free DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>counting Beads Count Bright</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C36950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PI</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FcR Blocking Reagent</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-092-575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD31 MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-097-418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45 MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-052-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dead Cell Removal Kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Biotin MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD64 Purified</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>139302</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD16/32 Purified</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>101302</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 APC/Cy7</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>103116</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:200, marks hematopoetic cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD31 Biotin</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>102504</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:200, marks endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ASGPR1 Purified</td>
			<td>Bio-Techne</td>
			<td>AF2755-SP</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:100, marks hepatocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Podoplanin APC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>127410</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:1400, marks progenior cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Podoplanin Biotin</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>127404</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:1400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD133 PE</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-102-210</td>
			<td>use 3 &#181;l, marks progenitor cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD133 Biotin</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>141206</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34 Biotin</td>
			<td>eBioScience</td>
			<td>13-0341-81</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD90.2 Pacific Blue</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>140306</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD157 PE</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>140203</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EpCAM Brilliant Violet 421</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>118225</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sca-1 Biotin</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-101-885</td>
			<td>use 10 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG2b, &#954; PE</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>400311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG1 PE</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>400407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2b, &#954; APC/Cy7</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>400624</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a, &#954; Biotin</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>400504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG2a, &#954; Brilliant Violet 421</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>400535</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syrian Hamster IgG APC</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>402012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syrian Hamster IgG Biotin</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>402004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat IgG Control Purified</td>
			<td>Bio-Techne</td>
			<td>AB-108-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Goat IgG Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11055</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin Alexa Fluor 405</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>S32351</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;m Filter mesh</td>
			<td>A. Hartenstein</td>
			<td>PAS3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuadroMACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACSQuant Analyzer 10</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-096-343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoMACS Pro Separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-092-545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS AriaTMIII</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSDiva sofware</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene Round bottom tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rneasy plus mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74134</td>
			<td>RLT lysis buffer is included</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and enrichment of liver progenitor subsets identified by a novel surface marker combination

During chronic liver injuries, progenitor cells expand in a process called ductular reaction, which also entails the appearance of inflammatory cellular infiltrate and epithelial cell activation. The progenitor cell population during such inflammatory reactions has mostly been investigated using single surface markers, either by histological analysis or by flow cytometry-based techniques. However, novel surface markers identified various functionally distinct subsets within the liver progenitor/stem cell compartment. The method presented here describes the isolation and detailed flow cytometry analysis of progenitor subsets using novel surface marker combinations. Moreover, it demonstrates how the various progenitor cell subsets can be isolated with high purity using automated magnetic and FACS sorting-based methods. Importantly, novel and simplified enzymatic dissociation of the liver allows for the isolation of these rare cell populations with a high viability that is superior in comparison to other existing methods. This is especially relevant for further studying progenitor cells in vitro or for isolating high-quality RNA to analyze the gene expression profile.

The procedure presented here for the digestion of the liver using a novel mixture of enzymes results in a single-cell suspension containing parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells (Figures 1 and 2a). After the ACK-lysing of red blood cells, the direct flow cytometry analysis of the single-cell suspension is possible (Figures 1 and 2). The gating strategy involves the exclusion of doublets and dead cells (Figur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Enrichment of Liver Progenitor Subsets Identified by a Novel Surface Marker Combination at JoVE.com

Isolation and Enrichment of Liver Progenitor Subsets Identified by a Novel Surface Marker Combination

Liver injuries are accompanied by progenitor cell expansion that represents a heterogeneous cell population. Novel classification of this cellular compartment allows for the distinguishing of multiple subsets. The method described here illustrates the flow cytometry analysis and high purity isolation of various subsets that can be used for further assays.

During chronic liver injuries, progenitor cells expand in a process called ductular reaction, which also entails the appearance of inflammatory cellular ...

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Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult ...

Isolation, Culture, Characterization, and Differentiation of Human Muscle Progenitor Cells from the Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedure

The use of primary human tissue and cells is ideal for the investigation of biological and physiological processes such as the skeletal muscle ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary Myoblasts from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Explants

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to ...