Name: murine short axis ventricular heart slices for electrophysiological studies
Uploaded: 2017-06-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies at JoVE.com

We acknowledge the support provided by the workshops and the animal facility of the Institute of Neurophysiology. This work was supported by Walter und Marga Boll- Stiftung, K&#246;ln Fortune and Deutsche Stiftung f&#252;r Herzforschung.

Animal handling has to be conform to guidelines of the local animal welfare committee and to the Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament.
1. Prepare Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Tyrode&#39;s solution without Ca2+ (composition in mM): NaCl 136, KCl 5.4, NaH2PO4 0.33, MgCl2 1, glucose 10, HEPES 5, 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) 30. Adjust pH to 7.4 with NaOH at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Prepare Tyrode&#39;s solution with Ca2+ (compositio...

<ol>
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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+chronotropic+effects+of+Erythrina+senegalensis+DC+(Fabaceae)+aqueous+extract+on+mouse+heart+slice+and+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes.">In vitro chronotropic effects of Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) aqueous extract on mouse heart slice and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 165, 163-172 (2015).</li><li>Wang, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+tissue+slices:+preparation,+handling,+and+successful+optical+mapping.">Cardiac tissue slices: preparation, handling, and successful optical mapping.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 308, H1112-H1125 (2015).</li><li>Bussek, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+slices+from+adult+mammalian+hearts+as+a+model+for+pharmacological+drug+testing.">Tissue slices from adult mammalian hearts as a model for pharmacological drug testing.</a> Cell Physiol Biochem. 24, 527-536 (2009).</li><li>Burnashev, N. 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A robust model to study ventricular isometric contractions.</a> Cell Physiol Biochem. 20, 837-846 (2007).</li><li>Halbach, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+slices+of+adult+mouse+hearts--a+new+multicellular+in+vitro+model+for+electrophysiological+studies.">Ventricular slices of adult mouse hearts--a new multicellular in vitro model for electrophysiological studies.</a> Cell Physiol Biochem. 18, 1-8 (2006).</li><li>Halbach, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+maturation+and+integration+of+murine+fetal+cardiomyocytes+after+transplantation.">Electrophysiological maturation and integration of murine fetal cardiomyocytes after transplantation.</a> Circ. 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Cardiol. 171, e122-e124 (2014).</li><li>Halbach, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+integration+and+action+potential+properties+of+transplanted+cardiomyocytes+derived+from+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Electrophysiological integration and action potential properties of transplanted cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cardiovasc. Res. 100, 432-440 (2013).</li><li>Verrecchia, F., Herve, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+blockade+of+gap+junctional+communication+by+2,3-butanedione+monoxime+in+rat+cardiac+myocytes.">Reversible blockade of gap junctional communication by 2,3-butanedione monoxime in rat cardiac myocytes.</a> Am J Physiol. 272, C875-C885 (1997).</li><li>Watanabe, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+effect+of+2,3-butanedione+monoxime+(BDM)+on+Na(+)/Ca(2+)+exchange+current+in+guinea-pig+cardiac+ventricular+myocytes.">Inhibitory effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 132, 1317-1325 (2001).</li><li>Fleischmann, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+subunit+composition+of+the+G+protein-activated+inward-rectifier+potassium+channel+during+cardiac+development.">Differential subunit composition of the G protein-activated inward-rectifier potassium channel during cardiac development.</a> J Clin Invest. 114, 994-1001 (2004).</li><li>Peinkofer, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Early+Embryonic+to+Adult+Stage:+Comparative+Study+of+Action+Potentials+of+Native+and+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Cardiomyocytes.">From Early Embryonic to Adult Stage: Comparative Study of Action Potentials of Native and Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 25, 1397-1406 (2016).</li></ol>

Ventricular slices enable electrophysiological, pharmacological and mechanical studies with a preserved in vivo like tissue structure and direct access of the measurement technology to all regions of the heart. Physiological action potential properties have been demonstrated in embryonic, neonatal and adult slices 9,10,11. Vitality of the slices, except for the surface layers directly damaged by the slicing procedure, h...

Thin tissue slices have been used frequently in basic science since Yamamot and Mcllwain showed in 1966 that electrical activity of brain slices is maintained in vitro1. Since then, electrophysiological and pharmacological studies have been conducted on slices from brain 2, liver 3, lung 4 and myocardial tissue 5,6,7. First patch-clamp recordings in ventricular slices from neonatal rat hearts were described in 1990 8, but this technique fell into oblivion for some time. More than one decade later, our group established a new method to prepare murine embryonic 9, neonatal 10 and adult 11 heart slices. These viable tissue slices can be used for acute experiments (adult slices can be cultivated for several hours) or short-term culture experiments (embryonic and neonatal slices can be cultivated for a few days). Slices show in vivo like electrophysiological characteristics and a homogenous excitation spread as assessed by sharp electrode action potential and micro electrode array recordings 11. Due to their &#34;two-dimensional&#34; morphology, they allow direct access of recording electrodes to all regions of the ventricle, which makes them an interesting tool for electrophysiological investigations and raises new experimental options in comparison to Langendorff-perfused whole hearts. Drug response of the slices to ion channel blockers like verapamil (L-type Ca2+-channel blocker), lidocain (Na+-channel blocker), 4-aminopyridine (unselective voltage dependent K+-channel blocker) and linopirdine (KCNQ K+-channel blocker) 9,11 corresponded to known effects on dissociated cardiomyocytes. Isometric force measurements revealed a positive force frequency relationship and strongly suggested intact contractile function 10. These findings demonstrated that murine ventricular slices are suitable as an in vitro tissue model for physiological and pharmacological studies. Furthermore, ventricular slices of recipient hearts in combination with sharp electrode recordings have proven to be a very helpful tool to characterize electrical and mechanical integration as well as maturation of transplanted fetal 12,13,14 and stem cell-derived 15 cardiomyocytes.
In summary, ventricular slices are a valuable and well-establish multicellular tissue model and should be considered complementary to dissociated cardiomyocytes and Langendorff-perfused hearts in cardiovascular research, with the major advantage of providing an in vivo like tissue structure (in contrast to dissociated cells) as well as direct access of measurement technologies like sharp electrode recordings to all regions of the heart (in contrast to whole heart preparations).

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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Leica VT 1000s</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Microtome with vibrating blade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:248px;">Stainless Steel Blades</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Campden Instruments, Loughborough, England</td>
			<td>7550-1-SS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pasteur pipettes&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td>Z627992&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Fine brush, e.g. size 6 (4/32&#34;)</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">VWR, International, Radnor, USA</td>
			<td>149-2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Preparation table</td>
			<td style="width:340px;"></td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">self made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Molt for embedding ventricles in agarose</td>
			<td style="width:340px;"></td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">self made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:248px;">1 ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Becton, Dickinson;&#160; Franklin Lakes, USA</td>
			<td>300013</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">27Gx3/4`` Needles</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:340px;">Braun, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td>4657705</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">20G 11/2`` Needles</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Small scissor</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">WPI, Sarasota, USA</td>
			<td>501263</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Tweezers #5, 0.1 x 0.06 mm tip</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">WPI, Sarasota, USA</td>
			<td>500342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Oxygen gas (medical grade O2)</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Linde, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Carbogen gas (95 % O2, 5 % CO2)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Linde, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">NaCL</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">7647-14-5</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">KCL</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">746436</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:248px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">746495</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:248px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">NIST200B&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">51558</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:248px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">S5761&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">D(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">G8270&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:248px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">M7506&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">S8045&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Cyanoacrylate glue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Henkel, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Low-melt Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">6351.2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Heparin-sodium-25000 I.E./5mL</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium&#160; (DMEM), high glucose, GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">ThermoScientific, Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">10566016</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">SEC-10LX Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">npi electronic GmbH, Tamm, Germany</td>
			<td>SEC-10LX</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">EPC 9</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">HEKA Elektronik GmbH, Lambrecht, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Zeiss Axiovert 200</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">&#160;Low magnification Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Narashige, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Nm-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">High magnification, three-axis micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Narashige, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">MHW-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Peristaltic perfusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Multi Channel Systems, Reutlingen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">PPS2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">2-channel temperature controller</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Multi Channel Systems, Reutlingen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">TCO02</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Square pulse stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">Natus Europe GmbH, Planegg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Grass SD9</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Glass capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:340px;">WPI, Sarasota, USA</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">1B150F-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine short axis ventricular heart slices for electrophysiological studies

Murine cardiomyocytes have been extensively used for in vitro studies of cardiac physiology and new therapeutic strategies. However, multicellular preparations of dissociated cardiomyocytes are not representative of the complex in vivo structure of cardiomyocytes, non-myocytes and extracellular matrix, which influences both mechanical and electrophysiological properties of the heart. Here we describe a technique to prepare viable ventricular slices of adult mouse hearts with a preserved in vivo like tissue structure, and demonstrate their suitability for electrophysiological recordings. After excision of the heart, ventricles are separated from the atria, perfused with Ca2+-free solution containing 2,3-butanedione monoxime and embedded in a 4% low-melt agarose block. The block is placed on a microtome with a vibrating blade, and tissue slices with a thickness of 150-400 &#181;m are prepared keeping the vibration frequency of the blade at 60-70 Hz and moving the blade forward as slowly as possible. Thickness of the slices depends on the further application. Slices are stored in ice cold Tyrode&#39;s solution with 0.9 mM Ca2+ and 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) for 30 min. Afterwards, slices are transferred to 37 &#176;C DMEM for 30 min to wash out the BDM. Slices can be used for electrophysiological studies with sharp electrodes or micro electrode arrays, for force measurements to analyze contractile function or to investigate the interaction of transplanted stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and host tissue. For sharp electrode recordings, a slice is placed into a 3 cm cell culture dish on the heating plate of an inverted microscope. The slice is stimulated with a unipolar electrode, and intracellular action potentials of cardiomyocytes within the slice are recorded with a sharp glass electrode.

Myocardial infarction leads to a virtually irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes. Cell replacement therapy using stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for exogenous cardiac regeneration is a promising therapeutic approach. Electrical integration and maturation of the transplanted cells are crucial for safety and efficiency of cell replacement therapy.
To assess integration and maturation, we transplanted cardiomyocytes derived from ind...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies at JoVE.com

Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies

Here, we describe the preparation of viable ventricular slices from adult mice and their use for sharp electrode action potential recordings. These multicellular preparations provide a preserved in vivo like tissue structure, which makes them a valuable model for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies in vitro.

Murine cardiomyocytes have been extensively used for in vitro studies of cardiac physiology and new therapeutic strategies. However, multicellular ...

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It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Utilizing Murine Inducible Telomerase Alleles in the Studies of Tissue Degeneration/Regeneration and Cancer

Telomere dysfunction-induced loss of genome integrity and its associated DNA damage signaling and checkpoint responses are well-established drivers that ...

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has been introduced as a viable alternative to heart transplantation primarily through the use of intracorporeal ...

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and ...

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to ...

Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic ...